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翻译材料_第五章_英汉句子对比与翻译

翻译材料_第五章_英汉句子对比与翻译
翻译材料_第五章_英汉句子对比与翻译

第五章英汉句子对比与翻译

第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合”

连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系,恰当地连为一体的语篇特征,但在重意合的汉语中,这种特征往往隐含在上下文中,呈“隐性”状态,但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解,因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足,而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征,既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式,既词法和句法结构来体现的,因此,在翻译过程中,译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。翻译练习:

1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my

luggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.

2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.

3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-going

freight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests.

4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern part

of Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution.

第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合”

进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构,将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。这就是说,英语句子中充满了从属结构,从属结构包括了动词的非限定形式、介词短语和各种分句。从属结构可以比作“枝杈”;汉语句子充满了并立结构,并立分句之间用逗号分开,直直的,每有“枝杈”,像根竹子。汉语的这些并立分句常被称作“流水句”。英语句子的树木结构是英语的形合在语意层次表现上的具体体现:句子的主干(主句)用来表示主要信息,从属结构(枝杈)表示次要信息。这样意义层次在表面结构上就表现出来了,呈显性;汉语句子的竹子结构是汉语的意合在语意层次表现上的具体体现:句子中充满了在形式上并立的分句,语意层次要靠上下文来表示,在表面形式上看不出来,呈隐性。英汉翻译中就应该充分考虑到英文和中文的这些不同特征。翻译练习:

1)X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible to

observe.

2)“How does the human brain work” remains one of the most profound questions confronting modern

science.

3)One out of every ten persons in 1978 United States labor force was a teenager, compared with one out

of fifteen in 1960.

4)Situated at the foot of the hill is a hut where I think you will surely find the book that you have been

looking for in the past.

第三节英译汉句型的转换

英汉两种语言在表达方式上有相似之处,但更多的是差异。同一个思想和概念,英语有英语的表达方式,汉语有汉语的表达方式。在很多情况下,翻译的本质,实际上是一种“替代”。在英译汉时,需用汉语的表达方式去“替代”英语的表达方式;这中翻译中的句型转换,也可以说是“改换说法”。翻译练习:

1)Wet paint!

2)No Smoking!

3)No littering!

4)Where love is the case, the doctor is an ass.

5)Nowadays it is not seldom that a man lives to be seventy years old.

6)It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain.

7)Man did not learn to write until about 3000 B.C..

8)The battle field became something holy. It was not touched.

9)For most people the word “education”means “school”and “school”conjures up an image of a

building with classrooms.

第四节英汉句子结构的差异与翻译是“重写”或“改写”

英语句子的特点是句子中的每一个成分,均可有修饰语,而且修饰语可以不止一个,每个修饰语都可以很长;一个修饰语还可以被另一个休息语修饰,因此句子结构复杂,犹如“参天大树,枝叶横生”,被称为“树状形结构”。汉语修饰语少而短,句子由一个一个的分句构成,逐步展开,犹如“万顷碧波,层层推进”,被称为“波浪形结构”。汉语的这种句式,语法学家称之为“流水句”。如果说,汉英两种语言在句子结构上有许多差异的话,这是最根本的一个差异。英汉对译成功的关键就是改换句型。Nida 曾说过:“In order to translate meaning, form must be changed”。钱中书先生说:“得意忘言”。这里所谓的“form”和“言”,主要是指语言形式,既“表达方式”。就句子而言,主要是指句子结构。因此,英译汉时,我们要把英语句子的“树状形结构”转换成汉语句子的“波浪形结构”。翻译练习:

1)A beautifully situated park on the lake’s shore provides a perfect spot to savor an ice cream while

watching the boats darting about on the bay or the exciting arrival of the famous M/S Mount Washington(华盛顿山号游轮)as she docks nearby.

2)Of the more than 300 separate tribes, the largest is the Navaho in the Southwest.

3)The air seemed almost sticky from the scent of bursting buds.

4)Hangzhou’s West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of

enchanting beauty.

第五节翻译是“重写”或“改写”

翻译是“重写”也可以说是“改写”,是学习翻译的一个十分重要的概念。思果先生在《翻译新究》中说:“我一向认为翻译是翻译,不是写作。这个观念很害事,可能是学翻译的人走不通的胡同。翻译不是翻译,是重写。”“我已经说过,字是桎梏,一定要打破;翻译要意译;要找中文表达原文的意思、感情等等。不过,我现在还觉得不够;不如说要重写,容易叫读者明白我的用心。”

如果说,翻译中“替代”的方法主要是在翻译词汇和短语的层次上进行的话,句型的转换则主要是在翻译句子的层次上进行的,而重写则更多的是在段落的层次上进行的。当然,句子翻译中的句型转换,实际上也是重写。翻译练习:

1)Here in New Hampshire there are many opportunities to find a peaceful spot hidden among the lush

forests of tall evergreens and hard-woods or next to a rambling brook or pictorial lake.

