生态学 英语修正版
一、根据意思填单词（加粗的为要填的）10个*1分
1. nutrient: elements that are required for the development, maintenance, and reproduction of organisms
2．nutrient cycling is the use, transformation, movement, and reuse of nutrients in ecosystems.
3. fitness: a measure of the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring and contribute to future generations
4. adaptation: any heritable trait possessed by an organism, be it physiological, morphological or behavioral, which aids survival or reproduction in a particular environment
5. floodplain: A plain bordering a river and subject to flooding.
6. population: a group of organisms of the same species occupying a given space at the same time.
7. ramets：individuals that are separated but genetically identical and derived from a single zygote. 8．competition: an interaction among individuals utilizing a limited resource, resulting in reduced fitness in the competing individuals.
9．fecundity: the number of eggs, seeds, or offspring in the first stage of the life cycle produced by a individual
10. predation: the consumption of all or part of another individual (the prey).
11. parasites: a subgroup of predators consuming the tissue of another living organism that live in close association with their host
12. microparasites: parasites that multiply within or on the surface of the host
13. macroparasites: parasites that grow in or on the host, but do not multiply
14．mechanical weathering: physical disintegration of a rock into smaller fragments, each with the same properties as the original, which occurs mainly by temperature and pressure changes
15．chemical weathering: the process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the addition or removal of elements.
16. relative humidity: the air water vapor content expressed as a ratio to the saturated water content at that water temperature.
17. field capacity: the upper limit of the water-holding capacity of a soil. This is the amount of water which can be held by soil pores against the force of gravity.
18. permanent wilting point: the lower limit of water availability– the soil water content at which plants wilt and are unable to recover.
19. metabolic water: the water released during cellular respiration
20. intraspecific competition: the competition occurring between members of the same species
二、填空（自己看那些是重点）10个*2分
1. Pathways of nutrient loss in terrestrial ecosystems: released to the atmosphere; lost in water; lost in fire/harest/deforestation
2. If fitness differences have a genetic component, then the genetic make-up of the subsequent generations will be altered. This process is known as natural selection or ‘survival of the fittest’.
3. Adaptation is the result of natural selection acting on heritable differences in fitness.
4. Pathways of nutrient gain in aquatic ecosystems: streamflow; permanent sediments
5. Ectotherms and endotherms differ in the extent to which they are able to maintain a constant body temperature.
6. The thermoneutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures in which an endotherm has only to exert a minimum metabolic effort in order to maintain a constant body temperature.
7. In many communities, there is an approximate balance between the carbon released to the atmosphere from respiration and carbon fixed by photosynthesis.
8. The unique relationship between water and living organisms stems from the fact that water is a universal solvent: almost anything will dissolve in water to some degree.
9. Terrestrial organisms face 2 major challenges: evaporative loss to environment and reduced access to replacement water.
10. Predators vary in their diet breadth, with some species being extremely selective specialists, concentrating exclusively on one prey type, whilst others are more generalists, being able to feed on a number of prey species.
11. In vertebrates, infection by microparasites results in a strong immunological response: (i) the cellular immune response, where specialized cells directly attack pathogen cells; (ii) the B-cell immune response, which gives rise to antibodies.
12. The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise 1 cm3 by 1 ℃.
13. A major problem faced by terrestrial organisms is the loss of a continuous supply of water necessary to keep tissue surfaces moist.
三判断10个*1分
1. Homeotherm: An organism, such as a mammal or bird, has a body temperature that is constant and largely independent of the temperature of its surroundings.
2. Poikilotherm: An organism, such as a fish or reptile, has a body temperature that varies with the temperature of its surroundings.
3. Ectotherms are organisms which are largely reliant on external sources of heat to raise their body temperature.
4. Endotherms are organisms capable of generating heat internally in order to raise their body temperature.
5. Occasionally, interactions between species occur where one species exhibits no effect, whilst the other either benefits
(commensualism) or is adversely affected (amensualism).
6. Generally, parasites tend to be more specialist than true predators.
7. Herbivores tend to be more specialist than carnivores.
8. Individuals within a host population are very rarely equally at risk of being successfully attacked by a given parasite.
9.As the disabling effects of microparasitism often depend on the disruption of processes at the cellular level, small
genetical changes to cellular proteins may alter the ability of the parasite to disable its host.
