建筑学中英文翻译
The sustainable development of architecture in the embodiment of a project
All the civil engineering buildings and structures (including roads, bridges, ports, terminals, mines, tunnels, etc.) are made by materials according to certain requirements. The various materials used in civil engineering are collectively referred to as civil engineering materials.
For a long time, human beings have been engaged in the various researches on civil engineering materials and constantly developing new materials. Almost all the materials in the world can be used as civil engineering materials. The project has adopted a variety of materials and here the following three types of materials are mainly analyzed.
The first is steel, which is the collective name of iron alloy whose carbon content mass percentage is between 0.02% and 2.04%. The chemical composition of steel can have great changes and the steel only containing carbons is called carbon steel or common steel; in the actual production, steel often contains different alloy elements depending on the different applications. The preparation of steel is a high-cost and low-efficient work. Nowadays, the steel has become one of the most widely used materials in the world and an indispensable part of the building industry, manufacturing industry and people’s daily life for its low price and reliable performance.
Steel structure work is the steel-manufacturing-based structure and is one of the main types of building structures. Steel is one of the common forms of structure in the modern construction works. Steel is characterized by high strength, light weight and rigidity, so it is particularly suitable for constructing long-span, super-high and super-heavy buildings; good homogeneity and isotropy, which make the material become ideal elastomer and mostly fit the basic assumption of the general engineering mechanics; good plasticity and toughness, which make the material able to deform largely and well subject to the dynamic loads; short construction period; high industrialization degree, which makes the specialized production of high mechanization level available; high machining precision, high efficiency and good air tightness. The disadvantages are the poor fire resistance and corrosion resistance
Steel structure can be divided into lightweight steel and heavyweight steel. The project mainly adopts lightweight steel structure. The roofing system in
lightweight steel structure is composed of roof truss, structural OSB panel, waterproof layer and lightweight roofing tile, which is also named metal or asphalt tile. The appearance of the roofing in lightweight steel structure can have a variety of combinations. The materials are also various. On the premise of guaranteeing the technology of water proofing, the appearance has many alternatives. The wall of houses in lightweight structures is mainly composed of wall stud, top beam of the wall, the wall mudsill, wall support, wall panel and fastener. To ensure achieving the effect of heat insulation, the heat-insulating materials adopted in the external wall and roofing of buildings can be used for a long term, preserve and insult heat.
Then is glass, which is a kind of transparent, high-strength and hardness, airtight material. Glass shows chemical inertness in the daily environment and does not react with living things, so it has extensive applications. Glass is generally insoluble in acid, but soluble in alkali, such as cesium hydroxide. Glass is an amorphous sub-cooled liquid. The melt glass cools rapidly and the molecules form glass as they do not have enough time to form crystals. In ancient times, glass refers to a kind of natural jade, also called talasite, not the present glass. Glass is solid at ordinary temperature and it is brittle. The hardness is 6.5mohs. Glass is, in deed, liquid. When the liquid cools, the originally turbulent and chaotic molecules will ultimately form ordered and regular crystal structure.
In addition, according to its features, glass can be divided into: tempered glass, porous glass, i.e. foam glass, with an aperture of about 40 and mainly used in seawater desalination and virus filtering, etc., conductive glass, used as electrode and windshield glass, microcrystal glass, opaque glass, used in lighting and decorative items, etc., and hollow glass, used as door and window glass.
Glass has many generalities. The first is the isotropy: the properties of homogeneous glass in all directions, such as refractivity, hardness, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion and so on are the same. Then is the metastability: when the melt cools to vitreous body, it can keep the structure in high temperatures at lower temperatures and does not change. Next is the reversible graduality: the transition from the melting state to the glass state is reversible and gradual. The last is the continuity: when the melting state transits to the glass state, the changes of the physical and chemical properties with temperature are continuous.
The glass used in the project is tempered glass. It has high mechanical strength, good elasticity and thermal stability. It is not easy to wound people after broken and can be self-destructive.
The last is wood, which is the lignified tissue formed by plants that can conduct secondary growth, such as trees and shrubs. After primary growth, the vascular cambium in the rhizome of these plants becomes active, develops bast outward and wood inward. Wood is the collective name of the plant tissues developed inwardly by the vascular cambium, including xylem and thin-wall radiation. Wood plays an important role in supporting human life. According to the different features of wood, people apply them to different uses.