2)Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves, the babies soon fell

asleep.

3)It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life

and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.

4)Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the

water, a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams.

第六节英语长句的翻译

在英语长句的翻译中,万万不可根据语法成分的对应来决定汉语语序,否则译文常常是佶屈聱牙,不堪卒读。英语长句的汉译规律有:

一、叙事原则

汉语是临摹型语言,在叙说一组事件时,总是按“先发生在前,后发生在后”的顺序来组织句子。如:

1.Y oung Swain sneaked into the gallery one afternoon and blushed to the top of his ears when he

saw “Trees Dressed in White”, a loud raucous splash on the wall.

2.There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than

to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to

notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house which may be her chief interest and pride.

二、论理原则

汉语在很多情况下,是按照“原因在前,结果在后”、“前提在前,结论在后”的顺序来陈述因果关系的,但有些时候也将结果放前,原因放后做补充。具体如何安排原因和结果的位置,要看它们在整个语篇中和前后句子的搭配情况和句子的节奏平衡感。

1.A long standing reticence, perhaps born of national abhorrence of monarchies and kings, kept

faces and portraits off United States coins as a regular practice until 1909, the centennial of Abraham Lincoln’s birth.

2.Attracting specialized, career-focused students is one reason Stanford University Medical Center

overhauled its curriculum and required students to pick a concentration by the end of their first year.

三、空间视觉、心理视觉原则

我们在叙述一组空间上排列的事物时,一般是按照由近及远或由远及近的原则表达(具体选择哪一种,要视文章中人物的视角而决定);在描述一系列心理事件时,一般也是按照心理感触的过程来叙说。

The deserted mining village, protruding pitheads overgrown with tall trees and rusty refineries behind crumbling walls situated in valleys, were surrounded by thick wooded mountain slopes, hot springs gushing out here and there.

四、对比原则

汉语在对比若干事项时,一般按照“铺叙在前,主旨在后”的原则,将要强调的事项放在后面,以便给读者留下深刻的印象。

1.Joan Werblun, volunteer executive director for Citizens for the right to Know, said Stanford’s

experiment, if widely copied, could encourage specialization when managed healthcare increasingly “shuttles people to the general practitioner”.

2.Her (Mrs. Thatcher) rise, as she once described the star-is-born press coverage that greeted her

maiden speech in Commons, was “roses, roses all the way”.

五、信息值比较原则

汉语在行文时,一般按照“低值信息在前,高值信息在后”、已知信息在前,新知信息在后”、“确定信息在前、不定信息在后”的规则来陈述逻辑关系。

1.Physicians in training must learn a staggering array of facts required by the Liaison Committee on

Medical Education, North America’s accrediting authority for medical schools.

2.Multitudes of bees used to bury themselves in the yellow blossoms of the summer squashes. This,

too, was a deep satisfaction; although, when they had laden themselves with sweets, they flew away to some unknown hive, which could give back nothing in requital of what my garden had contributed.

六、语篇连贯原则

在运用上述语序原则时,要照顾到长句内部以及与上下文的衔接和连贯,因而有时要作局部处理,如重复关键词、补充过度信息或调整语序等等。

1.The existence of giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the

1920’s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

2.By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least 250 million and possibly 270million

and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

英语句子翻译大全

英语句子翻译大全 导读:本文是关于英语句子翻译大全的文章,如果觉得很不错,欢迎点评和分享! 01、I never stopped loving you,I just stopped showing it。 我对你的爱从来没有停止,只是我不再让别人知道而已。 02、Standing in a corner of the world,watching the sunrise and sunset。 站在世界某一个角落,看着日出日落。 03、Waiting is painful。Forgetting is painful。But not knowing which to do is the worse kind of suffering。 等待是一种痛,忘掉也是一种痛,但不知道该怎么办,是一种更折磨人的痛。 04、That formerly how to pick,time flies straight forward。 那段从前怎么去捡,光阴似箭一直向前。 05、Are you turn a walk,do not see my sad。Am I too wayward,regardless of your feelings。 是你转头就走,没看见我的难过。是我太任性,不顾你的感受。 06、Start everyday with a new hope,leave bad memories behind & have faith for a better tomorrow。 用新的希望开启每一天,释放掉不好的回忆,相信明天会更

