最新雅思阅读20篇

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2f17766298.html,/

济南新航道学校

IELTS READING

雅思阅读

高分必备习题集

注：本习题集仅供济南新航道内部学员使用，严禁翻印，传阅。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2f17766298.html,/

Contents

1.Amateur naturalist 业余自然学家（P3）

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2f17766298.html,municating Styles and Conflict 交流的方式与冲突(P6)

3.Health in the Wild 野生动物自愈.(p10)

4.The Rainmaker 人工造雨(P13)

5.Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter 舒梅克彗星撞木星(P16)

6. A second look at twin studies 双胞胎研究(P19)

7.Transit of Venus 金星凌日(P22)

8.Placebo Effect—The Power of Nothing安慰剂效应(P25)

9.The origins of Laughter 笑的起源(P29)

10.Rainwater Harvesting 雨水收集(P32)

11.Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists科学偶然性(P36)

12.T erminated! Dinosaur Era! 恐龙时代的终结(P40)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2f17766298.html, ADDICTION 电视上瘾(P43)

14.E I nino and Seabirds 厄尔尼诺和水鸟(P46)

15.T he extinct grass in Britain 英国灭绝的某种草(P50)

16.E ducation philosophy教育的哲学(P53)

17.T he secret of Yawn打哈欠的秘密(P57)

18.c onsecutive and simultaneous translation交替传译和同声传译(P60)

19.N umeracy: can animals tell numbers?动物会数数么？(P63)

20.G oing nowhere fast(P66)

21.T he seedhunters种子收集者(P69)

22.T he conquest of Malaria in Italy意大利征服疟疾(P72)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

文章背景：

业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人，平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长，养蜂过程，气候变化，等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据，这种数据叫做“amateur data‖. 本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业余自然学家的数据是否能用，以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据，其可信度有多少等问题。

Amateur Naturalists

From the results of an annual Alaskan betting contest to sightings of migratory birds, ecologists are using a wealth of unusual data to predict the impact of climate change.

A Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound notebook out of an envelope. The book‘s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. He adds it to his growing pile of local journals, birdwatchers‘ list and gardening diaries. ―We‘re uncovering about one major new record each month,‖ he says, ―I still get surprised.‖ Around t wo centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England, began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate- when the first wood anemones flowered, the dates on which the oaks burst into leaf and the rooks began nesting. Successive Marshams continued compiling these notes for 211 years.

B Today, such records are being put to uses that their authors could not possibly have expected. These data sets, and others like them, are proving invaluable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phenology. By combining the records with climate data, researchers can reveal how, for example, changes in temperature affect the arrival of spring, allowing ecologists to make improved predictions about the impact of climate change. A small band of researchers is combing through hundreds of years of records taken by thousands of amateur naturalists. And more systematic projects have also started up, producing an overwhelming response. ―The amount of inter est is almost frightening,‖ says Sparks, a climate researcher at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire.

C Sparks first became aware of the army of ―closet phenologists‖, as he describes them, when a retiring colleague gave him the Marsham records. He now spends much of his time following leads from one historical data set to another. As news of his quest spreads, people tip him off to other historical records, and more amateur phenologists come out of their closets. The British devotion to recording and collecting makes his job easier- one man from Kent sent him 30 years‘ worth of kitchen calendars, on which he has noted the date that his neighbour‘s magnolia tree flowered.

D Other researchers have unearthed data from equally odd sources. Rafe Sagarin, an ecologist at Stanford University in California, recently studied records of a betting contest in which participants attempt to guess the exact time at which a specially erected wooden tripod will fall through the surface of a thawing river. The competition has taken place annually on the Tenana River in Alaska since 1917, and analysis of the

results showed that the thaw now arrives five years earlier than it did when the contest began.

E Overall, such records have helped to show that, compared with 20years ago, a raft of natural events now occur earlier across much of the northern hemisphere, from the opening of leaves to the return of birds from migration and the emergence of butterflies from hibernation. The data can also hint at how nature will change in the future. Together with models of climate change, amateurs‘ records could help guide conservation. Terry Root, an ecologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, has collected birdwatchers‘ counts of wildfowl taken betwee n 1955 and 1996 on seasonal ponds in the American Midwest and combined them with climate data and models of future warming. Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds. ―The numbe r of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming,‖ she says.

F But not all professionals are happy to use amateur data. ―A lot of scientists won‘t touch them, they say they‘re too full of problems,‖ says Root. Becau se different observers can have different ideas of what constitutes, for example, an open snowdrop. ―The biggest concern with ad hoc observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken,‖ says Mark Schwartz of the University of Wisconsin, Milwa ukee, who studies the interactions between plants and climate.‖ We need to know pretty precisely what a person‘s been observing- if they just say ?I note when the leaves came out‘, it might not be that useful,‖ Measuring the onset of autumn can be particul arly problem-atic because deciding when leaves change colour is a more subjective process than noting when they appear.

G Overall, most phenologists are positive about the contribution that amateurs can make. ―They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world,‖ says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root, for example, tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its collector. ―You always have to worry- things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of records because they‘re not rigorous enough,‖ she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records, professional researchers are now trying to create standardized recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that well-designed studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. ―It‘s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers,‖ says Root.

H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate chan ge. ―Because the public understand these records, they accept them,‖ says Sparks. It can also illustrate potentially un pleasant consequences, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people

involved is great for public relations. ―People are thrilled to think that the data they‘ve been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific –it empowers them,‖ says Root.

Questions 27-33

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

27. The definition of phenology

28. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records

29. How people reacted to their involvement in data collection

30. The necessity to encourage amateur data collection

31. A description of using amateur records to make predictions

32. Records of a competition providing clues for climate change

33. A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur naturalists Questions 34-36

Complete the sentences below with NO MORETHA N TWO WORDS from the passage.

Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet

34.Walter Coates‘s records largely contain the information of.

35. Robert Marsham is famous for recording the of animals and plants on his

land.

36.According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of

waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased . Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37. why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs?

A Scientific method was not used in data collection.

B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data.

C Amateur data is not reliable.

D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.

38. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate that?

A Amateur records can‘t be used.

B Amateur records are always unsystematic.

C The color change of leaves is hard to observe.

D Valuable information is often precise.

39. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used?

A Using improved methods.

B Be more careful in observation.

C Use raw materials.

D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.

40.What‘s the implication of phenology for ordinary people?

A It empowers the public.

B It promotes public relations.

C It warns people of animal infestation.

D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page.

文章背景：

交流的方式与冲突。从古希腊时期开始，一位叫做hippocrate 的人就开始通过分类人的性格来更好的处理人与人的冲突及如何更好的了解自己。本文主要阐述了四种性格类型：sanguine类型的人活泼积极向上。Phlegmatic是冷静而具有分析性的性格，melancholic类型的人体贴而具有同情心。Choleric类型的人大胆而且直接。在workplace, 一个团队需要四种性格的人都有才能保证正常的运转。

Communicating Styles and Conflict

Knowing your communication style and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive force for resolving conflict.

Section A

As far back as Hippocrates‘ time (460-370 B.C) people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen (130-200 A.D). These days there are any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.

Section B

The value in self-assessments that help determine personality style, learning styles, communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships.

The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren‘t trying to be difficult, but th ey need different or more information than you do. They‘re not intending to be rude; they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do, but it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to collect.

When used appropriately, understanding communication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are

issues of style, information needs, or focus.

Section C

Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today‘s world, they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below:

Section D

The sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication an often speak quickly, putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to make. Because of their enthusiasm they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times and their focus is usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures.

Section E

The phlegmatic person-cool and persevering-translates into the technical or systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly, methodical way of approaching tasks, and their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves, and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.

Section F

The melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people-sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone‘s opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs for others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this communication style, like phlegmatic people, need time to consider the

changes in order to adapt to them.

Section G

The choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this style are brief in their communication-the fewer words the better. They are big picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs. They don‘t do detail work easily a nd as a result can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct, they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome someone challenging them, but most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change, the more the better.

Section H

A well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for success.

We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand – whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.

The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work and another at home.

The good news about communication styles is that we all have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford said, ―Whether you think you can or you can‘t, you‘re right!‖

Questions 27-34

Reading passage 3 has eight sections A-H.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.

List of headings

i Summarizing personality types

ii Combined styles for workplace

iii Physical explanation

iv A lively person who encourages

v Demanding and unsympathetic personality

vi Lazy and careless personality

vii The benefits of understanding communication styles

viii Cautious and caring

ix Factual and analytical personality

x Self-assessment determines one‘s temperament

27 Section A

28 Section B

29 Section C

30 Section D

31 Section E

32 Section F

33 Section G

34 Section H

Questions 35-39

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3？In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

35 It is believed that sanguine people dislike variety.

36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics.

37 Managers often select their best employees according to personality types.

38It is possible to change one‘s personality type.

39 Workplace environment can affect which communication style is most effective. Question 40

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet.

The writer believes using self-assessment tools can

A help to develop one‘s personality.

B help to understand colleagues‘ behavior.

C improve one‘s relationship with the employer.

D directly resolve conflicts.

READING PASSAGE 3

文章背景：

野生动物存在一种先天性的本领那就是生病后其本能可以让其借助某些物质

到治病的效果。例如某些鸟类例如Macaws会吃泥土以解食物中存在的毒素。

更有趣的是，某位科学家观察到大猩猩总是会吃某种树叶，吃的时候表情痛

说明并非好吃，后来该科学家发现大猩猩吃树叶是为了利用其自身不能消化

树叶排出肠道的parasite(寄生虫)。这一点表明动物先天是有自我医治的本能的.

Health in the Wild

Many animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to learn from them.

For the past decade Dr Engel, a lecture in environmental sciences a t Britain‘s Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behavior in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.

One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps(nor people, for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose).Given that the plant is known locally as ―goat-kille r‖, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately, and succumb.

Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt- a behavior known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth. The current belief is that soil-and particularly the clay in it-helps to detoxify the defensive posions that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the

University of California, Davis, Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gillardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their blood streams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis is correct.

Other observations also support the idea that clays is detoxifying. Towards the tropics the amount toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount of earth eaten by herbivores. Elephants lick clay from mud holes all year around, except in September when they are bingeing on fruit which, because it has evolved to be eaten, is not toxic. And the addition of clay to the diets of domestic cattle increases the amount of nutrients that they can absorb from their food by 10-20%.

A third instance of animal self-medications is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of gut parasites. In 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilla. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were found on the forest floor.

Dr Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purpose-this was, indeed, one of the earliest interpretations of a behavior pattern as self-medication. However, he guessed wrong about what the mechanism was. His(and everybody else‘s) assumption was that Aspilla contained a drug, and his sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious.

It was Dr Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem. He did so by watching what came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and dragged them form their lodgings.

Following that observation, Dr Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used t to improve the health of live-stock. People might also be able to learn a thing or two-and may, indeed, already have done so. Geophagy. For example, is a common behavior in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays, appropriate to different medical conditions.

Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition, which gave their owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet, as Dr Engel points out, Rwandan mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite-the main ingredient of many patent medicines sold over the counter in the west for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes be good for you, and to be ―as sick as a parrot‖ may, after all, be a state to be desired.

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1.Dr. Engel has been working on animal self-medication research for 10 years.

2.Animals often walk a considerable distance to find plants medication.

3.Birds, like Macaw, often eat clay because it is part of their natural diet.