The tree trunk is composed of bark, cambium, xylem (i.e. timber) and pith. From the xylem on the trunk cross-section, we can see the annual ring around the pith. Each annual ring generally consists of two parts: the part in light color is called early wood (spring wood), which grows in the early season, has large cells and relatively loose material; the part in dark color is called late wood (autumn wood), which grows in the late season, has small cells and relatively dense material. The middle part of the tree trunk of some wood is in dark color, which is called heart wood; the side is in light color, which is called sapwood. The coniferous wood is mainly composed of tracheid, xylem ray and axial parenchyma, which are regularly arranged and the material is heterogeneous. The broad-leaved wood is mainly composed of vessel, wood fiber, axial parenchyma and xylem ray. The structure is complicated. As the cells making up the wood are directionally arranged, thus there is the difference between rift grain and cross grain. The rift grain can be distinguished from the radical direction coincident with the xylem ray; the chordwise vertical to the xylem ray. The coniferous wood generally has tall trunks and straight grain, is easy to be worked and dried, has small cracking and deformation and is suitable to be used as structural material. Some broad-leaved wood has hard texture, beautiful grain and
The flooring chosen for the interior finishing of the project is wooden floor. Wooden floor has various advantages. Firstly, it is beautiful and natural. The wood is natural and its annual ring and grain usually can make a beautiful picture, give people the feeling of returning to the nature and recovering original simplicity. Its texture has its own style and becomes a favorite among the masses. Then, it is a kind of material free of pollution. Wood is the most typical double-green product and it does not have source of pollution in itself. Some wood have tinctura aromatica, which gives off healthy and sedative smell; its sawdust is organic fertilizer that can be easily digested and absorbed by soil. In addition, it is light and strong and the general wood floats on the water, with few exceptions. Therefore, as a building material, wood is more convenient for transportation and laying compared to metal building materials and stones. Test results prove that, the tensile strength of pine wood is three times higher than that of iron and steel, 25 times higher than that of concrete and 50 times higher than that of marble; its compressive resistance is 4 times higher than that of marble. It can better embody its advantages especially as
the flooring (wooden floor). Then, it is easy to process. Wood can be sawed, shaved, whittled, cut and even nailed arbitrarily, so it can apply to the field of building materials in a more flexible way and play its potential role, while metal, concrete and stone do not have the function due to their hardness and they will cause waste or unrealistic circumstances. Next, it has good heat insulation. It is not easy for wood to conduct heat, while the heat conductivity of the concrete is very high. The heat conductivity of iron and steel is 200 times that of wood. There are many other advantages, such as adjusting temperature, strong durability, and easing the shock, etc.
The executive director of the British ECOTECT company-Andrew Marsh thinks that “it is a moral obligation to design e nergy-saving and high-efficient buildings. If the client wants to save a very small part of the construction cost, but huge energy cost is caused in the 80 to 100 years’ service life of the building, then the architect has the obligation to prevent this fr om happening”. I am not surprised at all that Andrew holds a bachelor degree in architecture.
Sustainable construction refers to the constructions planned and built following the principle of sustainable development, pursuing reducing environmental load, integrating with the environment and conducive to the health of residents.
The sustainability of the project is shown in the following two aspects:
First of all, modeling and material:
Firstly, the modeling should be compact and try to control the contact area between the building and air. Secondly, adopt materials of low heat conductivity. The external wall adopts a large number of logs and some people think that only the construction adopting renewable materials like wood can be regarded as sustainable construction. Of course, there are people holding opposite opinions. Thirdly, the inner court is closed; the windows toward the inner court can be opened freely like traditional windows, but the windows in the external wall can not be opened freely, and its opening is controlled by the control center of the whole building, to ensure the orderly flow of the air. The three measures are taken to reduce the heat exchange between the skin wall and the air.
