时间对比在托福写作中的应用
时间对比在托福写作中的应用在托福考试中，写作相对来说是比较容易得分的一个单项。文都国际教育小编称，托福写作分为综合写作和独立写作。综合写作主要考查考生的阅读、听力和写作综合能力，对于听力比较好的考生来说，综合写作并不是特别难。
独立写作就是标准的议论文，对一个话题进行论述分析。独立写作涉及的范围更广一些，不仅包含了议论文写作的基本概念、框架结构、逻辑衔接，还包含了对各种话题的涉猎。总的来说，托福独立写作的题型主要包含了二选一、三选一、绝对词题、今昔对比题、事实现象题、以及should题。
虽然独立写作需要掌握的内容众多，但是对于绝大部分考生来说，如何充分论证一个观点的同时又具有很好的衔接关系是最大的一个难题。考生们写独立写作最大的共鸣就是没有那么多话好说。我们都知道，一篇议论文的论证方法有很多：举例论证，原因论证，结果论证，对比论证，假设论证，解释说明，数据支撑等等。但是如何针对不同题型有效应用这些论证方法是一大难题。
在上述论证方法中，对比论证在托福写作中应该是应用得比较多的一种论证方法，主要包含一件事物的正反对比，通常在二选一，三选一和should的考试题型中应用较为广泛。第二种对比思路是时间对比概念，即拿过去与现在对比，通常用于今昔对比题和有变化概念题中比较多，常用句型一般是：In the past… Nowadays, however,… 本文中，文都国际教育老师将结合原创范文，重点分析对比论证中的时间对比概念在几种题型中的应用，希望能给广大考生们授之以渔。
1. 今昔对比题
今昔对比题应该是托福写作考试中的重点题型之一，TPO以及历年真题中都会出现很多这种题型的题目，通常会拿现在与过去进行比较，也会存在与将来进行比较。遇见这种题型的时候，考生可以用到时间对比的概念来论证解题。比如，我们可以看一看TPO上面的两道今昔对比考题。
TPO 34:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the past because they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
本题考的是现在教育孩子是不是比过去更难了，因为他们花大量时间在手机、网络游戏和社交网站上面。选择同意或者不同意都比较好回答，我们可以从学生、老师、科技等不同角度从过去到现在的变化来分析这道题。
To start with, history has seen a big leap in scientific development, which means teachers have to teach more knowledge to meet the standard of society. Children in ancient time learned only a few courses such as literature and masterpieces of some oracles. On the contrary, teachers have to teach students knowledge of all aspects such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, economics, etc. As the saying goes, “one person has to study hard for ten years”. Students nowadays take more than ten years to get education. So the more knowledge is, the more difficult it is to educate children.
从老师的角度来分析为什么教育孩子变难了，因为他们教的知识变多了。然后再从过去只需要教学生很少的课程与现在要教授学生各种各样的科目进行对比，再从过去只要寒窗苦读十年与现在要学习不止十年这样的长度进行对比。
What’s more, students in ancient time were more respectful to their teachers. Students were supposed to have good manners and obey whatever teaches say. Teachers could punish students if they did something wrong. But the fact is just the opposite currently. Students don’t respect their teachers as much as it is in the past or just obey them for fear. For instance, some students say something bad about their teache rs for being punished or criticized. What’s even worse, I know some students knock at their teachers, which is unbelievable in ancient times. It is harder and harder for teachers to get students controlled.
