八年级上册8AUnit1 -8语法总结
1. 形容词/副词的比较等级(1)—用法讲解
大多数的形容词都有三个级别:原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示更……”,用于两
者之间的比较,用来说明前者比后者更..... ”,比较级前面一般用much, even, a little修饰,
其中even, much只能修饰比较级。最高级表示最 ... ”,用于三者及三者以上之间的比较,
用来说明某人或某物在某个范围内最……”
①形容词的比较级(-er)和最高级(-est)的构成规则变化之口诀:直接加;去e加;双写加;变y加;more/ most
b.
②比较级前的修饰语
still, even, any, quite(a bit), almost, nearly, just, rathe; a little, a bit; much, a lot, far, many; twice, ten times, one fourth, two poun ds, three years
形容词的比较等级(2)—常见句型
①A=B A+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B (与。。。一样)
He is as tall as I/me.他和我一样高。
He is as good a teacher as his father.和他的父亲一样是个好教师。
②心 B A + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B (与。。。不一样)
They didn ' t do as/so much work as you(他们干得事没有你多。
I ' ve never seen as/so old a car as我从来没有见过像这样旧的车。
③ A > B 或 A < B A + V + 比较级+ than + B (比。。。更。。。)
Tom is two years older tha n his brother.汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁。
Our classroom is bigger than theirs.我们的教室比他们的大。
④表示倍数 A + V + twice/four times/ …+ as + adj./adv. + a$ A 是 B 的两倍/四倍/ …)
This room is twice as large as that one.整个房间是那房间的两倍大。
The earth is 49 times as big as the moo地球是月球的49 倍大。
⑤表示程度的递增主语+ V +比较级+ and+比较级(…越来越…)
主语+ V + more and more+ +adj./adv. (…越来越…)
The days are gett ing shorter and shorter.天变得越来越长了。
Our country is beco ming more and more beautifu我们的国家变得越来越美了。
⑥表示两种情况同时变化
The+比较级+主语+ V + …the+比较级+主语+ V + …(…越…越…)
The more we get together, the happier we ' ll be.=lf we get together more, we ' ll be happ
我们聚得越多,我们就会越高兴。
The harder you study, the better you' lbe at English.= If you study harder, you' lbe better at En glish.
你学习越努力,你的英语成绩越好。
⑦主语+ be +one of the+最高级+ n.(pl.) + in/of …(…是最…之一)
Beiji ng is one of the oldest cities in Chin a 北 京是中国最古老的城市之一。
⑧ 主语+ V 。 + the+最高级 + in/of …
(…最…) Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class 安 妮是我们班学习最用功的学生之一。 ⑨ 主语+ V 。 + the+比较级 + of the two … (…<两者中〉较…的)
Lily is the taller of the twins.莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个。 ⑩ 主语+ V 。 +比较级 + than + any other +n.单数)+ in …
(…比任何其他的更 …) 主语+ V 。 +比较级 + than + any of the other +n.复数)+ in …(比任何其他的更 …)
He is taller than any other stude nt n his class 他比他班级中其他的任何学生高。
=He is taller tha n any of the other stude nts in his class.
=He is the tallest stude nts in his class.
11 A+ V + more/ fewer +可数名词复数+ than B …(A 比B 做更多、更少。。。) A+ V + more/ less +不可数名词复数+ than B …(A 比B 做更多、更少。。。) Joh n studies more subjects tha n Nancy.
John 比Nancy 学更多科目。
Students in the USA have more weeks off in the summertime than British students.
在夏天美国学生比英国学生有更多周不上课。
12. A+ V + the same (size/ colour/ age..) as + B My uniform is the same as Smon ' s uniform. Millie ' s pencil box is the same size as Amy A+
V + different from + B (A 与 B 不一样)
(1) 作动词或介词的宾语: 经常在 enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, in troduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave 等动词和by, for, to, of 等介词后作宾语。通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人。
它在句中作宾语,不能省略,否则该句是一个意义不完整的错句。如:
He is teach ing herself En glish 她在自学英语。
She was talki ng to herself 她自言自语。
He lives by himself in the country.他独自住在乡下。
(2) 作主语或宾语的同位语:主要起加强语气的作用,译作 亲自,本身,本人”。女口:
Did you make the cake yourself?这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself 作主语you 的同位语)
The work itself is easy 这工作本身很容易。(itself 作主语the work 的同位语)
Did you see Mr. Wang himself?你见过王先生本人吗? (himself 作宾语 Mr. Wang 的同位语)
(3) 作表语:在be, feel, look, seem 等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如:
I ' m not myself toda 今天我感觉不舒服。
I am feeli ng myself aga in.我觉得健康如昔。
3祈使句讲解
(A 与B 一样) 我的校服和Sim on 的校
服一样.