4.According to Dr. Engel, research into animal self-medication can help to invent

new painkillers.

Questions 5-9

Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR NUMBER from passage.

Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

Date Name Animal Food Mechanism

1987 Michael

Huffman and

Mohanmedi

Seifu Chimpanzee 5______of

Veronia

Contained

chemicals,6__

_, that can kill

parasites

1999 James Gilardi

and his

colleagues Macaw Seeds(contain

7_____)and

clay

Clay

can8____the

poisonous

contents in

food

1972 Richard

Wrang-ham Chimpanzee Leaves with

tiny 9_____on

surface

Such leaves

can catch and

expel worms

from intestines

Questions 10-13

Complete the summary below using words from the box. Write your answers, A-H, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

Though often doubted, the self-medicating behavior of animals has been supported by an increasing amount of evidence. One piece of evidence particularly deals with10___, a soil-consuming behavior commonly found across animals species, because earth, often clay, can neutralize the 11____content of their diet. Such behavior can also be found among humans in Africa, where people purchase 12__at market stalls as a kind of medication to their illnesses. Another example if this is found in chimps eating leaves of often 13____taste but with no apparent medicinal value until its unique structure came into light.

A.Mineral B plants C unpleasant D toxic E clay tablets F nutritional G geophagy H

harmless

READING PASSAGE4

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

文章背景：

本文主要讲述了某种人造制雨器。

The Rainmaker

Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton‘s case, out of the rain. ― I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert,‖ he remembers. ―It had been raining and the bus was full of hot, wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet?‖

The answer, of course, was condensation. Back home in London, a physicist friend, Philip Davies, explained that the glass, chilled by the rain outside, had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point, causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued, Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. ―I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert, simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.‖Today, a decade on, his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his ―seawater greenhouse‖. Local scientists, working with Paton under a license from his company Light Works, are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago, Marco Goldschmied, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, called it ―a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people

living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.‖

The design has three main parts (see Graphic). The greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot, dry desert air blows in through the front wall of perforated cardboard, kept wet and cool by a constant tickle of seawater pumped up from the nearby shoreline. The evaporating seawater cools and moistens the air. Last June, for example, when the temperature outside the Abu Dhabi greenhouse was 46°c, it was in the low 30s inside. While the air outside was dry, the humidity in the greenhouse was 90 percent. The cool, moist air allows the plants to grow faster, and because much less water evaporates from the leaves their demand for moisture drops dramatically. Paton‘s crops thrived on a single litre of water per square metre per day, compared to 8 litres if they were growing outside.

The second feature also cools the air for the plants. Paton has constructed a double-layered roof with an outer layer of clear polythene and an inner, coated layer that reflects infrared light. Visible light can stream through to maximise photosynthesis, while heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer, away from the plants.

At the back of the greenhouse sits the third element, the main water-production unit. Just before entering this unit, the humid air of the greenhouse mixes with hot, dry air from between the two layers of the roof. This means the air can absorb more moisture as it passes through a second moist cardboard wall. Finally, the hot saturated air hits a condenser. This is a metal surface kept cool by still more seawater-the equivalent of the window on Paton‘s Moroccan bus. Drops of pure distilled water from on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.

The greenhouse more or less runs itself. Sensors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature, humidity and sunlight. On windless days, fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. ― once it is tuned to the local environment, you don‘t need anyone there for it to work,‖ says Paton. ― we can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug, and in future we could make it entirely independent of the grid, powered from a few sol ar panels.‖

The net effect is to evaporate seawater into hot desert air, then recondense the moisture as fresh water. At the same time, cool moist air flows through the greenhouse to provide ideal conditions for the crops. The key to the seawater greenhou se‘s potential is its unique combination of desalination and air conditioning. By tapping the power of the sun it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. In practice, it evaporates 3000 litres of seawater a day and turns it into about 800 litres of fresh water---just enough to irrigate the plants. The rest is lost as water vapour.

Critics point out that construction costs of ￡25per square metre mean the water is twice as expensive as water from a conventional desalination plant. But the comparison is misleading, says Paton. The natural air conditioning in the greenhouse massively increases the value of that water. Because the plants need only an eight of the water used by those grown conventionally, the effective cost is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator. And costs should plummet when mass production begins, he adds.

Best of all, the greenhouse should be environmentally, friendly. ― I suppose there might be aesthetic objections to large structures on coastal sites,‖ says Harris, ―but it is a clean technology and doesn‘t produce pollution or even large quantities of hot water.‖

Questions 27-31

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

27. Paton came up with the idea of making water in desert by pure accident.

28. the bus Paton rode in had poor ventilation because of broken fans.

29. Paton woke up from sleep to discover that his towel was wet.

30. Paton started his greenhouse project immediately after meeting up with his friend.

31. Paton later opened his own business in the Persian Gulf.

Questions 32-36(图形题）

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

The greenhouse Paton built is installed with37___to keep the air flowing if the wind stands still, and it is expected in the future to rely on electricity provided solely by 38___. Despite the high construction costs compared to desalination plants, the plants grown in Paton‘s greenhouse need much less water, and if produced in large quantities the 39___could be reduced remarkably. In addition to all these advantages, it is also40___, because it is clean and pollution free.