从学生的角度来分析，为什么教育孩子变难了，因为学生自身特点发生了变化，学生不再像以前那样尊重老师了。以前的学生比较有礼貌，而且比较尊师重道，甚至老师可以惩罚学生。然而现在的学生因为受父母溺爱，不但不尊重老师，而且甚至会辱骂殴打老师，这让教育变得更加困难了。也是用时间对比概念很好地论述了中心论点。
TPO 28:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Parents today are more involved in their children's education than parents were in the past. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
本题也是一道比较明显的教育类今昔对比题，现在的父母比以前的父母更加关注参与孩子的教育了。在解这道题时，也可以从多角度进行解题分析。与过去相比，可以把父母关注孩子的教育进行分类讨论，分为哪些方面参与的更多，也可以从孩子与父母自身的变化来分析本题。
Above all, parents nowadays are more concerned about cultivating their children's interest which was not highly valued in the past. On the weekends and holidays, the after-class training courses are often filled with children whose parents pay for them to learn knowledge beyond textbooks. When I was young, I also had to learn plenty of lessons such as chess, writing, piano and so on. Unfortunately, I insist none of these things above when I grow up. However, my parents were really keen to let me do so then.
首先，与过去相比，现在的父母更加关注孩子的兴趣培养。论证的时候可以从以前与现在的社会竞争需求，对孩子培养的需求的变化来分析。当然单一的时间对比论证对一个点的论述肯定是不够的，要与其他论证思路进行结合。这里就可以结合自己的例子来分析。
Furthermore, parents today are stricter with their kids. They want them to learn what they think highly of. More and more students study abroad which is an unrealized dream of many parents. They have more hope on their kids because many of them have only one kid who is the only one that can make the condition of family better. It was opposite in the past when parents had so many kids that could not afford the expenses for all children to be educated. Take my aunts for instance. Though there are two kids of my grandparents, they could only afford to let my father go to the school. So they were very strict with my father and asked him to study more knowledge.
其次，现在的孩子都是独生子女，父母对孩子的期望更高了，也更加严格了。可以从以前的生活条件落后，只能维持温饱，一户人家孩子会有很多个，到现在的条件变好，父母望子成龙望女成凤的心理进行对比分析。
Last but not least, the information nowadays seems to expand more and more quickly and parents are more knowledgeable so that they can offer more help to their kids. In the past students just needed to learn harder and harder for the test. But on the contrary, nowadays students face more chances which may let them confused. For example, when choosing the majors and universities, parents can list the pros and cons which students do not know at all. What's more, parents are more experienced about some vital choices on one's road of growing up and they can make their kids have less chance of failure.
最后，从父母自身角度变化来分析，将以前的父母和现在的父母进行比较。以前的父母文化素养低，对孩子的学业并不懂并且也无法参与，现在的父母获取信息多，本身也具有文化，可以对孩子进行一定的指导。
2. change类考题
对于过去与现在的对比来说，涉及到change类字眼的题目都可以使用。相对来说，科技类的文章用得比较频繁。比如要说明科技对人们生活的改变，考生们可以写科技改变人们的通讯方式或者出行方式等等，然后就可以从过去的通讯方式或者出行方式以及现在的通讯方式、出行方式的改变进行比较。用时间对比论证方法时，要注意过去的时态以及相反的对比关系。我们可以看一道托福考试真题：
Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people’s lives: automobile, bicycles, airplanes. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
本题的考点为三选一，选一种最能改变人们生活的交通方式：汽车，自行车和飞机。题目关键词是最能改变人们生活的，论点要围绕人们的生活来写，不能写得太偏离人们的生活。三种交通工具都有各自的优点，选择一种最好写最有特点的交通工具进行论述，其他的可以拿来做对比。
The world has been made smaller by airplanes. Compared with other vehicles, airplanes are able to cover great distances in less time. Ancient people may have had to consume several days or even weeks travelling by slower means before arriving at a faraway destination. As a result, our ancestor had very few opportunities to travel to different parts of their country, and world travel was unthinkable. Not everyone was as fortunate as the great traveler Marco Polo. Today, passengers can visit several distant cities within a single day. An increasing number of modern citizens have realized dreams to travel around the globe, and have done so by airplane.