10.If the stable age distribution is disrupted by any temporary event, such as a harsh winter, disease or starvation, the age
composition will gradually restore itself when conditions and the birth and death rates return to normal.
11.Exploitation competition: Individuals only interact indirectly, by depleting the resource in short supply. Reduced
fitness occurs due to a shortfall in resource availability.
12.Interference competition: Individuals interact directly, most obviously, in the case of some animal species, by fighting,
but als o by producing toxins (e.g. plant allelopathy). Fitness reduction in the ‘loser’ in such interactions may be due to the interference (e.g. injuries or death) as well as the lack of resource access.
13.Scramble competition: Resource distribution within a species may be fairly even, so that most individuals get a
similar amount of food. Under high densities, no individual gets enough to survive, and the population crashes.
14.Contest competition: In some species, high densities result in a very uneven distribution of resources, so that some
individuals grow and reproduce whilst others die.
15.The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual while the phenotype is the individual organism, a product of
the interaction between its genotype and its environment.
16.The ability of the phenotype to vary due to environmental influences on its genotype is known as phenotypic
plasticity.
17.Ammonia is released during the breakdown of vertebrate excreta and is an important loss of N.
18.In some water-logged soils and floodplain forests, some bacteria are capable of reducing nitrate and nitrite to N2
during the process of denitrification
19.The loss of nutrients in water is mainly in solution with the exception of phosphorus and iron which are immobile in
soils.
20.Some chemical elements occur in rocks of the lithosphere as potassium in feldspar and calcium in calcium carbonate. 四名词解释5个*3分
1. The amount of water that would be transpired from a site, assuming no soil water limitation and complete vegetation cover, is the potential evapotranspiration rate.
2. Life expectancy is the average number of years to be lived in the future by population members of a given age.
3. Life table is the table showing the number of individuals present at different life stages or ages together with age-specific survival rates and age-specific mortality rates calculated for each stage.
4. Survivorship curve is a graph showing the proportion of survivors on a logarithmic scale through each phase of life.
5. The process of releasing ammonia or ammonium by some bacteria and fungi working on wastes and remains is called ammonification.
6. The death rate, or mortality rate, is the number of individuals dying during a given time interval divided by the average population size over that time interval.
7. The probability of dying is the number dying per individual present at the start of the time period.
8. The age-specific birthrate is the number of offspring produced per unit time by females in specific age classes.
9. The realized natality is the actual successful reproduction per female over a period of time.
10．countercurrent exchange: The interaction between the departing air and the respiratory surfaces results in an efficient return of moisture to the tissues.
五简答3个*5分
1. Nitrogen fixation
答：1、atmospheric (lighting闪电)
2、man-made （fertilizer化肥）
3、bacteria(root moclules of some legume plants豆科植物的根瘤)
2. Phosphorus cycle
答：phosporus 磷←water remains
↓↑
phosphate rocks磷矿herbivore \carnivore食草动物| 食肉动物
↓↑
Phosphate salts磷酸盐→plants植物
3. Three patterns of survivorship curves
答：图见课本P79
Typ eⅰshows good survival of young with high death rates only in old age.(stereotyping the kind of pattern found in large mammals).类型一为年轻个体存活率高，高死亡率仅发生于老年个体（在大型哺乳动物中可找到这一类型）
Type ⅱ shows a steady mortality throughout life (reflecting the pattern found in some bird species) 类型二在整个生命过程有一个稳定的死亡率（可在鸟类中见到此类型）
Type ⅲ represents very high mortality in the young (as occurs,for exanple,in spawning fish and
fungi) 类型三年轻个体死亡率很高（例如，可产卵的鱼和真菌）
4. Balancing heat gain against heat loss
Hs = Hm + Hcd + Hcv + Hr – He
Hs→Storage of the total heat 储藏的总热量
Hm→metabolic heat 代谢热
Hcd→heat conduction 热传导
Hcv→convection heat 对流热
Hr→heat radiation热辐射
He→evaporation heat 蒸发热
5. Water regulation on land by animals
Wia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We – Ws
Wia→internal animal water 动物体内水分
Wd→drink water 喝的水
Wf→food water 食物中的水
Wa→air water 皮肤吸收空气中的水
We→evaporation water 蒸发的水
Ws→secretion water 分泌物中的水
6. Competitive exclusion principle
Two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely. When two species compete, one will be a better competitor and thus have higher fitness and eventually exclude the other.