In the second place, reduce the air heat exchange:
Firstly, keep proper air tightness in the building; the inner court is closed, the windows in the external wall can not be opened freely, to ensure the orderly flow of the air. Then, make use of the ground-source heat exchange system to heat up the gases entering the building in winter and cool down the gases entering the building in summer. The ground-source heat exchange system
utilizes the characteristics of soil that the temperature is stable all the year round, takes the soil energy as the heat source of heat pump heating in winter and cold source of air conditioning in summer, that is, extract the heat sources indoors and release them to the soil with the temperature lower than the ambient temperature. The system is not complicated in technology and has great promotional value. According to the news from the network, the pilot of the technology has been launched in Tianjin and other cities of China. Finally, reuse the heat discharge. Use the air-conditioning heat recovery system that has quite mature modern technology, to conduct heat recovery to the hot air discharged outside the building.
Summary
With the constant advancement of the social civilization, the growing population and the increasing demand for resources of human society, the conflict between human and natural environment is becoming increasingly prominent. In the sixties of last century, scientists have proposed the concept of “sustainable development”. More and more people have realized that if we do not control the behavior of blindly taking resources from the natural world, not only the development of our descendants will be affected, but even the production and life of contemporary people will be affected. Therefore, this theory has been accepted by most countries and peoples in the world, and has received unprecedented attention.
Building is one of the most important factors affecting the survival and development of human beings and it consumes a lot of resources. In the life cycle of a building, the proportion of energy consumed is the greatest portion of the energy consumed by human beings during the same period. Therefore, it is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of buildings for boosting the sustainable development of the whole human society.
建筑的可持续发展在某项目中的体现
任何土木工程建（构）筑物（包括道路、桥梁、港口、码头、矿井、隧道等）都是用材料按一定的要求打造成的，土木工程中所使用的各种材料都统称为土木工程材料。
长期以来人类一直在从事着土木工程材料的各类研究工作，并不断开发新的材料。几乎世界上的各种材料都可用作土木工程材料。这个项目中，采用的材
料有很多种，这里主要分析以下三种。
第一，钢，是对含碳量质量百分比介于0.02%至2.04%之间的铁合金的统称。钢的化学成分可以有很大变化，只含碳元素的钢称为碳素钢或普通钢；在实际生产中，钢往往根据用途的不同含有不同的合金元素。钢的制取都是一项高成本低效率的工作。如今，钢以其低廉的价格、可靠的性能成为世界上使用最多的材料之一，是建筑业、制造业和人们日常生活中不可或缺的成分。
钢结构工程是以钢材制作为主的结构，是主要的建筑结构类型之一。钢结构是现代建筑工程中较普通的结构形式之一。钢材的特点是强度高、自重轻、刚度大，故用于建造大跨度和超高、超重型的建筑物特别适宜；材料匀质性和各向同性好，属理想弹性体，最符合一般工程力学的基本假定；材料塑性、韧性好，可有较大变形，能很好地承受动力荷载；建筑工期短；其工业化程度高，可进行机械化程度高的专业化生产；加工精度高、效率高、密闭性好。其缺点是耐火性和耐腐性较差