看完考题的出题特点，既然是三选一，那么很自然会想到用对比论证来进行重点分析。范例选了飞机最能改变生活，因为可以缩短世界的距离。先简单用了正反对比将飞机和其他交通工具进行对比突出它的飞行距离更远，然后再重点用时间对比来论证飞机能缩短世界的距离这个论点。过去的人出行耗时，而且不能去很远这一状况与现代人可以坐飞机环球旅行进行对比，当然中间还有效穿插了马可波罗的例子，来全面突出飞机是最能改变人们生活的。
3. 其他类考题
托福独立写作题库185考题：
TV has destroyed communication among family and friends. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
这是题库里的一道老题，电视会破坏和家人朋友之间的交流，同不同意?属于事实现象题，虽然不是时间对比论证类题型的特点，但是也一样可以用到这种论证方法。
Firstly, TV reduces the time that people can use to get along with their family and friends. In old days, there was no TV so that parents could tell stories to their children. There is no doubt that it is really a good way for people to communicate with each other. However, in modern time, TV
pro grams occupy a large portion of people’s day time, making them have less chance to chat with.
论证电视会减少与家人朋友交流的时间，可以拿以前没有电视时候的相聚情景与现在有了电视的场景进行对比。
以上就是小编整理的时间对比在托福写作中的应用，希望对同学们有帮助。对比论证在托福写作中应用广泛，时间对比只是其中的一种论证手段。考生们要学会抓住每种题型的特点，才能合理有效地应用各种论证思路。
文章来源于文都国际教育：
托福写作常用的80个高频形容词
托福写作常用的80个高频形容词 在托福写作中，常常会运用到各种各样的形容词。下面环球教育小编收集的托福写作80个高频形容词备考，希望对考生会有所帮助。 1. pleasant and enjoyable多姿多彩的 2. boring, exhausting and stressful无聊的，繁重的, 压力大的 3. isolated, unsociable and depressed孤立的，不善于社交的，和抑郁的 4. addictive 上瘾的 5. aggressive 有上进心的 6. balanced 平衡的 7. compatible 兼容的 8. complicated 复杂的 9. confident 自信的 10. corrupt 腐败的 11. cutting-edge 尖端的 12. delicious 美味可口的 13. demanding 要求高的 14. detrimental 有害的 15. eccentric 古怪的 16. economical 节俭的 17. enlightened 开明的;文明的 18. fashionable 时髦的 19. feasible 可行的 20. flexible 灵活多样的 21. fruitful 有成效的
22. glamorous 富有魅力的 23. gorgeous 辉煌的 24. impressive 令人印象深刻的 25. incompatible 不和适宜的 26. indifferent 冷漠的 27. indispensable 不可或缺的 28. inexhaustible 取之不尽的 29. infectious 传染性的 30. influential 有影响力的 31. inhumane 不人道的 32. innocent 多管闲事的, 无辜的 33. instructive 智力的 34. intellectual 智力的 35. interpersonal 人际间的 36. irreparable 不可弥补的 37. luxurious 奢侈的 38. mature 成熟的 39. misleading 误导的 40. misrepresented 不如实叙述的 41. money-oriented 拜金的 42. nourishing 有营养的 43. old-fashioned/out of date 过时的 44. perilous 危险的 45. permissive 宽容的;许可的 46. pornographic 色情的
托福写作冲刺托福高分作文赏析
托福写作冲刺托福高分作文赏析 正值暑假，许多学生都会选择在此期间来给自己充电或者准备、规划接下来的学习。而对于绝大多数准备去美国的学生而言，托福考试是逃不过的宿命。听说读写四门课程可以说包含了整个准备的过程，会让人应接不暇，无从下手。对大多数中国的考生而言，听力和阅读并不陌生，但是对于口语和写作这样的“输出”科目，可能会成为多数学生比较伤脑筋的事情。就拿托福的写作而言，第一篇综合写作，看阅读、听听力，总结文章的内容;第二篇独立写作，这个是真正意义上的写作，完全考察考生个人的写作能力，没有阅读，没有听力，那么怎么才能写好独立写作呢?今天，Joy就节选了一个高分学员的文章，来讲讲关于独立写作高分的那点事。 几乎所有拿高分作文的学生，对于独立写作最基础部分的把握可以说是天衣无缝的。何为最基础的部分?打字。托福写作较于其他三个科目不同，对于打字有着比较高的要求。尤其是独立写作，30分钟的时间需要至少写到300字以上，何况，在考场，环境和平时练习又是不一样的状况，想要在写作中拿到不错的分数，打字这个基本功是绝对不能拖后腿的。一方面，打字的速度要快，通俗说就是手速，需要考生充分熟悉键盘。另一方面，打字的准确性也是需要保证的，换言之，打出的单词要保证基本是无误的才可以，只有速度没有准确性也是不行的。和手写的习惯不同，这要求学生要学会在电脑上迅速反应出自己文章的中是否有错的单词。所以建议一些对打字不熟练或者经常打错单词的同学，平时可以多练习一下打字练习，勤能补拙。 说完基础，接下来我们就从W同学的文章来看一下，她之所以能够拿高分的原因。 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend money helping more people access the Internet instead of improving public transportation. Although, in recent decades, there has been a growing need for Internet access and the government has been strongly advised to increase its budget in this area, I personally think that it is more essential for the government to spend money on the improvement of public transportation than on more access to Internet. 首先，原题中有提到一个非常关键的词instead of，这其实就要求学生在写作时两边进行比较论证。我们可以很清楚的看到W同学对题目的正解，it is more essential…。大家都清楚，对于独立写作，ETS 评分标准第一个就是address the topic and task。那么高分的作文就是effectively address the topic and task。 