生态位接近的两个种不能永久的共存。当两个物种竞争时，其中一个中会占优势并有较好的适应力，最终会派除另一个种。
其中还有5个翻译题，都是老师上课讲的，大家也看一下。
机电专业英语复习题及答案(可编辑修改word版)
机电专业英语期末复习试题 一．选择题 1.If all points in a linkage move in parallel planes the system undergoes plan ar motion and the linkage may be described as a . A.planar motion B. planar linkage C. joints D. slide 2.Though frame material and design should handle damping, are sometimes built into frame sections to handle specific problems. A .beams B. holes C. dampers D. screw 3.The maximum allowable deflection of a shaft determined by critical s peed, gear, or bearing requirements. A. often B. must C. was D. is usually 4.We will have to to better and better solutions as we generate more in formation. A. repeat many times B. iterating C. iterate D. try ways 5.If a product configuration is specified and then examined to determ ine whether the performance requirements are met. A. finally B. tentatively C. temporary D. have been 6.Manufacturing can be defined as the of raw materials into useful prod ucts through the use of the easiest and lest-expensive methods. A. transformation B. processing C. process D. transforming 7.The planer and knee types of milling machine is because of its flexibi lity. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/198149643.html,ed most commonly B. most popular C. the most commonly used D. mo st powerful 8.As a result, the system will vibrate at the frequency of the force re gardless of the initial conditions or natural frequency of the system. A. action B. excitation C. out D. act 9.Before two components are assembled together, the relationship between the d imensions of the mating surfaces . A.must be giving out B. should printed clearly C. must be specified D . should be clearly noted 10.The main practical advantage of lower pairs is their better ability to trap lubricant between their surfaces. A. enveloping B. mating C. outer D. outside 11.The word itself usually refers to the deterioration of metals and cer amics, while similar phenomena in plastics generally called . A. recrystallization…. corrosion B. recrystallization…degradation C. degradation…corrosion D. corrosion… degradation 12.Most frames cast iron, weld steel, composition, or concrete. A. are made from B. are made up of C. was produced by D. was consist of 13.Rotating shafts particularly those that run at high speeds, must be designe d to avoid operation at speeds. A . low B .overload C. critical D. hollow
英语句子翻译大全
英语句子翻译大全 导读：本文是关于英语句子翻译大全的文章，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 01、I never stopped loving you，I just stopped showing it。 我对你的爱从来没有停止，只是我不再让别人知道而已。 02、Standing in a corner of the world，watching the sunrise and sunset。 站在世界某一个角落，看着日出日落。 03、Waiting is painful。Forgetting is painful。But not knowing which to do is the worse kind of suffering。 等待是一种痛，忘掉也是一种痛，但不知道该怎么办，是一种更折磨人的痛。 04、That formerly how to pick，time flies straight forward。 那段从前怎么去捡，光阴似箭一直向前。 05、Are you turn a walk，do not see my sad。Am I too wayward，regardless of your feelings。 是你转头就走，没看见我的难过。是我太任性，不顾你的感受。 06、Start everyday with a new hope，leave bad memories behind & have faith for a better tomorrow。 用新的希望开启每一天，释放掉不好的回忆，相信明天会更
