最新新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记讲课稿

Unit 1

Section A Time-Conscious Americans

Ⅰ. Abstract

This passage shows the way of Americans regarding time。Americans are famous for their time-consciousness. His/her belief is that no one stands still. No moving ahead means falling behind. This results in a country that people of it devote themselves into researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is the most important thing for Americans lives.

On one hand, Americans try their best to save up time by different ways. They are in hurry to get their destination, push the others in order to finish their shopping quickly. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in America. People make full use of modern ways to communicate with each other efficiently.

On the other hand, people miss the relaxed way of living. They like the opening exchanges of a business call. They miss the ritual interaction that is suitable for a welcoming cup of tea or coffee. The people coming from different cultures have different ideas from those of American.

Ⅱ. Culture Notes

1. The Definition of Culture

Culture is a very broad term used to describe the arts, the beliefs, the values, the traditions, the customs, and the institutions that are considered to be characteristic of a community, a people, a region, or a nation. Culture also includes the languages and dialects that people use to express their feelings and to communicate with each other. It is often difficult to dissociate language and culture since, in most cases, language is the main medium through which culture is transmitted. Most people feel that it is impossible to really know a culture without speaking the language. In some immigrant populations in North America, however, the original language (French, German, Chinese, Polish, etc.) has been lost but customs and traditions are still maintained

2.Time Orientation Culture

Past-orientated cultures believe strongly in the significance of prior events. History, established religions, and tradition are extremely important to these cultures, so there is a strong belief that the past should be the guide for making decisions and determining truth. We see this orientation in China, which because of its long and splendid history continues to respect the past.

Present-orientated cultures hold that the moment has the most significance. For them, the future is vague, ambiguous, and unknown and what is real exists I the here and now.

Future-orientated cultures, such as the one found in the United States, emphasize the future and expect it to be grander and nicer than the present.

Ⅲ. New Words

1.budget:

v. plan the spending of (time, money, etc.), or provide (time, money) in the plan

vt.编入预算; 设计使用vi.安排开支n.预算 a.便宜的，廉价的

She budgeted for buying a new car. 她为了买新汽车而计划节省开支。

It is important to balance this year's budget.

[词组]balance one’s budget 平衡预算

within / below budget 在预算之内

budget for doing sth. 为做……做预算

2.acute: adj. fine, sharp, severe, very great

(1)敏锐的；灵敏的;(2) 剧烈的；厉害的;(3) 严重的;(4) 急性的（疾病）

He still has very acute hearing, though he is 80 years old.

She is suffering acute pain.

[辨析]acute ；keen；sharp意思都含“锐利的”(包括它的引伸义)意思。

用于物时,(1)sharp 指“尖或刃”, 如:a sharp point 锐利的尖。

(2)keen 一般指“刃”, 如:a keen edge锋刃。

(3)acute 只用于学术语中, 如:an acute angle锐角。

用于人时, (1)sharp 表示“有洞察力的, 精明的, 机警的”, 着重“狡猾”“不易受骗”, 如:

You won't catch him. He's very sharp.你骗不了他, 他精明极了。

(2)keen 表示人的“锐敏”、“聪明”、“善于思索”, 如:He's a keen mind.他头脑灵敏。

(3)acute 侧重指“人观察事物的深刻性以及分辨问题的细致性。”如:

He has given an acute analysis of the situation.他对形势做了深刻的分析。

3.replace vt.（常与with, by连用）用…代替

[辨析]replace; supersede; supplant 都含“代替”的意思。

(1)replace 指“代替某人”或“取代已经失去的、毁坏的或用坏的东西”, 如: We replace defective tubes.我们更换有毛病的管子。

(2)supersede系正式用语, 指“用更好的、最新的东西替换过时的或无用的东西”, 如:

The sailing ships were superseded by the steamships.帆船已被汽船所取代。

(3)supplant 指“以武力、欺骗等手段替代原来的人或其职位”, 如:

The prime minister was supplanted by his rival.首相被他的政敌赶下台了。

4. restless adj.得不到休息的, 不平静的, 不安宁的

restlessly: ad. impatiently

The man repeatedly looked at his watch while walking up and down restlessly in the room.

5.elbow: vt. To push or jostle (another or others) with the elbow.用肘推挤（另一人或另一些人）

n. The joint or bend of the arm between the forearm and the upper arm.