钢结构又分轻钢和重钢。这个工程项目主要选择是轻钢结构。轻钢结构住宅屋面系统是由屋架、结构OSB面板、防水层、轻型屋面瓦，又为金属或沥青瓦，组成的。建筑轻钢结构的屋面，外观可以有多种组合。材料也有多种。在保障了防水这一技术的前提下，外观有了许多的选择方案。轻钢结构住宅的墙体主要由墙架柱、墙顶梁、墙底梁、墙体支撑、墙板和连接件组成。为确保达到保温效果，在建筑物的外墙和屋面中使用的保温隔热材料能长期使用并能保温隔热。
然后，玻璃：是一种透明、强度及硬度颇高，不透气的物料。玻璃在日常环境中呈化学惰性，亦不会与生物起作用，故此用途非常广泛。玻璃一般不溶于酸；但溶于强碱，例如氢氧化铯。玻璃是一种非晶形过冷液体。融解的玻璃迅速冷却，各分子因为没有足够时间形成晶体而形成玻璃。玻璃在古代又指一种天然玉石，也叫水玉，不是现在的玻璃。玻璃在常温下是固体，它是一种易碎的东西。硬度摩氏6.5。玻璃其实是液体。当液体冷却之后，原先动荡而纷乱的分子最终会形成有序、固定的晶体结构。
此外，玻璃按性能特点又分为：钢化玻璃、多孔玻璃，即泡沫玻璃，孔径约40，用于海水淡化、病毒过滤等方面，导电玻璃，用作电极和飞机风挡玻璃，微晶玻璃、乳浊玻璃，用于照明器件和装饰物品等，和中空玻璃，用作门窗玻璃。
玻璃有很多通性。第一，各向同性：均质玻璃在各个方向的性质如折射率、硬度、弹性模量、热膨胀系数等性能相同。然后是介稳性：当熔体冷却成玻璃体时，它能在较低温度下保留高温时的结构而不变化。接下来是可逆渐变性：熔融态向玻璃态转化是可逆和渐变的。最后是连续性：熔融态向玻璃态转变时物理化学性质随温度变化是连续的。
这个项目里面所用的玻璃是钢化玻璃吗，它的机械强度高、弹性好、热稳定
性好、碎后不易伤人、可发生自爆。
最后，木材是能够次级生长的植物，如乔木和灌木，所形成的木质化组织。这些植物在初生生长结束后，根茎中的维管形成层开始活动，向外发展出韧皮，向内发展出木材。木材是维管形成层向内的发展出植物组织的统称，包括木质部和薄壁射线。木材对于人类生活起着很大的支持作用。根据木材不同的性质特征，人们将它们用于不同途径
树干由树皮、形成层、木质部（即木材）和髓心组成。从树干横截面的木质部上可看到环绕髓心的年轮。每一年轮一般由两部分组成：色浅的部分称早材（春材），是在季节早期所生长，细胞较大，材质较疏；色深的部分称晚材（秋材），是在季节晚期所生长，细胞较小，材质较密。有些木材，在树干的中部，颜色较深，称心材；在边部，颜色较浅，称边材。针叶树材主要由管胞、木射线及轴向薄壁组织等组成，排列规则，材质较均匀。阔叶树材主要由导管、木纤维、轴向薄壁组织、木射线等组成，构造较复杂。由于组成木材的细胞是定向排列，形成顺纹和横纹的差别。横纹又可区别为与木射线一致的径向；与木射线相垂直的弦向。针叶树材一般树干高大，纹理通直，易加工，易干燥，开裂和变形较小，适于作结构用材。某些阔叶树材，质地坚硬、纹理色泽美观，适于作装修用材。
这个项目选用室内装修的地板就是木地板。木地板有很多优点。首先，美观自然，木材是天然的，其年轮、纹理往往能够构成一幅美丽画面，给人一种回归自然、返朴归真的感觉，无论质感都有独树一帜，广受人们喜爱。然后，无污物质。木材是最最典型的双绿色产品，本身没有污染源，有的木材有芳香酊，发出有益健康、安神的香气；它的后生是极易被土壤消纳蚀吸收的有机肥料。还有是，质轻而强，一般木材通常都浮于水面上，除少数例外。这样，用木材作为建材与金属建材、石材相比便于运输、铺设，据实验结果显示，松木的抗张力为钢铁的3倍、混凝土的25倍、大理的50倍，抗压力为大理石的4倍。尤其是作为地面材料（木地板）就更能体现出其优点。接着，容易加工。木材可以任意锯、刨、削、切乃至于钉，所以在建材方面更能灵活运用，发挥其潜在作用，而金属混凝土、石材等因硬度之故，没有此功能，所以用料时也会造成浪费或出现不切合实际的情况。还有保温性好。木材不易导热，混凝土的导热率非常高。钢铁的导热率为木材的200倍。还有更多，调节温度、耐久性强、缓和冲击等。
英国ECOTECT公司的执行董事Andrew Marsh认为 "设计节能高效建筑物是一种道德责任。如果客户希望节约很小的一部分建设成本，结果却造成了在建筑物整个使用寿命的80-100年中巨大的能源成本的话，那么建筑师有责任阻止这种情况的发生。"Andrew拥有一个建筑学学位一点也不令我感到惊讶。
可持续性建筑是指遵循可持续发展的原则规划、建造的建筑，追求降低环境负荷，与环境相融合，有利于居住者健康的建筑。
在这个项目的可持续性体现在以下两个方面：
其一，造型和用材：
第一，造型要紧凑，尽量控制建筑与空气的接触面积。第二，采用导热系数小的材料。外墙大量采用原木，一部分人认为建筑中只有使用像木材等可再生的材料才称得上是可持续建筑。当然也有人持完全相反的意见。第三，内庭是封闭的，朝向内庭的窗户和传统窗户一样可以自由开启，但外墙窗户是不能随意开启的，其开启与否由整个建筑的控制中心统一控制，使空气有序的流动。通过这三项措施来减小表墙与空气的热交换。
其二，减小空气热交换：
首先，保持空气在建筑中适当的密封度，内庭封闭，外墙不能自由开启，使空气有序流动.然后，利用地源热交换系统，对冬季进入建筑的气体进行加热，对夏季进入建筑的气体进行冷却。地源热交换系统利用土壤一年四季温度稳定的特点，冬季把土壤能作为热泵供暖的热源，即把高于环境温度的地能中的热能取出来供给室内采暖，夏季把土壤能作为空调的冷源，即把室内的热能取出来释放到底于环境温度的土壤中。该系统在技术上不复杂，大有推广价值。据来自网络的消息称，这一技术在我国天津等城市已经开始试点。最后，热量排放的再利用。利用现在技术已经比较成熟的空调热回收系统对排出建筑外的热空气进行热回收。
总结
随着人类社会文明程度的不断提高，人口日益增多，人类社会对资源的需求的不断增长，人与自然环境间的矛盾日渐突出。在上世纪六十年代就有科学家提出了“可持续发展”的概念。越来越多的人意识到如果我们不对一味向自然索取的行为加以控制，不但我们的子孙后代的发展将会受到影响，甚至会影响到当代人的生产和生活。因此，如今这一理论已经被世界绝的多数的国家和人民所接受，并受到了前所未有的重视。
建筑是影响人类生存和发展最为重要的因素之一，耗费了大量的资源，在建筑的生命周期里面，所耗费的能源所占比例是人类在这一时期所消耗能源最大部分。所以，建筑的可持续发展将很大程度上影响到人类社会的可持续发展。搞好了建筑的可持续发展将对推进整个人类社会的可持续发展有重要意义。
各专业的英文翻译
中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence
统计学英语词汇