好。 07、Who’s who of the hook，and who is who of redemption。 谁是谁的劫，谁又是谁的救赎。 08、They say after losing only treasure，in fact，after losing most painful treasure。 她们都说失去以后才懂得珍惜，其实珍惜后的失去最痛。 09、Love warms more than a thousand fires。 爱情的炽热胜过千万团的火。 10、It is good if you begin crying，that is the sign of cure。 能够哭就好，哭是开始痊愈的象征！ 11、Life is too short for us to wake up in the morning with regrets。 人生苦短，所以每天不要带着遗憾醒来。 12、Because of loving you so much that I stood aside。Although myfigure left you away，my heart didn’t。Today I have made up my mind to say “I love you。” 正是因为爱才悄悄的躲开，躲开的是身影，躲不开的是默默的情怀；今天我终于鼓起勇气，向你表达我的爱。 13、As long as people do not lose their direction，they will not lose themselves。 人只要不失去方向，就不会失去自己。
基础生态学名词解释完整版
基础生态学名词解释标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]
生态学(ecology)：是研究有机体及其周围环境-包括非生物环境和生物环境相互关系的科学。 生态学的研究方法：野外的、实验的、理论的 环境（environment）：是指某一特定生物体或生物群体 生活空间的外界自然条件的总和。 生态因子：是指环境要素中对生物起作用的因子，如光、温度、水分、氧气、二氧化碳、食物和其它生物等。 生态因子作用的特征：综合作用、主导因子作用、阶段性作用、不可替代性和补偿性作用、直接作用和间接作用。 利比希最小因子定律：低于某种生物需要的最小量的任何特定因子，是决定该种生物生存和分布的根本因素。 限制因子定律：任何生态因子，当接近或超过某种生物的耐受性极限而阻止其生存、生长、繁殖或扩散 耐受性定律：任何一个生态因子在数量上或质量上的不足或过多，即当其接近或达到某种生物的耐受限度时会使该种生物衰退或不能生存。 生态幅（生态价）（ecological amplitude）:每一种生物对每一种生态因子都有一个耐受范围，即有一个生态上的最低点和最高点。在最低点和最高点之间的范围。 大环境：是指地区环境、地球环境和宇宙环境。
大气候：大环境中的气候，是指离地面以上的气候，由大范围因素所决定，如：大气环流、地理纬度、距海洋距离、大面积地形等。 小环境：对生物的影响更为重要，为生物提供选择自身需要的生活条件。 小气候：指进地面大气层中以内的气候。 生境：特定生物体或生物群体的栖息地的生态环境。 *每种生物的分布区室友它的生态幅及其环境相互作用所决定的。内稳态只是扩大了生物的生态幅与适应范围，并不能完全摆脱环境的限制。 光合有效辐射：光合作用系统只能利用太阳光谱的有限带。 *红光有利于糖类合成，蓝紫光有利于蛋白质合成。红光合成最快、蓝紫光次之，绿光最差。 黄化现象：一般植物在黑暗中不能合成叶绿素，但能形成胡萝卜素，导致叶子发黄。这是光对植物形态建成作用典型例子。 光合能力：当传入芙蓉辐射能是饱和的、温度适宜、相对湿度高、大气中二氧化碳和氧气的浓度正常时的光合作用速率。 阳地种：生长在阳光充足、开阔的栖息地为特征； 阴地种：遮阴栖息地为特征。 *阳地植物和阴地植物的差异是由于叶子生理上的植物形态上的差异造成的。日照长短对生物气到了信号作用，导致生物出现日节律性的与年周期性的适应性变化。外源性周期与内源性周期；只有光周期使动植物的似昼夜戒律与外界环境的昼夜变化同步起来。
专业英语(修改版)
A Abnormal psychology 变态心理学Accommodation 调节，顺应 Adaptation 适应 Adoption 收养 Aggression 攻击 Altuism 利他主义 Amnesia 健忘症，记忆缺失 Androgyny 两性体，女性男化 Animal testing 动物试验 Anxiety 焦虑 Approaches to psychology 心理学研究方法Arousal:cost-reward model 唤起：成本-回报模型Asch,S S.阿施 Assimilation 同化 Attachment 依恋 Divided auditory 听觉分配 Focused auditory 听觉集中 Attitudes 态度 Attraction 吸引 Autism 孤独症，自闭症 Automatic processing 自动加工 Aversion therapy 厌恶疗法 B Bandura,A A.班杜拉 Behaviour analysis 行为主义 Behaviourism 行为主义 Behaviour shaping 行为塑造 Bias in research 研究倾向 Binaural tests 双耳试验 Biofeedback 生物反馈 Biopsychology 生物心理学 Biosocial theory 社会生物学理论 Bottom-up theories 瓶颈理论
Brain 大脑 Scanning 大脑扫描 Brainstorming 脑力激荡 Bruner,J J.布鲁纳 C Case study method 个案研究法Catharsis 宣泄 Classical conditional 经典条件作用Classification systems 分类系统Cognitive development 认知发展Cognitive dissonance 认知失调论Cognitive labelling theory 认知标签论Cognitive neuropsychology 认知神经心理学Cognitive psychology 认知心理学Collective unconscious 集体无意识Comparative psychology 比较心理学Concrete operational stage 具体运算阶段Conformity 遵从，从众 Conscience 良心 Consciousness 意识 Conservation 守恒 Constructivist theories 建构主义理论Correlations 相关 Critical time period 关键时期 Cross-sectional studies 横断研究 D Data 数据 Interval data 等距数据 Nominal data 名义数据 Ordinal data 序级数据 Ratio data 比率数据 Deindividuation 去个性化 Depth perception 深度知觉 Dependent variable 因变量 Depression 抑郁 Deprivation 剥夺
景观生态学的发展及前景
景观生态学的发展及前景 作者： 指导老师： 专业： 年月日