我的铅笔盒和X. Amy 的铅笔盒一样大
'Kittyb 的橡皮和Sim on 的橡皮不一样。
2.反身代词
一、祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句.祈使句的作用
是要求、请求或命令、劝告、建议别人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感叹号,但是有些祈使句的语气较弱,可以用句号结尾
祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,例:Go and wash your han ds.例如:保持肃静!Be kind to our sister. Watch your steps. 表
示禁止的句式有:不准、不要、别、No parki ng.
二、表现形式
?肯定结构:
1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here.
有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please.。
2. Be型(即:Be +表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy!要做一个好孩子!
3. Let型(即:Let +宾语+动词原形+其它成分)。如:Let me help you.让我来帮你。
?否定结构:
1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don\'t构成,如:Don\'t forget me! Don\'t be late for school!
2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don + let +宾语+动词原形+其它成分”和“Let +宾语+ not + 动词原形+其它成分”。如:Don\'t let him go. / Let him not go.别让他走。
3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! No fishing!禁止钓鱼!
用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点:
1、"let"的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let.....";如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let......not":
Don't let this type of things happe n aga in.
It's raining now. Let's not go out un til after the rain.
2、"Let"只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态(the passive voice,女口:
Let the recalcitra nt crim in als be sent to pris on.
Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted.
3、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词(The infinitive without "to")之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,女口out, in, down, alone等:
Let the puppy out.
Open the win dows and let the fresh air in.
The room is too sunny. Let the bli nds dow n.
Let me alone, please.
用"Let\'s"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Let us"时,并不包括对方,如:
Let's try it, shall we?
Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
三?祈使句与并列连词and与or连用时可以表示条件。
Work harder, and you will catch up with your classmates.
4 情态动词should ,ought to, had better 的用法
Should 和ought to
1表达职责或义务,提出劝告及一般人们认为应该去做的事,常用来谈论现在和将来。
Ought you to eat so much ?
2. should用于否定句,多表示做了不应该做的事。Ought to的否定形式是ought not to ,口语中常用oughtn' t to
You oughtn ' t to eaio much .
3. 在大多数情况下should和ought to的意思大致相同。Should比ought to语气要轻一些。另外,当我们用
should时,谈的是自己的主观看法;ought to则更多反应客观情况。如:
You should/ought to go and see Mr Wang sometime.
had better
1. had better do 最好“ had常缩写为'c否定式had better not do
一般疑问句把had放在主语的前面。
1) You' d better hurry up if you want to get home before dark.
2) We d better not disturb him.
3) Had we better go now? 我们最好现在走吗?
2. had better适用于任何人称和数
You' d etter go with me.
3?变为一般疑问句时,如果是肯定句,就把had提前,放在句首;如果是否定句,就把had n' t 提前即可。Had you better go there at on ce?
4. 含有had better的反义疑问句的简短问句部分中要用
had或hadn'如:
You had better give him the magazinehadn' ytou ?
may的用法
一、表示许可或征求对方的许可,有可以”的意思。例如:
You may go now.你可以走了。
May I use your computer?我用一下你的电脑可以吗?
二、回答以may开头的疑问句有如下表达法:
-May I smoke here?我可以在这儿抽烟吗?
-Yes, you may. / Yes, please请抽吧。
-No, you can't. / No, you must n't. / No, you'd better not.请不要抽烟。
三、表示猜测,通常只用于陈述句。例如:
You may be right .你可能是对的。
四、在口语中can可以代替may表示许可,但can较随便,may更正式。例:
Can I use your bike, John?约翰,我可以用一下你的自行车吗?
May I have a look at your lice nse please, sir?先生,我可以看一下你的执照吗?can的用法
一、表能力,有能,会,能够”的意思。例如:
-Can you drive a car?你会开车吗?