统计学英语词汇 发布: 2008-10-08 23:42 | 作者: zhou_209 | 来源: 6sigma品质网 统计学的一些英语词汇,希望对大家有用. A abscissa 横坐标 absence rate 缺勤率 absolute number 绝对数 absolute value 绝对值 accident error 偶然误差 accumulated frequency 累积频数 alternative hypothesis 备择假设 analysis of data 分析资料 analysis of variance(ANOVA) 方差分析 arith-log paper 算术对数纸 arithmetic mean 算术均数 assumed mean 假定均数 arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数 asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数 average 平均数 average deviation 平均差 B bar chart 直条图、条图 bias 偏性 binomial distribution 二项分布 biometrics 生物统计学 bivariate normal population 双变量正态总体 C cartogram 统计图
case fatality rate(or case mortality) 病死率 census 普查 chi-sguare(X2) test 卡方检验 central tendency 集中趋势 class interval 组距 classification 分组、分类 cluster sampling 整群抽样 coefficient of correlation 相关系数 coefficient of regression 回归系数 coefficient of variability(or coefficieut of variation) 变异系数collection of data 收集资料 column 列（栏） combinative table 组合表 combined standard deviation 合并标准差 combined variance(or poolled variance) 合并方差complete survey 全面调查 completely correlation 完全相关 completely random design 完全随机设计 confidence interval 可信区间，置信区间 confidence level 可信水平，置信水平 confidence limit 可信限，置信限 constituent ratio 构成比，结构相对数 continuity 连续性 control 对照 control group 对照组 coordinate 坐标 correction for continuity 连续性校正 correction for grouping 归组校正 correction number 校正数 correction value 校正值 correlation 相关，联系 correlation analysis 相关分析 correlation coefficient 相关系数 critical value 临界值 cumulative frequency 累积频率
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
物理专业词汇英语翻译
物理专业词汇英语翻译 1/8 fluctuation 1/8 起伏 1/f noise 1/f 噪声 1/n expansion 1/n 展开 3k cosmic blackbody radiation 3k 宇宙黑体辐射 4 counter 4 计数器 a battery a 电池组 a posteriori probability 后验概率 a priori probability 先验概率 a15 structure a15 结构 abbe coefficient 阿贝数 abbe invariant 阿贝不变量 abbe number 阿贝数 abbe prism 阿贝棱镜 abbe refractometer 阿贝折射计abbe sine condition 阿贝正弦条件abel theorem 阿贝尔定理 abelian group 可换群 abelian integral 阿贝尔积分aberage life 平均寿命 aberration 象差 aberration constant 光行差常数aberration of light 光行差aberrational ellipse 光行差椭圆ablation 烧蚀 abm state abm 态 abnormal 反常的 abnormal cathode fall 反常阴极势 降 abnormal crystallization 异常晶化 abnormal dispersion 异常色散 abnormal glow 反常辉光放电 abnormal grain growth 反常晶粒生 长 abnormal liquid 反常液体 abnormal reflection 异常反射 abnormal series 反常系 abrasion 磨损 abrasion test 磨损试验 abrasives 研磨材料 abrikosov's structure of flux lines 阿布里科蓑磁通线结构 absence of gravity 失重 absolute 绝对的 absolute acceleration 绝对加速度 absolute angular momentum 绝对 角动量 3 absolute atomic weight 原子的绝对 重量 absolute black body 绝对黑体 absolute configuration 绝对组态 absolute counting 绝对计数 absolute electrometer 绝对静电计 absolute electrostatic system 绝对 静电制 absolute error 绝对误差 absolute geopotential 绝对位势 absolute humidity 绝对湿度 absolute index of refraction 绝对折 射率 absolute instability 绝对不稳定性 absolute magnitude 绝对星等 absolute measurement 绝对测量 absolute motion 绝对运动 absolute ohm 绝对欧姆 absolute orbit 绝对轨道 absolute permeability 绝对磁导率 absolute permittivity 绝对电容率 absolute pressure 绝对压力 absolute rest 绝对静止 absolute rest frame 绝对静止系 absolute rotation 绝对转动
建筑学毕业专业外文翻译文献doc资料
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
(完整版)《物理专业英语》