摘要 景观生态学是生态学中一门年轻的分支学科，它的理论与方法和传统生态学有着本质的区别，它注重人类活动对景观格局与过程的影响。最近几年，园林生态学受到人们的关注。它是一项全新的生态学内容。它不但分析体系本身的发展和变化特征，分析了今后的发展方向。景观生态学为综合解决资源与环境问题提供了新的理论和方法，因而近年来受到高度重视。从景现生态学的理论框架、一般原理、研究方法和实际应用四个方面进行论述。景观生态学研究的焦点问题是景观结构、景观动态与景观功能。综述了景观格局、景观动态、景观异质性、景观尺度与景观功能的研究现状，并探讨了景观生态学理论的最新应用领域，展望了景观生态学的研究。 关键词：景观生态学；理论框架；应用；发展趋势
Abstract Landscape ecology is a young discipline, its theory and method and the traditional ecology are essentially different, it pays attention to the impact of human activities on landscape pattern and process. In recent years, landscape ecology concern. It is a new ecology. It not only analysis of the development and changes of the system itself, analyzes the development direction in the future. Landscape ecology provides a new theory and method for solving the problems of environment and resources, in recent years, attention. From the four aspects of theory, landscape ecology principles, research methods and practical application. Are a research focus in landscape ecology landscape structure, landscape and landscape function. Study on the current situation of landscape pattern, landscape dynamics, landscape diversity, landscape scale and landscape function were reviewed, and discusses the theory of landscape ecology in the new application field, the prospect of the landscape ecology. Keywords: landscape ecology; theory; application; development trend
英语翻译
1.人生短短几十年，不要给自己留下了什么遗憾，想笑就笑，想哭就哭，该爱的时候就去爱，无谓压抑自己。 Be sure that you have never had any regrets in your life which only lasts for a few decades. Laugh or cry as you like, and it is meaningless to oppress yourself. 2.于千万人之中，遇见你所遇见的人；于千万年之中，时间的无涯荒野里，没有早一步，也没有晚一步，刚巧赶上了。 Among thousands of people, you meet those you’ve met. Through thousands of years, with the boundlessness of time, you happen to meet them, neither earlier nor a bit too late. 3.记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的.Remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten.Alter what is changeable, and accept what is mutable. 4.能冲刷一切的除了眼泪，就是时间，以时间来推移感情，时间越长，冲突越淡，仿佛不断稀释的茶。 Apart from tears, only time could wear everything away. While feeling is being processed by time, conflicts would be reconciled as time goes by, just like a cup of tea that is being continuously diluted. 5.鱼对水说你看不到我的眼泪，因为我在水里.水说我能感觉到你的眼泪，因为你在我心里。“You couldn’t see my tears because I am in the water.” Fish said to water. “But I could feel your tears cause you are in me.”Answered water. 6.我们确实活得艰难，一要承受种种外部的压力，更要面对自己内心的困惑。在苦苦挣扎中，如果有人向你投以理解的目光，你会感到一种生命的暖意，或许仅有短暂的一瞥，就足以使我感奋不已。It‘s true that we have been leading a difficult life, for we need not only to be under various external pressures, but also to be in the face of internal perplexities.You would be affected by the warmth of life if someone gives you an understanding look during your bitter struggle.Even a mere glance would make you moved and inpired. 7.我不去想是否能够成功,既然选择了远方,便只顾风雨兼程；我不去想,身后会不会袭来寒风冷雨,既然目标是地平线,留给世界的只能是背影。I wou ldn‘t care success or failure, for I will only struggle ahead as long as I have been destined to the distance. I wouldn‘t care the difficulties around, for what I can leave on the earth is only their view of my back since I have been marching toward the horizon .