-Yes, I can.我会。/ No, I can't.我不会。
二、表允许,在口语中代替may,有可以”的意思。
(见下面may的用法第四点)
三、表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑问句。例如:
Can it be true?那会是真的吗?
Today is Su nday. He can't be at schoc今天是星期天,他不可能在学校里。
5动词不定式
⑴概念
动词不定式是由“t扌动词原形”构成。动词不定式是一种非限定性动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语。(非限定性动词可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词,他们在句中不能单独充当谓语。)动词不定式相当于名词、形容词或副词,在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。
⑵句型
①主语+ vt.(及物动词)+ to-v (动词不定式)
want, decide, wish, hope, choose, refuse, would like, expect, …
He decided to go there himself.他决定亲自去那儿。
②主语+ vt.(及物动词)+ to-v (动词不定式)
stop, go on, remember, forget, start, beg in, …
Please remember to bring the book to school n ext tim 请记住下次把书带至 U 学校来。 ③ 主语+ vt.(及物动词)+it + adj.(形容词)+ to-v (动词不定式)
find, thin k,轴ake, feel, …
The Internet makes it easy to get much new information in a short time.
④ 主语+ vt.(及物动词)+sb./sth.+ (not ) + to-v (动词不定式)
get, allow, Encourage beg, wait for, warn, ask, want, would like, tell, wish, expect, invite, It ' s raining hard
now. Let ' s wait for the 「0雨下o 得很大,让我们等雨停下来。
⑤ 主语+ vt.(及物动词)+sb./sth.+ (not ) + v (动词原形)
feel, listen&"hear, let, make, have, see, watch, loofet, notice, …
The workers was made to work twelve hours a day 工人们被迫每天工作十二小时。
⑥ 主语+ vt.(及物动词)+sb./sth.+疑问词+ to-v (动词不定式) teach, show, know, … Yes, you/we/they were.
Subject
The swan
Verb f 7^1 is swimming Subject Birdwatching 2. S + V + DO
Subject Many children 4. S + V + IO + DO 〔主+谓+间宾+直宾) Indirect Subject Verb Object the doves
Direct
Object
冉 some food.
don ' know whether to go there.我不知道
否去那儿。 6英语的简单句有五种基本句型:
主+ 谓(S+V ); 主 + 谓 + 宾(S+V+O ); 主 + 系 + 表(S+V+P );
主+谓+间宾+直宾(S+V+IO+DO ); 主+谓+直宾+宾补(S+V+DO+OC ) 掌握这
五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
was/were (+not ) ing form
I
was (+not ) dancing. You/We/They
were (+not ) He/She/It was (+not ) Was
I dancing? Were
you/we/they Was
he/she/it I
was.
(主+系+表)
Verb Predicative is interesting (主+谓+宾) Verb Object love his hook 7过去进行时
1)掌握过去进行时was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,其肯定、否定和
I was.
while, whe n, as
掌握while和when在过去进行时中的用法:表示两个持续性的动作在过去同时发生用while , when后接一个短暂性的动作。持续性的动作用过去进行时,短暂性的动作用一般过去时。e.g.:
I was doing my homework while my father was watch ing TV.
The bell rang while he was readi ng books.
When the bell rang, he was reading books.以上这两句主从句前后可以互换)
1、“主短从长”型:即主句是一个短暂性动作,而从句是一个持续性动作,此时三者都可用。如:
Jim hurt his arm while [when, as] he was playing tennis.吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。
As [When, While ] she was waiting for the train, she became very impatient她在等火车时,变得很不耐烦。
2、“主长从长”型:即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态,且强调主句动作或
状态延续到从句所指的整个时间,此时通常要用while。
I always listen to the radio while I' m driving.我总是一边开车一边听收音机。
He did n'task me in; he kept me sta nding at the door while he read the message.
他没有让我进去,他只顾看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。但是,若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意时,则习惯上要用as。如:
He swung his arms as he walked他走路时摆动着手臂。
3、“主长从短”型:即主句是一个持续性动作,而从句是一个短暂性动作,此时可以用as或when,但不能用while。如:
It was raining hard whe n [as] we arrived.我们到达时正下着大雨。
Whe n [As] he came in, I was liste ning to the radio.他进来时,我在听收音机