肘关节上臂与前臂之间的关节或胳膊弯曲处

[词组] out at elbow(s)衣衫褴褛的,破旧的；千疮百孔的

elbow one’s way 用肘挤出路来

elbow sb. aside (off) 推到一边

She elbowed her way through the crowd. 她从人群中挤了过去。

6. abrupt:a.

1) (of behavior) rough粗鲁无礼的；唐突的

When I asked her about her new job, she was quite abrupt with me.

2) sudden and unexpected突然的

The meeting came to an abrupt end. 会谈突然结束。

[辨析]sudden; abrupt意思都含“突然的”。

(1)sudden指“事先未料到、无准备而迅速发生的”, 强调“先未警告的”, 如:

a sudden outburst of temper突然大发雷霆。

(2)abrupt指“突然的”、“出其不意的”、“事先未告知的”, 如:

He took an abrupt departure.他突然离去。

7.brief: a. short and not containing too many details

His remarks were brief and to the point. 他的话很简洁，而且说到了点子上。[词组]in brief = in short简单地说；简明扼要的

Notice the use of the phrase "in brief", which means "in as few words as possible".

the news in brief新闻提要

In brief, take no risks whatever. 简而言之, 千万不要冒险。

[派生词]brevity n.简短

8.ritual:

1) a. of or done regularly followed in exactly the same way each time 通常的,习惯的

Every day the work begins with the ritual phrases of greeting. 每天，工作以例行的相互问候开始。

2) n. [C, U] method followed repeatedly in the same way every time 例行仪式;例行习惯

Wives make a ritual of their household duties.家庭主妇把家务作为自己每天的例行公事。

9.interaction:n.

1) communication交流

informal interactions among adults 成年人之间非正式交流

2) acting on each other; working together 互相作用；互相影响Increased interaction between the police and citizens will improve the rate of solving crimes. 警民之间加强合作将有助于提高破案率。

inter-[构词成分]表示“在…中”“相互”

[派生词] interact v.互相作用

interact on作用, 影响, 制约, 配合

interact with与...相合

10.convention: n.

1) general, usu. unspoken, agreement about how people should act or behave in certain situations; customary practice习俗, 惯例

It is the convention for men to wear suits on formal occasions. 男子在正式场合穿西装是一种惯例。

2) meeting of members of a profession, political party, etc. 会议；协议；契约

Conventions are usually held in large cities, which have good transportation systems and interesting sights to see.

会议通常在大城市里举行，那里有完善的交通和观光的地方。

[词组]according to the convention 照惯例

[辨析]convention, congress , conference , assembly 会议，集会

convention 意为“会议，大会，年会”常指某一团体或政党为某一特殊目的所召开的会议。

e.g. They were arranging the entertainment at the company’s annual dealer

convention .

他们正在安排公司经销商年会上的招待问题。

congress 意为“代表大会，会议”，指各社会团体或国家的代表的正式会议，以交流情况和意见。e.g. A congress of heart specialists is meeting in Chicago.

一个心脏病专家会议正在芝加哥召开。

conference 会议；谈判；协商

e.g. He held conference with his assistants until late onto the night.

他和他的助手们一直磋商到深夜。

Assembly 与会者为一共同理由，如为立法的，宗教的，教育的或社会目的聚

集在一起的人

e.g. The assembly of doctors discussed the latest medical research.

医生们举行会议讨论医学研究的最新动态。

Meeting 会议；集会

e.g. Many people came to the meeting in the hall.

很多人来参加在大厅里举行的会议。

11.leisure n.空闲, 闲暇, 悠闲, 安逸

leisurely: a. without hurry. Notice that it is an adjective, not an adverb.

I had a leisurely glass of beer. 我慢悠悠地品了一杯啤酒。

[语法]*In English, "noun + -ly" usually results in an adjective. "Friendly" and "brotherly" are both adjectives.

[词组]at (one's) leisure当某人有自由时间时；在某人方便时：

I'll return the call at my leisure.我有空就会来拜访

at leisure 有空, 闲着无事；从从容容地

wait sb.'s leisure 等待某人有空时

[辨析]leisure和ease都有“空闲，闲暇”之含义，但它们又有细微的区别。

(1)leisure通常指各种工作或任务之余的空闲或闲暇，也可指无事的悠闲或安逸。

e.g. I have very leisure time in this job.我干这工作很少有空闲时间。

(2)ease指无牵无挂、轻松自在的状态。

e.g. She’s rich and leads a life of ease.她富有并且过着悠闲自在的生活。

12.assess: vt. judge the quality, importance, or worth of

It's too early to assess the effects of the new law. 要评价新法令的效果现在还为时过早。

[辨析] assessvt.估定, 评定;

ass n.驴傻瓜；笨蛋【复数】asses;

access n.进入；通道; 使用；接近; vt.存取, 接近

13.surroundings:n.( pl.) the things in the neighborhood of , or the conditions affecting a person or thing