生态学名词解释
1.生态学名词解释 2.（Allen’s rule）艾伦规律：内温动物身体的突出部分，如四肢、尾巴、外耳等在气候寒冷的地区有 边短的趋向。 3.（Bergman’s rule）贝格曼规律：内温动物在冷的气候地区，身体趋向于增大，在温和的气候条件下， 趋向于减小的特征。 4.（Cope’s rule）科普氏规律：在某些分类单元内，动物个体大小的进化趋势是趋向于个体增大。 5.（Dehnel phenomenon）戴耐尔现象：全北区哺乳动物的体重在冬季趋于降低的现象。 6.（eutrophication）谢尔福德耐受性定律：每种生物对一种环境因子都有一个生态上的范围的大小，成 为生态幅（ecological amplitute），即有一个最低点和最高点，两者之间的幅度为耐性限度。 7.（Gloger’s rule）葛洛格规律：在寒冷干燥的地区，动物的体色较浅，在潮湿温暖的地区，其体色较 深。 8.（Jordan’s rule）乔丹规律：鱼类的脊椎数目在低温水域中比在温暖水域中多。 9.（Liebing rule）李比希最小因子定律：有机体的生长不是受需要量大的营养物质影响，而是受那些处 于最低量的营养物质成分的影响。 10.（Wilson’s rule）威尔逊规律：北极地区的物种比热带地区的物种皮层厚。 11.Hamilton 规则（）：个体由于利他行为而牺牲的直接适合度必须小于利他行为获得的间接适合度。 12.Linderman十分之一定律（林德曼定律）：各营养层之间能量转化效率约为10%的规律。 13.r－K对策（r、K strategists）：有利于发展较大的r的选择为r选择，有利于竞争能力的增强的选择位 K选择。r选择的物种称为r对策者，K选择的物种称为K对策者。 14.斑块（eutrophication）：指与周围环境不同的空间实体，是构成景观的基本结构和功能单元。 15.边际值原理（marginal value theorem）：不是这在一个斑块的最佳停留时间为不是这在离开这一板块时 的能量获取率（即这一斑块的边际值）。 16.变化（动态或波动）（dynamics, fluctuation）：通常指无规则的或无平衡密度的变化，主要说非密度因 子的影响。 17.表面积规律（surface rule）：个体较大的动物比个体较小的动物具有较小的体表面积与体积比率。 18.表型适应（phenotypic adaptation）：描述的是有机体在个体水平上的变化，包括生理行为形态等方面， 时间尺度相对较短，变化的特征是可逆转的。19进化适应（evolutionary adaptation）：指的是多个世代的变化，时间尺度比较长，有些特征是不可逆的没，是可遗传的。 19.产业生态学（industrial ecology ）：是一门研究社会生产活动中自然资源从源、流到汇的全代谢过程及 其与生命支持系统相互关系的系统科学。 20.尺度（eutrophication）：通常是指研究一定对象或现象所采用空间分辨率或时间间隔，同时又可指某一 研究对象在空间上的范围和时间上的发生频率。 21.初级生产（primary production）：又称第一性生产，是指绿色植物和某些细菌的生产。 22.次级生产（secondary production，PS）：又称为第二性生产，是指生态系统初级生产以外的生物有机体 的生产，就是异样生物的生产。 23.次生演替（secondary succession）：是指在生物曾经占领过或原来曾有群落的地方开始的演替又叫次级 演替。 24.次要群落（minor community）：必须依附与邻近群落，不能对立存在的生物集合体，如阴生植物群落、 动物群落。 25.存活曲线（survival curves）：以生物的相对年龄（绝对年龄处以平均寿命）为横坐标，在一个年龄的 存活率Lx为纵坐标，由此所画出的曲线表示种群的存活率Lx随时间变化的过程。 26.存在度（presence）：物种在不同群落中出现的概率。 27.搭载效应（hitchhiking effect）：指一个等位技艺频率的改变不是因为它本身受选择影响，而是因为已
研究生专业英语 第一到第六单元 句子翻译 修改版
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景观生态学的基本理论和原理
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英语一般用语
Good morning/afternoon！Miss ／Mr Wang！早上/下午/晚上好，王老师！3．What's your name？你叫什么名字？My name is… 我的名字叫…… 5. Nice ／Glad to meet you！见到你很高兴！6．How are you？你好吗？7. How do you do？你好?8．-What's this？-It's．．．这是什么？这（它）是…… 9．Welcome to No．14 Middle School！欢迎到第14中学来！10.Excuse me . Are you Li Ming? 对不起，你是李明吗？11.Can you spell it，please？你能拼一下它吗？12.Goodbye！Bye-bye！Bye！See you later！See you！再见！14.What class/row are you in？