READING PASSAGE5

文章背景：

Shoe-maker彗星(comet)是由美国天文学家夫妇Shoemaker以及天文爱好者David H. Levy发现的。这是他们发现的第9颗彗星因此以他们的名字命名，该彗星于1992年7月8日距木星(Jupiter)表面4万公里时因受到强大的引力(Gravity)而分裂为21个小碎块（fragment），并于格林尼治标准时间1994年7月16日20时15分开始以每小时21万公里的速度陆续进入木星大气层，撞向木星的南半球，形成了彗星撞木星的天文奇观。多块碎片的撞击威力中，以碎片G的威力最大。它于7月18日07时32分(UTC)撞向木星，威力达六万亿吨TNT炸药（其当量相当于全球核武器储备总合的750倍），所造成的疤痕比地球直径长。因发生地点十分遥远，对地球并无任何影响。

Questions 27-31

Choose the most suitable headings for paragraph B-F from the list of headings below. Write appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

List of Headings

i Camera settings for observation

ii Collisions on stage

iii Size of the comet

iv String of pearls

v Scientific explanations

vi Hubble Space Telescope

vii First discovery of the squashed comet

viii Power generated from the collisions

ix Calculations, expectations and predictions

x Change of the fragment‘s shape

27Paragraph B

28Paragraph C

29Paragraph D

30Paragraph E

31Paragraph F

Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter

A The last half of July 1994 witnessed much interest among the astronomical

community and the wider public in the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. The comet was discovered on 25 March 1993 by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy, using a 450 mm Schmidt camera at the Mount Palomar Observatory. The discovery was based on a photographic plate exposed

two days earlier. The Shoemakers are particularly experienced comet hunters with

61 discoveries to their credit. Their technique relied on the proper motion of a

comet to identify the object as a non-stellar body. They photograph large areas of the sky, typically with an eight minute exposure, and repeat the photographs with

a stereo-microscope reveals any bodies which have moved against the background

of fixed stars.

B As often in science, serendipity played a large part in the discovery of

Shoemaker-Levy9. The weather on the night of 23 March was so poor that the observers would not normally have bothered putting film into their camera.

However, they had a box of old film to hand which had been partially exposed by accident some days previously, so decided to insert it into the camera rather than waste good film. Fortunately, two of the film plates, despites being fogged round the edges captured the first image of a very strange, bar-shaped object. This object, which Carolyn Shoemaker first described as a squashed comet, later became known as comet Shoemaker-Levy9.

C Other, more powerful, telescopes revealed that the comet was in fact composed of

21 cemetery fragments, strung out in a line, which accounted for the unusual

shape. The term string of pearls was soon coined. Some graphic proofs obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope shows the main fragments which at that time spanned a linear distance of approximately 600,000 km. Initially the fragments were surrounded by extensive dust clouds in the line of the nuclei but these later disappeared. Some of the nuclei also faded out, while others split into multiple fragments.

D The size of the original comet and each of the fragments was, and still is,

something of a mystery. The first analysis of the orbital dynamics of the fragments suggested that the comet was originally some 2.5 km in diameter with an average fragment diameter of 0.75 km. Later work gave corresponding diameters of approximately 10 km and 2 km and these values are now considered more likely.

There was considerable variation in the diameters of different fragments.

E Further calculations revealed that the cemetery fragments were on course to

collide with Jupiter during July 1994, and that each fragment could deliver an energy equivalent to approximately 500,000 million tons of TNT. The prospect of celestial fireworks on such a grand scale immediately captured the attention of astronomers worldwide.

F Each fragment was assigned and identity letter A-W and a coordinated program of

observations was put in place worldwide to track their progress towards impact with Jupiter. As the cemetery fragments reached the cloud tops of Jupiter, they were traveling at approximately 60 km/s and the chain of fragments had spread out to cover approximately 30,000,000 km. The impacts occurred during 16-22 July. All took place at a latitude of approximately 48 degrees south which nominally placed them in the SSS Temperature Region, however, visually they appeared close to the Jovian Polar region. The impacts all occurred some 10-15 degrees round the limb on the far side of the planet as see from Earth. However the rapid rotation of the planet soon carried the impact sites into the view of

Earth-based telescopes. The collisions lived up to all but the wildest expectations and provided a truly impressive spectacle.

G Jupiter is composed of relatively small core of iron and silicates surrounded by

hydrogen. In the depths of the planet the hydrogen is so compressed that it is metallic in form; further from the center, the pressure is lower and the hydrogen is in its normal molecular form. The Jovian cloud tops visible from Earth consist primarily of methane and ammonia. There are other elements and compounds lurking in the cloud tops and below which are thought to be responsible for the colors seen in the atmosphere.

H The smaller cemetery fragments plunged into Jupiter, rapidly disintegrated and

left little trace; three of the smallest fragments, namely T,U and V left no discernible traces whatsoever. However, many of the cometery fragments were sufficiently large to produce a spectacular display. Each large fragment punched through the cloud tops, heated the surrounding gases to some 20,000 K on the way, and caused a massive plume or fireball up to 2,000 km in diameter to rise above the cloud tops. Before encountering thicker layers of the atmosphere and disintegrating in a mammoth shock wave, the large fragments raised dark dust particles and ultra-violet absorbing gases high into the Jovian cloud tops. The dark particles and ultra-violet absorbing gases manifested themselves as a dark scar surrounding the impact site in visible light.

I Some days after collision the impact sites began to evolve and fade as they became

subject to the dynamics of Jupiter‘s atmosphere. No one knows how long they will remain visible from Earth, but it is thought that the larger scars may persist for a year or more. The interest of professional astronomers in Jupiter is now waning and valuable work can therefore be performed by amateurs in tracking the evolution of the collision scars. The scars are easily visible in a modest telescope, and a large reflector will show them in some detail. There is scope for valuable observing work from now until Jupiter reaches conjunction with the Sun in November 2004.

J Astronomers and archivists are now searching old records for possible previously unrecognized impacts on Jupiter. Several spots were reported from 1690 to 1872 by observers including William Herschel and Giovanni Gassini. The records of the BAA in 1927 and 1948 contain drawings of Jupiter with black dots or sports visible. It may be possible that comet impacts have been observed before, without their identity being realized, but no one can be sure.

Questions 32-35

Write the appropriate letters A-J in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.

32Shoemaker-Levy 9 comets had been accidentally detected.

33The collisions caused a spectacular vision on Jupiter.