无一例外，高分文章处理的最漂亮的不是单词用的多么生僻，句子写的多么冗长，而是对文章题目的把握。题目理解错或不到位都会直接影响到接下来的论证，无疑就是“上梁不正下梁歪”。 For one thing, public transportation influences our life in a deeper and wider aspect than it is assumed. In fact, the great impact on the Internet is still not as comparable as public transportation. What is easily recognized is people’s need to commute back and forth between their homes and workplaces, or to travel from one city to another. Convenient public transportation shortens the distance between different locations, makes our traveling experience more acceptable and even enjoyable, and saves us plenty of time for a tasty meal or a good rest instead of wasting a large amount of time on a long tedious journey. What most people may not be easily aware of, on the other hand, is that public transportation also influences the quality of consumer goods
托福作文写作论据例子
1.Should teacher help with self-confident or specific knowledge? My opinion: 1. Confident would play high effect on give rise to motivation of study. 2 Student would have positive impress on study for extended study life 3 Self-confident could promote ability of student, innovation is needed. Disagree; 1 Specific knowledge definitely during period of education will enrich their time 2 Specific knowledge is the strength of evidence where self-confident emerges. 3 specific knowledge will be the goal for education on purpose. 2 achieving success or having delight and optimistic mood, which is more important? My opinion: 1 Success would contribute you own self-confident for the motivation of next challenge. 2 Success would help you get reward and celebrity, which may encourage you. 3 Success is the summary of your hard working, of which would imprint experience for your whole life. Disagree: 1. Optimistic mood would be continuous and prolonged for dream of success. 2 Optimistic reveals one’s healthy psychology for perfect life 3 Optimistic would be used in other field other than success. 3 People with different personalities and amateur can’t be friend: My opinion: 1 different disagreement may led to unfriendly friendship. 2 It’s hard to find common topic as combination of both people. 3 they are unlikely to know each other very well in short time. Disagree: 1. They would study other different type of advantage filling space 2 Finding more different topic will strengthen friendship. 3 open up their view and accumulate more knowledge 4 competition may hurt friendship My opinion: 1 Competition may increase possibility that you friend is jealous of others 2 Competition may reduce the communication chances hence have less meaningful friendship bit by bit Disagree: 1 It factually might let you know each other better
托福写作的高分表达方法
托福写作的高分表达方法 很多学生会选择，那么托福写作考试的高分技巧有哪些呢?跟着出guo一起来看看吧!下面是收集的有关托福考试写作技巧的资讯，欢迎阅读。 除了在句式上长短句相结合准确表达外，朗阁海外考试研究中心建议新托福考生要使用一些特殊的句式，以使句型多样化。句型多样化也是作文得到高分的条件之一。除了我们之前经常提到的高分句式，如倒装句、强调句、状语前置、插入语等，笔者还提出另外一个句式的多样变化，即主语多样化。下面笔者将列举几个句子概括介绍前面四种句型，而重点分析主语多样化。 正常句： Luck only works in extreme cases. 倒装句： Only in extreme cases does luck work.(否定词位于句首的倒装。) 正常句： The inter provides people aess to the latest information. 强调句： It is the inter that provides people aess to the latest information. (强调the inter) 正常句： The environment has been deteriorating severely along with the development of industry. 状语前置句： Along with the aelerating development of industry, the environment has been deteriorating severely.