The house is in beautiful surroundings. 这座房屋四周的环境优美。

[辨析] surroundings 复数，表示具体环境

environment不用复数，抽象的总称，指自然环境或生活条件

14.generally: ad. /in general

1) usually

They generally go to France for their holidays. 他们通常去法国度假。

2) by most people, widely

It is generally agreed that smoking is bad for health. 人们普遍认为吸烟有害健康。

[辨析]Common; ordinary; general都含“普通的”意思。

(1)common强调“常见的”、“不足为奇的”，如：

Colds are common in winter.感冒在冬天很常见。

(2)ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”，如：

His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。

(3)general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”，如：This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist. 这本书是为一般读者写的，不是为专家写的。

15.probe

n. (1)探针(2)外太空探测器；探测飞船(= space probe)(3)探索；查究

v. examine closely

The police are probing (into) trading which breaks the law. 警方正在调查非法交易活动。

vt.(1)探查；探寻；深挖(2) 调查；刺探

[辨析] 都含“调查”、“研究”、“探索”的意思。

(1)investigate 指“详尽的, 通常是正式的或官方的调查, 以弄清事实的真相”, 如:

the investigation of a crime调查罪行。

(2)probe 指“广泛而彻底的调查”, 如:

mount a massive probe of sb.'s death广泛调查某人之死。

(3)research 指“科学家或学者为了发现新的事实或获得新信息而从原始资料开始进行坚韧不拔的调查或研究”, 如:He made a research into the cause of cancer.他对癌症病因进行了研究。

(4)inquest 指“法律调查”, 如:

a 2-year inquest into the case对该案进行历时两年的调查。

(5)examine 强调“详细观察或检验某人或某事以求了解其真实情况”, 如:

He had a physical examination.他进行了一次体检。

(6)inquiry 强调“以询问方式进行调查”, 如:

Counselors began an inquiry into industrial needs.顾问们开始调查工业方面的需要。

16.tick vi. (of a clock, etc.) make a sequence of quiet short regularly repeated sounds

While we waited the taxi's meter kept ticking away. 在我们等待时, 出租车上的计程表一直在滴滴答答地响着。

tick off责备；责骂；斥责

e.g.Constant delays ticked me of

f.反复地耽搁使我很生气

tick over(1)（内燃机等）怠速转动(2)（工作等）接近停滞，慢吞吞地进行，死

气沉沉

17.consequently: ad. as a result, so

[同义词] accordingly, as a result, hence, therefore

[词组] be consequent on /upon因...而引起的，随...而发生的，是...的后果The bank refused to help the company; consequently it went out of business.

银行拒绝帮助这家公司，公司因此倒闭了。

18.significance: n. meaning, importance

What is the significance of this speech? 这个讲话有什么意义？

The significance for college students of doing a part-time job is more than money and experience. 大学生打工的意义还不仅在于钱和经验。

[词组] of little / no significance 无关紧要的

[派生词] significance? insignificance

significant? insignificant

[辨析] importance; consequence; significance都含“重要性”或“显要”的意思。

(1)importance 为一般用语, 着重指“本身具有重大价值、意义、影响等”, 如: news of importance重要新闻。

(2)consequence 侧重指“具有或可能具有重要或深远的后果”, 如:

If you behave so foolishly, you must be ready to take the consequences. 如果你这样愚昧下去, 你必须准备自食其果。

(3)significance 指“马上显示其特殊重要意义”, 如:

an event of significance具有重要意义的事件。

19.conduct:

n.行为；举止；举动；品行

vt. 1) organize and carry out

A team from the United Nations will observe the election to be sure that it is fairly conducted. 一个联合国代表团将观察这次选举，以保证它公正地进行。

2) act as the path for (electricity, heat, etc.)

Plastic and rubber won't conduct electricity, but copper will. 塑料和橡胶不导电, 但是铜导电。

20.obtain: vt. get, achieve

e.g. The news writer immediately set out to obtain the important facts.

那位新闻记者立即着手去设法了解这些重要的事实。

[辨析]get, obtain, gain, win, earn

·obtain较正式用语，包含着“努力”、“希望”或“决意”去获得某物的意思。

He obtained experience through practice.他通过实践获得了经验