34Every single element on Shoemaker-Levy 9 was labeled.

35Visual evidence explains the structure of Shoemaker-Levy 9.

Questions 36-40

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The core of Jupiter, which is enclosed by hydrogen, consists of 36…………………and 37………………………….Hydrogen is in metallic form as it is squeezed by pressure generated from the depths of the planet. The pressure is gradually reduced from the center to the outside layers, where hydrogen is in normal form of 38………….Far from the ground, methane and ammonia structures the 39………….., which can be observed from earth. Colors seen in the atmosphere is largely due to other particles 40……………..in the cloud.

READING PASSAGE6

文章背景：

双胞胎研究。科学家一直致力于研究双胞胎从而区分环境和基因对人的性格以及智商的影响。科学家们主要对于identical twins(同卵双胞胎)和fraternal twins(异卵双胞胎)进行研究以确定环境和基因哪一个会对人有更大的影响。研究主要考虑random mating(父母的择偶方式)，Gene-environment interaction（基因与环境的互相作用）Genetic mechanisms（基因结构）。出了对双胞胎自身的研究之外，目前研究已经延伸到了对其家人及父母的研究。

A second look at twin studies

More than a century after Galton's observation, twin studies remain a favorite tool of behavioral geneticists. Researchers have used twin studies to try to disentangle the environmental and genetic backgrounds of a cornucopia of traits, from aggression to intelligence to schizophrenia to alcohol dependence.

But despite the popularity of twin studies, some psychologists have long questioned assumptions that underlie them--like the supposition that fraternal and identical twins share equal environments or that people choose mates with traits unlike their own. The equal environments assumption, for example, has been debated for at least 40 years. Many researchers have found evidence that the assumption is valid, but others remain skeptical.

Overall, twin studies assumptions remain controversial, says psychologist James Jaccard, PhD, a psychologist who studies statistical methods at the University at Albany of the State University of New York. In response, though, researchers are working to expand and develop twin study designs and statistical methods. And while the assumptions question remains a stumbling block for some researchers, many agree twin studies will continue to be an important tool, along with emerging genome and molecular research methods, in shedding light on human behavioral genetics.

The classical twin study design relies on studying twins raised in the same family environments. Monozygotic (identical) twins share all of their genes, while dizygotic (fraternal) twins share only about 50 percent of them. So, if a researcher compares the similarity between sets of identical twins to the similarity between sets of fraternal twins for a particular trait, then any excess likeness between the identical twins should be due to genes rather than environment.

Researchers use this method, and variations on it, to estimate the heritability of traits:

The percentage of variance in a population due to genes. Modern twin studies also try to quantify the effect of a person's shared environment (family) and unique environment (the individual events that shape a life) on a trait. The assumptions those studies rest on--questioned by some psychologists, including, in recent work,: Random mating. Twin researchers assume that people are as likely to choose partners who are different from themselves as they are to choose partners who are similar for a particular trait. If, instead, people tend to choose mates like themselves, then fraternal twins could share more than 50 percent of their genes--and hence more similarities on genetically influenced traits, because they would receive similar genes from their mothers and fathers.

Equal environments. Twin researchers also assume that fraternal and identical twins raised in the same homes experience equally similar environments. But some research suggests that parents, teachers, peers and others may treat identical twins more similarly than fraternal twins.

Gene-environment interaction. Some researchers think that interactions between genes and environment, rather than genes and environment separately, may influence many traits. A recent study from Science by Avshalom Caspi, PhD, of King's College London, for example, suggests that a gene might moderate propensity for violence, particularly in people who are severely maltreated as children. Many twin study designs don't take this type of complication into account.

Genetic mechanisms. Traits can be inherited through different genetic mechanisms. For traits governed by dominant genetic mechanisms, a dominant gene inherited from one parent trumps a recessive gene inherited from the other parent: If a person inherits a recessive gene for blue eyes from one parent and a dominant gene for brown eyes from the other parent, then the dominant brown gene wins, and the person's eyes are brown.

Additive genetic mechanisms, in contrast, mix together--a plant that receives one red gene and one white gene might, if the genes are additive, turn out pink. Epistatic mechanisms are complex cases where interactions among multiple genes may determine the outcome of one trait. Twin studies, in general, assume that only one type of genetic mechanism--usually additive--is operating for a particular trait.

Twin researchers acknowledge that these and other limitations exist. But, they say, the limitations don't negate the usefulness of twin studies. For traits that are substantially influenced by heredity, the approximately two-fold difference in genetic similarity between the two types of twins should outweigh any complications, says John Hewitt, PhD, director of the Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

And the extent to which different assumptions matter may depend on which trait is being studied. Studies have suggested, for example, that people are more likely to select mates with similar levels of intelligence than they are mates with similar levels of neuroticism, extra version and other personality traits. So, researchers who use twins to study intelligence might have to worry more about nonrandom mating than researchers who study personality.

Twin study designs and statistical analysis methods are also constantly evolving and

2012.9.1雅思阅读机经

2012年9月1日的雅思考试过后，环球雅思也在第一时间整理了完整的2012年9月1日雅思阅读机经，在此次的雅思阅读考试的三篇文章中，其中比较典型的几个题型的TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN、Complete table、多选题、Sentence completion的出题比例依旧比较稳定，可以看到判断TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN还是2012年9月1日雅思阅读机经中的重头戏。 考试日期：2012年9月1日 Reading Passage 1 Title:Man and Machine Question types:段落细节信息配对题填空题summary 文章内容 回顾 关于机器人的，MIT和日本的一些研究 英文原文阅读Types of Robots Humanoid Entertainment Robots ASIMO, manufactured by Honda QRIO, by Sony HOAP(*1) Robot Series (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform), Manufactured by Fujitsu Toyota Partner Robot, manufactured by Toyota. EMIEW, by Hitachi