好。 07、Who’s who of the hook,and who is who of redemption。 谁是谁的劫,谁又是谁的救赎。 08、They say after losing only treasure,in fact,after losing most painful treasure。 她们都说失去以后才懂得珍惜,其实珍惜后的失去最痛。 09、Love warms more than a thousand fires。 爱情的炽热胜过千万团的火。 10、It is good if you begin crying,that is the sign of cure。 能够哭就好,哭是开始痊愈的象征! 11、Life is too short for us to wake up in the morning with regrets。 人生苦短,所以每天不要带着遗憾醒来。 12、Because of loving you so much that I stood aside。Although myfigure left you away,my heart didn’t。Today I have made up my mind to say “I love you。” 正是因为爱才悄悄的躲开,躲开的是身影,躲不开的是默默的情怀;今天我终于鼓起勇气,向你表达我的爱。 13、As long as people do not lose their direction,they will not lose themselves。 人只要不失去方向,就不会失去自己。

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

英语句子翻译

英语句子翻译 1.我已经为你做了一些安排,早上参加中文班,下午游览这座城市,晚 上去吃特色小吃。 2.我很高兴收到你的来信,并且很高兴听到你将要来中国学习中文。 3.任何事情都有两面性,上网也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利 的一面。 4.因此,在我看来,我们应该合理的使用网络。 5.我希望你能在空闲的时候尽快给我回信。 6.电视在我们的日常生活中起着重要的作用,他给我们带来了许多好 处,但同时也引发了一些严重的问题。 7.随着社会的发展,汽车已经成为人类生活重要的一部分。 8.我们应该多植树,尽量使用公共交通工具,才能使城市变得越来越美 丽。 9.总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注污染这个问题。 10.人们已经想出许多办法来解决这个问题。 11.这里有一些学习英语的方法。每天记住10个单词,多看英文小说、 电影,尽量多与外国人交流。 12.成都位于四川中部,这里因为美食,美景而闻名。 13.我很高兴能帮助你提高中文,这里有一些建议可以给你。 14.因为明天有一个重要的考试,我很抱歉不能来参加你的生日聚会。

15.我已经买好了一份生日礼物托朋友Candy带给你,我希望我们能另外 再约时间见面。 16.我计划和同学们一个去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人们过重阳节(the double Ninth Festival) 17.十分感谢外教Mike老师的指导,让我在写作方面取得了巨大的进步。 18.成都是最有活力的城市之一。我相信这将是一次难忘的旅行。 19.四川有许多的旅游胜地,如都江堰、九寨沟、乐山大佛和峨眉山。 20.有规律的锻炼能让你有一个健康的身体。

英汉互译在线翻译句子

如果只是遇见,不能停留,不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪,也不哭着说后悔。心碎了,还需再补吗? i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁,只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时,就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪,值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的,忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的,接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶,它喜欢飞到哪里,就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花,那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你,我迷失了自我。失去你,我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛,你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他,正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱,那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。

100个英语句子翻译

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英汉互译在线翻译句 子

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浅谈英汉数字的文化差异与翻译

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经典英语句子翻译

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10、Love is the greatest refreshment in life.爱情是生活最好的提神剂。 11、Love is like the moon, when it does not increase, it decreases.爱情就像月亮,不增则减。 12、Where there is great love, there are always miracles.哪里有真爱存在,哪里就有奇迹。 13、We cease loving ourselves if no one loves us.如果没有人爱我们,我们也就不会再爱自己了。 14、If equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me.如果没有相等的爱,那就让我爱多一些吧。 15、Every day without you is like a book without pages.没有你的日子就像一本没有书页的书。 16、A heart that loves is always young.有爱的心永远年轻。 17、Love keeps the cold out better than a cloak.爱比大衣更能驱走寒冷。 18、Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes.爱情就像一只蝴蝶,它喜欢飞到哪里,就把欢乐带到哪里。 19、I need him like I need the air to breathe.我需要他,正如我需要呼吸空气。 20、Love never dies.爱情永不死。 21、When love is not madness, it is not love.如果爱不疯狂

经典英语句子翻译

经典英语句子翻译 导读: 经典英语句子翻译 1、The most precious possession that ever comes to a man in this world is a woman's heart. 在这个世界上,男人最珍贵的财产就是一个女人的心。 2、My heart is with you. 我的爱与你同在。 3、I'll think of you every step of the way. 我会想你,在漫漫长路的每一步。 4、Life is the flower for which love is the honey. 生命如花,爱情是蜜。 5、You make my heart smile.My eyes are the stars over your window,Gazing affectionately at you every night. 我的心因你而笑。我的目光就是你窗前的星星,每夜都在深情地注视着你。 6、Take away love, and our earth is a tomb. 没有了爱,地球便成了坟墓。 7、The soul cannot live without love. 灵魂不能没有爱而存在。 8、Look into my eyes you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛,你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。