新《物理专业英语》范围 单词篇 1 、加速度acceleration 2 、速度 velocity 3 、角速度 angular velocity 4 、角动量angular momentum 5 、热量 amount of heat 6 、热力学第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics 7 、干涉 interference 8 、反射 reflection 9 、折射 refraction 10 、振幅 amplitude 11 、机械运动 mechanical motion 12、保守场 conservative field 13 、向心力 centripetal force 14、保守力 conservative force 15、摩擦力 friction force 16 、面积area 17 、体积 volume 18、阿伏加德罗常数 Avogadro constant 19 、绝对零度 absolute zero 20 、电势能 energy of position 21、重力势能 gravitational potential energy 22 、重力场 the field of gravity force 23 、真空中的磁场 magnetic field in a vacuum 24 、电磁波 electromagnetic wave 25 、电流的相互作用interaction of current 1、（第3页）第四段的第3句 A typical problem of mechanics consists in determining the states of a system at all the following moments of time t when we know the state of the system at a certain initial moment to and also the law governing the motion. 翻译：机械运动的一个典型的问题的构成取决于一个系统在接下来的时间间隔t的状态，（因此）当我们知道了一个确切的最初的系统状态时，也可以知道运动的规律。 2、（第4页）第一段 A body whose dimension may be disregarded in the condition or a given problem is called a point particle (or simply a particle). 翻译：在一个给定的问题中，一个物体的形状和大小可以被忽略的情况被称为质点。 3、(第36页)第五段【注：选词和阅读会出】 For a stationary filed ,the work done on a particle by the forces of the field may depend only on the initial and final position of the particle and not depend on the path along which the particle moved .Forces having such a property are called conservative. 翻译：对于恒定场，这个场的力对粒子所做的功只依赖于粒子的初位置和末位置，不依赖于粒子运动的路径。具有这一特性的力被称为保守力。
统计学专业英语翻译
汉译英 Population 总体，样本总体sample 样本，标本parameter 限制因素 median 中位数odd 奇数，单数even 偶数 range 极差variance 方差standard deviation 标准差Covariance 协方差empty event 空事件product event 积事件 conditional probability 条件概率Random variable 随机变量binominal distribution 二项式分布uniform distribution 均匀分布Poisson distribution 泊松分布residual 残差 central limit theorem 中心极限定律 英译汉 descriptive statistics 描述统计学mathematical statistics 数理统计学inductive statistics 归纳统计学Inferential statistics 推断统计学dimension 维，维数continuous variable 连续变量ordinal variable 有序变量nominal variable 名义变量dichotomous 两分的；二歧的discrete variable 离散变量categorical variable 分类变量location 定位，位置，场所dispersion 分散mean 均值unimodal单峰的 multimodal 多峰的chaotic 无秩序的grouped data 分组数据 frequency distribution频数分布cumulative frequency 累加频数tallying 计算 Uniformly distribution 均匀分布histogram 直方图frequency polygon 频率多边图rectangle 矩形Percentile 百分位数quartile 四分位数 interquartile range 四分位数间距simple event 简单事件Compound event 复合事件mutually exclusive 互斥的，互补相交的complementary event 对立事件Independent 独立的joint probability function 联合概率函数jacobian雅克比行列式 Law of large numbers大数定律point estimate 点估计estimate 估计值 statistic 统计量optimality 最优性Unbiased estimate 无偏估计量efficient estimate 有偏估计量unbiasedness无偏性efficience有效性Consistent estimate 一致估计量 asymptotic properties 渐近性质Confidence interval 置信区间interval estimation 区间估计 null hypothesis 原假设alternative hypothesis 备择假设significance level 显著性水平power function 幂函数testing procedures 检验方法test statistic 检验统计量 rejection region 拒绝区域acceptance region 接受区域critical region 临界区域 first-derivatives 一阶导数second-derivatives 二阶导数Likelihood ratio 似然比dependent variable因变量unexplanatory variable未解释变量independent