你是哪个班级/排的?15.What's your number？你是第几个?16.What's your telephone number？你的电话号码是多少?17.How old are you？／Can you tell me your age（年龄）？/ What's your age？你多大了？18.What's this ／that in English？这/那个(东西)用英语怎么说？19.What's the English for“电脑”？“电脑”用英 语怎么说？20.What is your father？/What does your father do？你爸爸是干什么工作的?21.Who is that（speaking）？你是谁？22.This is Bill（speaking）．我是比尔。 23.Is Tom in ／at home？汤姆在家吗？24.Who's that（speaking）？你是谁？25.Hello！May/Could I speak to Wang Ming？你好！我可以和王明通话吗？26.Can I speak to Tom ？我可以和汤姆讲话吗？27.Is that Kate（speaking）？你是凯特吗？28.Here you are．给你。29．Thank you（very much）/Thanks（a lot）．（多）谢谢。Thanks for your help．谢谢你的帮助。That's OK／You are welcome/That's all right/It’s a pleasure. 不用谢。30.Sorry．对不起。Not at all．／It doesn't matter．／That's all right．没关系。31.Your English is very good！你的英语真好！Thank you．谢谢。32.Is everyone here？／Are we all here？今天大家都到了吗？33.Who's on duty today？今天谁值日？34.What colour are your shoes？你的鞋是什么颜色的？35.Can I see your licence？我能看一下你的执照吗？36.How many boats are there in the picture？图中有多少艘船?37.Mrs Green has two children．One is a son，the other is a daughter．格林夫人有两个孩子,一个儿子,另一个是女儿。38.It's time to go to school．该上学了. It's time for break．该休息一下了. 39.What else can you see in the picture？图中你还看到别的什么东西吗?40.Which colour do you like best？你最喜欢哪种颜色?41.What's your favourite animal？你最喜欢哪种动物?42.Would you like some apples？你想要一些苹果吗？Would you like to drink a cup of tea？你想喝杯茶吗？I don't think so．我不想吃苹果/喝杯茶。No,thanks 不,谢谢了. Yes,please. 好 的.43.Do you like to have eggs for breakfast？你早餐喜欢吃鸡蛋吗？44.Here is a full bottle. 这儿有一瓶满的。45.What's the matter with your plane？你的飞机怎么啦？What’s wrong with your plane?46.What would you like for bre akfast？ 你想吃什么早点？I'd like a glass of milk and an egg．我想要杯牛奶和一个鸡蛋。 47.Let me help you．让我帮你吧。48.What/How about a glass of fruit juice？来杯果汁怎么样？What /How about something to drink？喝点东西怎么样？ 49.What’s your favorite sport，football，volleyball or basketball？你最喜欢什么运动，足球、排球还是篮球？50. Can’t you ride a bike？难道你不会骑自行车吗？51．Could you help me，please？你能帮助我吗？52．Let me help you，please．请让我帮助你。53．I（don't）think so．我认为（不）是这样的。54．Do you want a go？你想试一试吗？55．Lin Tao has no pencils and no pens．李雷
生态学名词解释