9、No words are necessary between two loving hearts. 两颗相爱的心之间不需要言语。 10、Love is the greatest refreshment in life. 爱情是生活最好的提神剂。 11、Love is like the moon, when it does not increase, it decreases. 爱情就像月亮,不增则减。 12、Where there is great love, there are always miracles. 哪里有真爱存在,哪里就有奇迹。 13、We cease loving ourselves if no one loves us. 如果没有人爱我们,我们也就不会再爱自己了。 14、If equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱,那就让我爱多一些吧。 15、Every day without you is like a book without pages. 没有你的日子就像一本没有书页的书。 16、A heart that loves is always young. 有爱的心永远年轻。 17、Love keeps the cold out better than a cloak. 爱比大衣更能驱走寒冷。 18、Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes.

(完整版)初中英语句子翻译及答案

基本句子翻译 1.下次你应该早点儿来这儿。 2.你最好不要单独去游泳。 3.让我们开始讨论这个难题吧。 4.这箱子太重,这小孩搬不动。 5.每天我父亲去上班需要一个半小时。 6.瞧!树下有一位老人正在观看孩子们玩游戏。 7.我感到这个问题很难回答。 8.虽然他们个子不太高,人也不太强壮,但他们是一支很好的队伍。 9.你的英语学习情况怎样? 10.当我们到达火车站时,火车已开走了。 11.这位老人已当了30 多年英语老师了。 12.她脸色显得很焦急,因为她妈妈已病了些时候了。 13.中华人民共和国成立于1949 年10 月1 日。 14.如果你不理解这篇课文,可以请教老师。 15.这两种语言有什么差异? 16.为了将来更好地为人民服务,我们学习非常刻苦。. 17.据说城里又建造了一所医院。 18.据说今天下午开班会,但你最好去证实一下。 19.她宁愿和我们一道去也不愿呆在家里。 20.星期天我宁愿看书也不愿玩。 21.这颗新星是一位中国科学家发现的。 22.他给我们提供了一条有用的信息。 23.请立刻给我带两瓶牛奶来吧。 24.你们最好不要在大街上踢足球。 25.他已被派到西藏(Tibet)工作去了吗7 26.教育上已取得了很大的成绩。 27.不要嘲笑那些遇到麻烦的人。 28.我把窗户关上你不介意吧? 29.做完作业后,他又接着给父母写了一封信。 30.他用了三周时间看完了这本书。 31.不要躺在床上看电视,这对你的眼睛有害。 32.从那以后我不再是个学生了。 33.我朋友因唱歌而出了名。

34.你吃得越多,长得越胖。

35.他告诉了我,我才知道这件事。 36.你能告诉我从上海到北京乘火车需要多长时间吗? 37.从北京到上海的单程票价是多少? 38.我不仅会说英语,而且会说法语。 39.他给我们讲了那么多有趣的故事,我们都哈哈大笑。 40.那城市的变化使他们感到惊奇。 41.他们对你们的工作评价很高。 42.如今,人们彼此间仍旧做着相同的事。 43.使我吃惊的是,最后他考试及格了。 44.我已经提醒他要提防这个人。 45.球迷们(fan)正忙于看“世界杯”。 46.老师要求我们保持教室内的清洁和安静。 47.孩子们最好不要过多地玩电脑游戏。 48.我们坚信中国明天会更美好。 49.必须采取措施防止这类事故再次发生。 50.这座山没有你想像得那么危险。 51.从今以后,你必须更加小心。 52.我想这是我读过的最好的小说(novel)之一。 53.虽然他已不在人世,但他的精神还继续存在。 54.他关心别人胜过关心自己。 55.他们努力地干,以便尽快完成这项工作。 56.当你离开的时候,务必关掉所有的机器。 57.那座山上终年积雪。 58.我听说三分之二的工作已完成了。 59.他不知道他妈妈为什么生他的气。 60.我叔叔以前是个司机,而现在他是医生。 61.别着急,迟早你会找到你的自行车的。 62.他以能在一小时内完成这么艰巨的工作而自豪。 63.到目前为止,工人们已在这条河上建了三座桥了。 64.这种杯子是用来喝酒的。 65.恐龙生活在地球上距今已有l 亿5 干多万年了。 66.英语在世界上被用做一种有用的工作语言。 67.大多数水稻都生长在南方。 68.许多国家已向太空发射了人造卫星。 69.你能告诉我他现在住在哪儿吗?

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