variable自变量 Error term 误差项regression coefficients 回归系数Sum of squared residuals 残差平方和Marginal probability function 边际概率函数joint probability density function 联合概率密度函数Marginal probability density function边际概率密度函数stochastically independent 随机独立的 Mutually independently distribution 相互独立的分布independently and identically distribution 独立同分布的likelihood function 似然函数maximum likelihood estimator 最大似然估计量 maximum likelihood estimate 最大似然估计值log-likelihood function 对数似然函数 ordinary least squares estimation/estimate/estimator 普通最小二乘估计/估计值/估计量 linear unbiased estimator 线性无偏估计
建筑学专业毕业设计方案外文翻译二44
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
大学各个专业名称的英文翻译
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学Philosophy 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism xx 哲学Chinese Philosophy xx 哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic
西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics
各专业的英文翻译剖析
哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws
建筑-外文翻译
外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof
建筑外文文献及翻译
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have
物理专业英语洛伦兹力原文和翻译
物理专业英语 组别：19组 专业：物理学 姓名：
9.5 THE LORENTZ FORCE A charge moving in a magnetic field experiences a force which we shall call magnetic . The force is determined by the chang q,its velocity v ,and the magnetic induction B at the point where the charge is at the moment of time being considered .The simplest assumption is that the magnitude of the force F is proportional to each of the three quantities q,v,and B .In addition ,F can be expected to depend on the mutual orientation of the vectors v and B .The direction of the vector F should be determined by those of vectors v and B. To”construct”che vector F form the scalar q and the vectors v and B ,let us find the vector of v and B and then multiply then multiply the result obtained by the scalar q.The result is the expression q[vB (9.31）It has been established experimentally that the force F acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field is determined by the formula Fa=kq[vB] （9.32）Where k is a proportionality constant depending on the choice of the units for the quantities in the formula . It must be borne in mind that the reasoning which led us to expression(9.31)must by no means be considered as the derivation of Eq.(9.32)This reasoning does not have conclusive force .Its aim is to help us memorize Eq(9.32).The correctness of this equation can be established only experimentally . We must note that Eq.(9.32)can be considered as a definition of The magnetic induction B. The unit of magnetic induction B -the tesla-is determined so that the proportionality constant k in Eq.(9.32)equals unity .Hence,In SI units ,this equation becomes F=q[vB] (9.33）The magnitude of the magnetic force is F=qvBsin?(9.34) Where ?is the angle between the vectors v and B .It can be seen from Eq.(9.34) that a charge moving along the lines of a magnetic field does not experience the action of a magnetic