Androids Androids are robots designed to strongly resemble humans. Actroid, a realistic female robot demonstrated most prominently at Expo 2005 in Japan Hanako, a humanoid robot designed for dentist training HRP-4C, a humanoid robot with a realistic head and the average figure of a young Japanese female Animal (four legged) robots Aibo playing with kids AIBO is a commercial robotic dog manufactured by Sony Electronics. Social robots PaPeRo Paro, a robot baby seal intended for therapeutic purposes Wakamaru Guard robots Guardrobo D1 is manufactured by Sohgo Security Services. Banryu, manufactured by Sanyo and TMSUK. Domestic robots SmartPal V, manufactured by Yaskawa Electric

2019-2020-雅思阅读同义词替换(剑八TEST 3)-实用word文档 (2页)

2019-2020-雅思阅读同义词替换(剑八TEST 3)-实用word文档 本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 雅思阅读同义词替换(剑八TEST 3) 雅思阅读同义词替换 Cambridge 8 TEST 3 1. building = property = construction n .建筑 2. support = back = be behind = in support of = back somebody up v .支持 3. financial support = fund = financial aid 资助 4. stumbling block = difficulty = trouble n .麻烦 5. create = generate = form = produce v .形成 6. direct = guide = lead = instruct = give order / instruction v .指导 7. beam = laser = ray = glow = glare n .光线，激光 8. aim = direct at = purpose = point = idea = objective = goal = target n .目的 9. test in real = field test 实地测试 10. genius = giftedness / talent / intellectual = intelligence = brains = brilliant = wisdom n .天才 11. inherit = run in family = receive = get = be given = be awarded v .继承 12. talent = prodigy = skill = ability = craftsmanship = flair = have a knack = a natural ability to do something well n .才能，技能 13. lessen = minimize = subside = lighten = relieve = ease = allay v .减少

雅思阅读机经类5

雅思阅读机经类5

考试日期： 8月25日 Reading Passage 1 Title: Dirty But Clean River ---(FLOOD) Question types: TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN 9题 Complete table 5题 文章内容回顾flood对生态群系的重要性，但某处flood愈发减少以致人们不得不模拟flood。 问flood or fire对森林更有害，后面问自从1663年t鱼就开始减少，还有flood最多可到3500每秒，1996的人造flood开始被认为成功了，cube鱼的减少是因为t鱼的引入，人造flood比天然的大，以前flood含有干净的水。 题型难度分析难度偏低，本文只有两种题型，且都是有顺序的题目，降低了做题难度。是非无判断的题量较大，在一定程度上降低了定位的难度。在表格填空题中，还有两道是时间（数字）的定位，难度降低。 题型技巧分析是非无判断题： 解题思路： 1. 关键词定位到原文中与题目出现重复的段落 2. 判断方式不包含任何逻辑推理 TRUE: 是原文中同义近义改写 FALSE: 对于原文信息的直接改写 NOT GIVEN: 原文没有信息，或经过原文信息不能直接推理出来3. 书写应该规范，大写全拼 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑桥5-3-2 Disappearing Delta 话题相似剑桥6-2-3 题型相似 Reading Passage 2 Title: graffiti（涂鸦） Question types: Which paragraph contains the following information? 5题连续两个5选2 （4题） Sentence completion 4题 文章内容回顾 graffiti（涂鸦）是艺术还是犯罪，主要讲各种去除涂鸦的方法，不足之处和注意事项 等。 英文原文阅读Graffiti (singular: graffito; the plural is used as a mass noun) is writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place. Stickers and other adhesives are not considered graffiti, apparently because they are less common. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.[2] In modern times, paint, particularly spray paint, and marker pens have become

雅思阅读机经词汇-雅思阅读必备词汇

雅思阅读高频词汇 雅思阅读高频词汇表（一）138个 accessible 易于得到的accompany 伴随accurate准确的activate 使活动，刺激adapt 适应adequate充足的affect 影响 alter 改变altitude 高地analyse 分析 anticipate预感，预期apparent明显的approach接近，方法appropriate 恰当的arise 出现，升起 arrange 整理，安排artificial 人造的assess 估计，评定assign指派，指定 attribute 把..归因于，属性authority 权力 available 可用的behave 举止，表现breed 繁殖，引起budget 预算 bully 恐吓burst 爆炸calendar 日历campaign 运动capable 能够的 capacity 容量capture 捕获cargo 货物 chronic 慢性的circumstance 环境，遭遇civil 文明的，民事的，国民的code 代码，法典communal 公用 的community 社会，社区component 元件constant 不断的，永恒的consult 商量，咨询contrast对比core 核心 corporate 全体的，社团的counterpart 与对方地位相当的 人 cure治愈curriculum 课程deduce 演绎，推断depict 描绘derive 得到，起源于 descend 下降，传下来despite 尽管，轻蔑discipline 训练，处罚，纪律distribute 分发dramatic 戏剧的，引人注目的 dynamic 动态的，有生气的ease 安逸，缓和efficient 有能力的element 要素 eliminate 消灭emphasize 强调engage 从事，占用enhance 提高entitle 给予权利，给题名 equivalent 相等的，等价物 evaluate 评价exceed 超过expand 扩张，延伸expose 暴露，揭露external 外面的extract 提 取，摘录 faculty 能力，院系，全体教职员forage 到处搜寻foundation 创办，基础fragile脆弱的fundamental 基本的

2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三

Time to cool it 1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them. 2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down. 3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. 4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers. 5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second. 6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they

9月22日雅思英语阅读真题(网友版本)