生态学：研究有机体与其周围环境相互关系的科学，环境包括非生物环境和生物环境 环境：某一特定生物体或生物群体周围影响其生存的全部因素 密度制约因子：对动物种群数量影响的强度随其种群密度而变化，对种群数量具有调节作用的生态因子 限制因子：任何生态因子，当接近或超过某种生物的耐受性极限而阻止其生存、生长、繁殖或扩散时，这个因素称为限制因子 外温动物：依赖外部热源进行体温调节的动物，鱼类、两栖类、爬行类 内温动物：通过自身体内氧化代谢产热来调节体温，鸟兽 异温动物：产生冬眠的内温动物 驯化：由实验诱导的生物对生态因子耐受性的改变 气候驯化：在自然界中产生的生物对生态因子耐受性的改变 适应性低体温：当环境温度过低时，内温动物会自发地从冬眠中苏醒恢复到正常状态，而不致冻死，内温动物这种受调节的低体温现象称为适应性低体温 发育阈温度/生物学零度：外温动物和植物的生长发育是在一定的温度范围才开始，低于这个温度，生物不发育 贝格曼规律：生活在高纬度寒冷地区的内温动物往往比低纬度相对温度地区的同类个体大阿伦规律：寒冷地区内温动物身体的突出部分有变小变短的趋势 生物种：一组具有相似形态和遗传特性的、可以相互交配产生可育后代的自然种群，并与其他种群间具有繁殖隔离 哈代-温伯格定律：在一个巨大的，个体交配完全随机，没有其它干扰因素（突变、漂移、自然选择等）的种群中，基因频率和基因型频率将世代保持稳定不变，即达到遗传平衡 遗传漂变：基因频率在小种群中随机增减的现象 遗传瓶颈：如果一个种群在某一时期由于环境灾难或过捕等原因导致数量急剧下降，就称其经历过瓶颈。经过瓶颈后，若种群数量逐步恢复，由于小样本效应而引起的基因频率变化会在种群大小经历一次锐减后再恢复时出现，这种现象称为遗传瓶颈 建立者效应：由于取样误差，新隔离的移植种群的基因库不久便会和母群相分歧，而且由于两者所处地域不同，各有不同的选择压力，建立者种群与母种群的差异将越来越大 适应辐射：生物由一个共同祖先起源，在进化过程中分化成许多类型，适应于各种生活方式的现象 生活史：生物从出生到死亡所经历的全部过程，生活史的关键组分包括身体大小、生命率、
历史专业英语修改版解剖
Unit 1 history ['histri] n. 历史，历史学 narrative ['n?r?tiv] n. 记事，叙事 Herodotus [h?'r?d?t?s] n. 希罗多德 circa ['s?:k?] prep. （拉丁语）大约（简写c., ca., cir., circ., C.）Thucydides [θju'sid?di:z] n. 修昔底德 chronological [.kr?n?'l?d?ik?l] adj. 年代学的，按年代顺序的territorial [.teri't?:ri?l] adj. 区域性的，地方性的 thematically [θi'm?tikli] adv. 按主题方式，按专题方式 Big History 大历史（学派） archaeology [.ɑ:ki'?l?d?i] n. 考古学 methodology [.meθ?'d?l?d?i] n. 方法论 approach [?'pr?ut?] n. 研究方法 discipline ['disiplin] n. 学科 perspective [p?'spektiv] n. 观点 the humanities [hju:'m?nitiz] 人文学科 the social sciences 社会科学 classification [.kl?sifi'kei??n] n. 分类 anthropology [.?nθr?'p?l?d?i] n. 人类学 global history 全球史 historiography [.hist?:ri'?gr?fi] n. 历史编纂学，史学史，文献学biographical [.bai?'gr?fik?l] adj. 传记的，传记体的 thematic [θi'm?tik] adj. 主题的，专题的 medieval [medi'i:v?l] adj. 中世纪的 philosophy of history 历史哲学 meta-level ['met? 'lev?l] 总体层面，元级 teleological [.teli'?l?d?ik?l] adj. 目的论的 diplomatic [.dipl?'m?tik] adj. 外交的 historical method 史学方法 primary sources 原始材料 epistemology [i.pisti'm?l?d?i] n. 认识论 Peloponnesian [.pel?p?'ni:??n] adj. 伯罗奔尼撒半岛的 divine [di'vain] adj. 神的，神圣的 chronology [kr?'n?l?d?i] n. 编年史 cyclical ['saiklikl] adj. 循环的 posthumous ['p?stjum?s] adj. 身后的，死后的 dynastic [dai'n?stik] adj. 王朝的 Saint Augustine [seint ?:'g?stin] n. 圣奥古斯丁 Christian ['kristj?n] adj. 基督教的，基督教徒的 the Renaissance [r?'neis?ns] n. 文艺复兴，文艺复兴时期religious [ri'lid??s] adj. 宗教的 Hegel ['heigl] n. 黑格尔 secular ['sekjul?] adj. 世俗的 Ranke [r??k] n. 兰克 epic ['epik] adj. 史诗的，叙事的；史诗，叙事诗nationalistic [.n???n?l'istik] adj. 民族主义的 Fernand Braudel [fer'nan br?'del] 费尔南?布罗代尔