正常句： However, new zoos try to duplicate animals’natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a fortable amount of space. 插入语： New zoos, however, try to duplicate animals’natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a fortable amount of space. (连词however做插入语) 主语多样 1. 她突然想到了一个主意。 She suddenly had an idea. 通常情况下，考生会马上对这句话进行翻译，基本不会动句子结构。但是以人作为主语的英语句子总是不能够很吸引人，所以这个句子如果稍微做下修改，以后面的宾语“主意”做主语，这个句子会发生一些变化。 An idea suddenly ourred to her. 2. 他开车心不在焉，几乎闯祸。 He was absent-minded when driving, and almost caused an aident. 这句话依然是拿人做主语，稍微改一下，把心不在焉这个形容词的名词形式做主语，会大不相同。 His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an aident. 3. 美利坚合众国创立于1789年。
托福写作词汇
写作关键用词及短语汇总
数量词 一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of 无数innumerable ; countless 许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample 非常多（大）的tremendous 依序列举list in sequence 时间词 过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic 短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 一再time after time ; again and again 初始的preliminary 前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former 自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult 老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated 偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times 时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly 永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 目前so far ; by far 一次就可完成的事one-time event 正/反意见（opinion） 骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove 支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior 做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite 归咎blam e…on ; put the blam e on … ;…is to blame 瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts 支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 不会犯错的infallible 意见不和clashes of opinion 一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of…我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. 我愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to 有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 有意义的meaningful; fulfilling 他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit thi s… 在大家同意下by common consent of… 否定deny; withhold; negate 承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use 使…受益benefit…; do good t o…; is good for…; is of great benefit t o… 成语及俗语及搭配方式 想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 想出come up with 找出come up with; find out 利用use; take advantage of
托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式
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4分：using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifications, and/or details 而无论是托福，雅思还是SAT考试都是严格的按照评分标准来批改的，所以根据这个标准学生必须要重视和用出举例论证，否则托福写作无法拿到高分。 接下来问题来了，究竟老美喜欢的举例论证有几种形式呢？接下来笔者就为考生们一一回答。 第一种：以for example, for instance, such as等词组引出的句子，这种也是最普遍或者用的最多的一种。 下面为大家举一个例子： 题目：It is sometimes said borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree? Why or why not? 在这篇文章的第二和第三主体段里，考官的高分范文分别用了：For example, a friend borrowed some money from his or her friend and did not return it. 下面一段用了：for example , when my friend asks me to baby-sit her child while she is taking her classes I agree because i know that she desperately needs my help in order to finish her degree and save some money. 分析：高手在写文章的时候很喜欢说打个比方之类的话，这样的论证方法既满足了高评分的需要，也形象生动地说明了你前面主题句的论点，而且段落字数也得到了增加，可以说是高分文章必不可少的要点之一。 还有一种举例论证方式：以according to my personal experience or other people’s experience为开头引出举例论证。 分析：各位同学要记住美国人做事情很喜欢DIY, 因为在美国，个体的劳动力很贵，很多美国人做事情都喜欢自己亲自实践或者采取他人做事情的经验，如果你得出的结论或者论点是基于亲身的经历或者他人的实战经验，那美国人是很相信你所说的话的。记住这是美
托福写作的39个常用万能例子
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托福写作高级词汇整理
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