9月22日雅思英语阅读真题（网友版本） 回忆1： 1 The impact of refrigeration．讲大概是冰箱的历史．全是matching．年代配事件，人物配发明，长句配对。 2．The nature of yawning．打哈欠会传染。段落信息配对，大学配研究成果，summary填空。 3．The plain of English．英语减少专业用语增加语言的平实易懂性。判断题和summary填空。 回忆2： P1： Refrigeration 讲一开始美国没有制冷技术只能把食物腌制，后来城市化以后需要大量新鲜食物于是人们开始利用天然冰块冷 藏并运送食物，有两个人分别改进了冰块运输技术和冰块切割技术。后来天然冰块越来越少了，有人开始利用机械制冷，一开始是铁路技术，有人改进了铁路冷藏技术，于是加州的新鲜水果可以运往各地了。再然后有人改进公路技术，于是可以开始在公路上运送冷藏食物。之后人们发现以前的冷藏剂有毒，能害人性命，于是就有公司开始开发合成的冷藏剂。最后总结到新冷藏剂虽然对臭氧层有害但大大促进了冷藏

技术在全球的推广。 具体题型是：1、时间匹配题，各个事件发生的年代； 2、人物匹配题，各个人物对冷藏技术的改进； 3、事件匹配题。各个时间的因果关系匹配。 P2：Yawning 讲关于打呵欠传染的研究，主要有三个研究机构开展的研究。一开始人们认为打呵欠是，第一个机构研究发现打呵欠是人类冷却大脑的一种方式。后面两个研究发现打呵欠和个人的性格、同情心、专业背景有关，和性别无关。最后将了呵欠产生的过程，提到有一种理论讲的是呵欠可能是人类交流的一种方式，用于提醒同伴你累了需要休息，从而要求对方打起精神应对危险。 具体题型是：1、段落匹配题：信息出现在具体段落； 2、机构匹配题：各个研究机构与相关发现的匹配； 3、填空题：针对最后一种理论填关于触发呵欠的理论信息。 P3：Pain English 讲现在的英语越来越复杂不适合日常的使用。一开始提到一个英国和美国抵制越来越复杂的英文的运动。美国的卡特总理也要求政府使用简单的英文，而英国和美国都有奖项颁发给促进使用简单英文的人。然后将到各个具体领域：商业使用简单英文有经济效益；医疗业使用简单英文能防止病患的误解；个人需要简单英文，尤其是想做DIY的人，防

10月24 号最新雅思阅读机经

10月24 号最新雅思阅读机经 10月刚过去，对于11月将要考雅思的同学来说，10月的雅思真题机经很重要，多了解最近的考试趋势和考试形式有助于考试成绩的提高，郑州培雅雅思培训专注雅思培训多年，对于考试的趋势和预测把握很深，欢迎各位河南地区的同学前来免费咨询。 一、考试概述： 本次考试三篇文章两旧一新，第一篇内容关于娃娃的发展起源，第二篇为人们工作中所接触到的压力，第三篇介绍的是关于一种蜥蜴。对于历史发展类，工作类和生物类的文章大家可以参考剑桥系列中C8T1P1，C10T1P3和C7T3P1进行复习。 二、具体题目分析 Passage 1： 题目：Doll 内容：娃娃的发展起源，材料及制作过程 题型：填空题7+判断题6 参考答案： 1-7 Completion 2000BC 埃及坟墓里经常可以发现由平整的木头制成的娃娃，“头发”由1. clay或木珠子制成，可以追溯到公元前2000多年。 600BC 希腊和罗马，女孩长到不再适合玩娃娃的年纪时，她们就会把娃娃奉献给女神们2. goddesses;公元前600年前娃娃已经有了可活动四肢3. movable limbs和可拆服装。 16-17th century 德国Grodnertal生产许多4. peg wooden dolls(木制挂钩娃娃),这种娃娃有着非常简单的挂钩关节，类似于衣夹。 1700-1800 除了木质娃娃，蜡质娃娃在17和18世纪也很流行。第一个以婴儿为模板的蜡质5.wax娃娃产于19世纪初的英国。

1800-1900 木材的替代品是1800年代发展起来的。纸浆木或纸张6.pulped wood or paper混合而成的合成物被用来制造娃娃的头和身体。 Mid of the 19th 19世纪40年代，德国，法国和丹麦开始制造瓷质娃娃头。19世纪60年代，陶制bisque娃娃取代了7.china娃娃头。 8-13 True/False/Not Given 8. 法国的dolls比德国的bisque dolls more costly—TRUE 9. The first rag doll 是在1850s制造出来的—NOT GIVEN 10. 赛璐璐celluloid娃娃容易掉色easily fade away—TRUE 11. only开头的判断题—FALSE 12. plastic与此前的材料resembled但是can last a longer time—TRUE 13. 待补充 Passage 2： 题目：Stress Level 内容：人类压力 题型：配对题5+选择题3+单选题6 参考文章(仅供参考)： Stress of Workplace A How busy is too busy? For some it means having to miss the occasional long lunch; for others it means missing lunch altogether. For a few, it is not being able to take a "sickie" (病假) once a month. Then there is a group of people for whom working every evening and weekend is normal, and frantic is the tempo of their lives. For most senior executives, workloads swing between extremely busy and frenzied. The vice-president of the management consultancy AT Kearney and its head of telecommunications for the Asia-Pacific region, Neil Plumridge, says his work weeks vary from a "manageable" 45 hours to 80 hours, but average 60 hours. B Three warning signs alert Plumridge about his workload: sleep, scheduling and family. He knows he has too much on when he gets less than six hours of sleep for three consecutive nights;

【南京环球雅思阅读机经】2013年6月8日雅思阅读机经分析

2013年6月8日雅思阅读机经分析 南京环球雅思名师：李冠群 考试日期：2013年6月8日（本次考试解析题源来自于澳洲悉尼考场）Reading Passage 1 Title: Indoor Air Pollution Question types:Short Answer Summary TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 文章内容回顾本篇文章为新文章，首次出现在雅思考试中。 内容：室内污染的一大来源为做饭产生的空气污染。 建议参考： 剑桥真题5：The truth about environment 了解污染类话题的背景词汇。 剑桥真题9：The history of the tortoise 本篇真题的三个题型与本次考试的这一篇高度相似，建议参考解题规划。 原文拓展阅读1：DEVELOPMENT REPORT - Breathing Easier: The Art of Stove Making More than three billion people are at risk from indoor air pollution because of the heating or cooking fuels they use. Most live in Africa, India and China. They use biomass fuels like wood, crop waste, animal waste or coal. These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available. But they are also a major cause of health problems and death. For more than thirty years, the Aprovecho Research Center has been designing cleaner, low-cost cooking stoves for the developing world. Dean Still is the director of the group which is based in the United States. He notes a World Health Organization estimate that more than one and a half million people a year die from breathing smoke from solid fuels. DEAN STILL: "And half of the people on planet Earth every day use wood or biomass for cooking. These are the people on Earth who have less money, and the richer people use oil and gas. It's been estimated that wood is running out more quickly than oil and gas. And so it is very important for the poorer people to

雅思海外阅读8套真题(含答案解析)

Reading One READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Bovids The family of mammals called bovids belongs to the Artiodactyl class, which also includes giraffes. Bovids are highly diverse group consisting of 137 species, some of which are man’s most important domestic animals. Bovids are well represented in most parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian islands, but they are by far the most numerous and diverse in the latter. Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large groups with complex social structures. Although bovids have adapted to a wide range of habitats, from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species favour open grassland, scrub or desert. This diversity of habitat is also matched by great diversity in size and form: at one extreme is the royal antelope of West Africa, which stands a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the other, the massively built bisons of North America and Europe, growing to a shoulder height of 2.2m. Despite differences in size and appearance, bovids are united by the possession of certain common features. All species are ruminants, which means that they retain undigested food in their stomachs, and regurgitate it as necessary. Bovids are almost exclusively herbivorous. Typically their teeth are highly modified for browsing and grazing: grass or foliage is cropped with the upper lip and lower incisors (the upper incisors are usually absent), and then ground down by the cheek teeth. As well as having cloven, or split, hooves, the males of all bovid species and the females of most carry horns. Bovid horns have bony cores covered in a sheath of horny material that is constantly renewed from within; they are unbranched and never shed. They vary in shape and size: the relatively simple horns of a large Indian buffalo may measure around 4m from tip to tip along the outer curve, while the various gazelles have horns with a variety of elegant curves. Five groups, or sub-families, may be distinguished: Bovinae, Antelope, Caprinae, Cephalophinae and Antilocapridae. The sub-family Bovinae comprises most of the larger bovids, including the African bongo, and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle. Unlike most other bovids they are all non-territorial. The ancestors of the various species of domestic cattle banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo are generally rare and endangered in the wild, while the auroch (the ancestor of the domestic cattle of Europe) is

最新雅思考官满分范文12篇资料

Writing Task2 Topics 2-2 “Prevention is better than cure.” Out of a country’s health budget, a large proportion should be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and preventative measures. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 3-2 When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 6-GB Using a computer everyday can have more negative than positive effects on young children. Do you agree or disagree? 5-2 In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. 4-GB Some people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are six or seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible. What do you think are the advantages of attending school from a young age? 6-2 Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 6-4 Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 3-3 In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this? 4-2 Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? 4-4 In many countries schools have severe problems with students behavior. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? 5-GB Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this happening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?

雅思阅读机经

Bernice 6月机经总结解析与7月预测 文章具题目：Fishbourne Roman Palace

6.19 本次考试出现了两旧一新，属于中等难度。第一篇文章的题材是文明发展史，是旧题，类似的剑桥真题是C9T4P1。第二篇文章是新题，题材是心理学，剑桥真题的C8T3P2题材和题型都与其相似，可供参考。第三篇论述艺术的评判标准，是2012年12月出现过的旧题。本次考试没有出现较难的自然科普类文章，因此阅读难度不大。另外，本次考试涉及的题型有：简答，判断(是非及对错)，填空(图表)，配对(人名理论配对及句子配对)，单选和多选。其中，具有顺序性且偏简单的判断和填空占了大比重，多选和配对都出现了两次，因此题型难度偏中等。 建议烤鸭们平时要多练习高频题型，对于6月底的烤鸭，建议多看些自然科普类文章，并多练习List of headings和段落信息配对题。

to revolve and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles could be worked off one wheel. In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning-Jenny. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. Later, improvements were made that enabled the number to be increased to eighty. The thread that the machine produced was coarse and lacked strength, making it suitable only for the filling of weft, the threads woven across the warp. Hargreaves did not apply for a patent for his Spinning Jenny until 1770 and therefore others copied his ideas without paying him any money. It is estimated that by the time James Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Britain. James Hargreaves was born near Blackburn in about 1720. Hargreaves received no formal education and was unable to read or write. He worked as a carpenter and weaver but had a strong interest in engineering. By the 1760s Hargreaves was living in the village of Stanhill and was one of the many weavers who owned his own spinning wheel and loom. It is claimed that one day his daughter Jenny accidentally knocked over over the family spinning wheel. The spindle continued to revolve and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles could be worked off one wheel. In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning-Jenny. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. The thread that the machine produced was coarse and lacked strength, making it suitable only for the filling of weft, the threads woven across the warp. Originally Hargreaves produced the machine for family use but when he began to sell the machines, spinners from Lancashire, fearing the possibility of cheaper competition, marched on his house and destroyed his equipment. Hargreaves did not apply for a patent for his Spinning Jenny until 1770 and therefore others copied his ideas without paying him any money. Hargreaves moved to Nottingham where he erected a small spinning-mill. Others began to make improvements to the Spinning-Jenny and the number of threads was increased from eight to eighty. By the time James Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Britain. Passage 2: