翻译中国文化和历史
翻译（一）、中国文化和历史
1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。
The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.
2、端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。
? The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.
3、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。
Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China, with
a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste”as its essential quality elements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings,
the selection of raw materials with quality texture, and original flavors. Shanghai cuisine is famous for a special snack known as Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings and a special dish called “Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish”.//Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings are small in size, with thin and translucent wrappers, filled inside with
ground pork and rich tasty soup. Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish is yellow-colored and squirrel-shaped, with a crispy skin and tender meat, all covered with a sweet and sour source.//After tasting Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin
Fish, we are always amazed by the squirrel shape and think that it is more appropriate to plus “appearance”as the fourth element.
4、1武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。// 为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。//武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。
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Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times. It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture. As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation (IWUF) have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement. Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.// The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries. Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands. Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.
4、2中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。
Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony”
and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. T he skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.
5、香港中文大学，简称“中大”，成立于1963年。中大是一所研究型综合大学，以“结合传统与现代，融汇中国与西方”为创校使命。//40多年来，中大一直致力于弘扬中华传统文化，坚持双语教育，并推行独特的书院制度，在香港教育界卓然而立。中大校园占地134
公顷，是世界上最美丽的校园之一。//中大的师生来自世界各地。有教职员工5200多人，近万名本科生、约2000多名研究生，其中约2500多人来自45个不同的国家和地区。//中大实行灵活的学分制，不仅有助于培养有专有博的人才，而且还赋予学生更大的学习自主权。中大的多元教育有助于充分发挥每一个学生的潜能。
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963. It is are search-oriented comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity and bring together China and the West.//For more than40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system. 134-hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world.//CUHK’ s faculty and students come from all corners of the world. It has more than 5200 staff members,approximately10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students. Of these students, some2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree off ree choice of students in designing their own learning. The mufti-faceted education at CUHK helps to bring out the best in every student
6、泰山的每个季节都有独特的魅力。春天，绿茵茵的山坡上，争奇斗妍的花朵到处可见。夏天泰山的雷暴雨堪称奇观。秋天，枫树叶漫山遍野，蔚蓝色的河水川流不息。冬天，雪盖群峰松披霜，景观素雅悲壮，别有一番情趣。喜逢艳阳日，极目远眺，重峦叠嶂，尽收眼帘。//但遇天阴时，环顾四周，苍茫大地，尽入云海。泰山的日出与日落，闻名遐尔。壮观的自然风景以及不可计数的历史名胜，激发了古代文人墨客，为之舞文弄墨，创作了无数经典佳作。泰山历来是画家骚客所钟情的聚集地。//
Each season here has its beauty: bright flowers in full bloom covering the green slopes in spring,spectacular summer thunderstorms which are rarely seen elsewhere, blue rivers running across the mountains overlaid with red maple leaves in fall, and snow-capped mountains and frosted pine trees in winter that stage a quiet solemn
spectacle of particular interest. On a clear day one can see the peaks rising one after another. // When the sky is overcast, the horizon disappears into asea of clouds. Mount Tai is most famous for its spectacular sunrise and sunset. Its landscape and numerous historical site shave inspired many great classics of ancient writers, scholars and calligraphers. Mount Tai has long been the preferred gathering place of artists and poets.
7、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.
8、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.
9、饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。
Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dish es. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more
delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.
10、针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。
11、Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using need les to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”
11、汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of
Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the l eft-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).
12、中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，
如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。
The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.
13、印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on
paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。
14、京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。The Chinese era is the symbol that the
Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.
Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national qu intessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).
15、道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。Taoism first
originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the dis carding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.
16、中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.
17、中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。
China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese peo ple’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.
18、中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。The
Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly
referred to hubi, 19、笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui
province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.
Ps：剪纸、中国结、再补吧！！！！(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……
殷雪
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考
历史文选试卷(最新整理)
中国历史文选试卷（上册A 卷） 一、填空（每空 1 分，本题共10 分） 1、甲骨文第一部著录性著作是清末刘锷的《铁云藏龟》， 第一部研究性著作是孙诒让的契文举例。 2、《世本》内容有七部分，其中作篇记载了上古的技 术发明和礼乐初制，氏姓篇是先秦大小贵族的起源和宗支 分化状况的族谱。 3、《诗经》中最长的诗篇是宓宫，《国风》中的第一长 篇是七月。 4、现存最早的《国语》注本，是三国吴人韦昭作的《国语集》，近人徐元诰撰有国语集解。 5、《汉书》对《史记》的体例有所变更，将“书”改为 志，取消“世家”并入列传。 二、解释下列史文中带点的字词（每个字词0.5 分，本题共10 分） 1、故天翼临子，法保先王。通慈; 大 4 2、牝鸡无晨，牝鸡之晨，惟家之索。叫鸣; 灭亡9 3、三之日于耜，四之日举趾。修理; 足趾18 4、国老皆贺子文，子文饮之酒。国内退休的老臣; 38 5、晋师三日馆、谷，及葵酉而还。住下来休息; 吃楚国的粮食; 41 6、国之父兄请曰：“昔者夫差耻吾君于诸侯之国，今越国亦节矣，请报之。” 羞辱; 步入正轨49 7、魏王使客将军辛垣衍间入邯郸，因平原君谓赵王曰。抄小路; 借着 68 8、鄂侯争之急，辨之疾，故脯鄂侯。快; 把.做成肉干 9、余于是因《秦记》，踵《春秋》之后，起周元王，表六国时事，讫二世，凡二百七十年，著诸所闻兴坏之端。编排; 起点,头绪; 104 10、始皇曰：“天下共苦战斗不休，以有侯王。”受苦于原因是 三、简要回答下列问题（每个字词4 分，本题共20 分） 1、一条完整卜辞的组成形式。 2、汉初传《诗》有哪四家。 3、越王勾践灭吴的具体措施。 4、《史记》三家注。 5、《诗经》的体例及内容。 四、标点下列史文（每个字词10 分，本题共20 分） 1、此时鲁仲连适游赵会秦围赵闻魏将欲令赵尊秦为帝乃见平原君曰事将奈 何矣平原君曰胜也何敢言事百万之众折于外今又内围邯郸而不去魏王使客将军 辛垣衍令赵帝秦今其人在是胜也何敢言事鲁连曰始吾以君为天下之贤公子也吾
中国文化翻译练习30篇(讲义)
1、中国酒文化Chinese Wine Culture 中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。 （1）中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。Chinese people began to make wine with grains seven thousand years ago. （2）总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。 Generally speaking, wine has a close connection with Chinese culture in both ancient and modern times. （3）长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。 Chinese wine culture has been play ing a quite important role in Chinese people’s life for a long time. （4）我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。 Our Chinese ancestors used to enjoy themselves by
drinking wine while writing poetry, or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast. （5）作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。 Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party, farewell dinner, wedding, etc. 2、中国书法Chinese Calligraphy 中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。书法在中国艺术中拥有举足轻重的地位，因为它影响到了其它的中国艺术形式，比如古典诗歌、雕塑、传统音乐及舞蹈、建筑及手工艺品。作为传统的艺术瑰宝，中国书法被全世界人民所喜爱，且越来越受到欢迎。 （1）中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self-cultivation and self-expression. （2）作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。
中国历史文选试卷
中国历史文选试卷（上册A卷） 一、填空（每空1分，本题共10分） 1、甲骨文第一部著录性著作是清末刘锷的《铁云藏龟》，第一部研究性著作是孙诒让的契文举例。 2、《世本》内容有七部分，其中作篇记载了上古的技术发明和礼乐初制，氏姓篇是先秦大小贵族的起源和宗支分化状况的族谱。 3、《诗经》中最长的诗篇是宓宫，《国风》中的第一长篇是七月。 4、现存最早的《国语》注本，是三国吴人韦昭作的《国语集》，近人徐元诰撰有国语集解。 5、《汉书》对《史记》的体例有所变更，将“书”改为志，取消“世家”并入列传。 二、解释下列史文中带点的字词（每个字词0.5分，本题共10分） 1、故天翼临子．，法．保先王。通慈; 大 4 2、牝鸡无晨．，牝鸡之晨，惟家之索．。叫鸣; 灭亡9 3、三之日于．耜，四之日举趾．。修理; 足趾18 4、国老 ．．皆贺子文，子文饮．之酒。国内退休的老臣; 38 5、晋师三日馆．、谷．，及葵酉而还。住下来休息; 吃楚国的粮食; 41 6、国之父兄请曰：“昔者夫差耻．吾君于诸侯之国，今越国亦节．矣，请报之。” 羞辱; 步入正轨49 7、魏王使客将军辛垣衍间．入邯郸，因．平原君谓赵王曰。抄小路; 借着68 8、鄂侯争之急，辨之疾．，故脯．鄂侯。快; 把.做成肉干 9、余于是因《秦记》，踵《春秋》之后，起周元王，表．六国时事，讫二世，凡二百七十年，著诸所闻兴坏之端．。编排; 起点,头绪; 104 10、始皇曰：“天下共苦．战斗不休，以．有侯王。”受苦于原因是 三、简要回答下列问题（每个字词4分，本题共20分） 1、一条完整卜辞的组成形式。 2、汉初传《诗》有哪四家。 3、越王勾践灭吴的具体措施。 4、《史记》三家注。 5、《诗经》的体例及内容。 四、标点下列史文（每个字词10分，本题共20分） 1、此时鲁仲连适游赵会秦围赵闻魏将欲令赵尊秦为帝乃见平原君曰事将奈
中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
中国传统文化英语翻译.
1.香囊(scented sachet)，古代也称“香袋”，通常是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织的袋子，里面塞满香草(aromatic herbs)。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫和避邪。香囊不仅有用，而且可作装饰品。它们的形状和大小各异，有圆形、椭圆形和其他形状。它们通常配有精致的图案，每个图案都象征着特别的含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(peony flower)等图案象征女性;松树和仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮的香囊不仅是装饰品，而且含有丰富的文化和历史内涵。 翻译：Scented sachets, also called “fragrant bags” in ancient times, are bags usually sewed with cloth or weaved with multicolor silk threads and stuffed with aromatic herbs. The fragrant bags were originally used for absorbing sweat, repelling insects and warding off evils. Scented sachets are not only useful, but also ornamental. They come in different shapes and sizes, such as round, oval and many others. And they are normally decorated with elaborate patterns, with each pattern symbolizing a special meaning.For instance,a double-fish or double-butterfly pattern smybolizes the love between a man and a woman;patterns like lotus or peony flowers symbolize women;pine and crane patterns symbolize longevity and a guava pattern is the symbol of lots of children.A nice scented sachet is not just an ornament,but more of something that contains cultural and historical richness. 2.中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，是对人类的人生感悟的哲学注解。中国人祖先的哲学论断是“近看自己，远观他人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术的原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类的本能欲望是生存并通过繁衍(propagation)继续存在。人生来的首要本能是求生，然后是长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳和永生的观念始终贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会的所有基本哲学理念。 翻译：Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unified in the belief that yin-yang produces all living things in the world. Originated in Chinese primitive society, this was the philosophical explanation of human's perception of life. Chinese ancestors philosophical conclusion was to “look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essential to the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation. To live and to continue life through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human. From birth, a person's first instinct is to survive, and then to live a long life. From primitive society to the present day, the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophical concepts. 3.象棋(Chinese chess)两人玩的棋盘游戏，源于春秋战国时期的军事战略。早期的象棋由三部分组成:棋子、骰(dice)和棋盘。现代象棋没有骰子,它在棋子和棋盘方面与古代不同。棋盘有9行宽、10行长，共90个交叉点，构成方形网格(grid)。棋子在交叉点上落子或移动。对弈者在棋盘进行象征性的军很战争，部署马匹、战车，根据自己对棋局和游戏规则的理解组织军队。目前，中国象棋已传至全世界，进一步传承、发扬中国传统文化。
中国传统文化英语翻译
１、香囊(sｃentedｓachet）,古代也称“香袋”，通常就是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织得袋子，里面塞满香草（aｒomatic herｂs）。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫与避邪。香囊不仅有用,而且可作装饰品。它们得形状与大小各异,有圆形、椭圆形与其她形状。它们通常配有精致得图案，每个图案都象征着特别得含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(pｅｏny flower)等图案象征女性；松树与仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮得香囊不仅就是装饰品，而且含有丰富得文化与历史内涵。 翻译：Scenteｄsaｃhets, alｓo called “fragrant bagｓ"in ancient tiｍes，are b ａgs usｕally sｅwｅｄwitｈcloth ｏr weａvｅd with mulｔiｃoｌor sｉlk threａd ｓand ｓtuffeｄwith aromaｔicｈerbｓ、The fragrant ｂａｇs ｗere orｉｇinally used ｆor abｓorbing sweat,reｐeｌling insｅcts ａnｄwardingｏfｆeｖiｌs、Sceｎtｅd sacheｔs are ｎotｏnly uｓｅful, bｕt also ｏrｎaｍentａｌ、Thｅy e in diｆfｅrent ｓhapeｓand siｚes, such as rouｎｄ,ｏvaｌａnd ｍanｙothｅr ｓ、Ａnd thｅy arｅｎoｒｍally decｏrａted with elａborate pａtteｒns, with ｅａch patteｒn symbolizing a sｐecｉal meaｎiｎg、Fｏr ｉnｓｔaｎce，ａｄouble－fｉｓh oｒｄoｕbｌe-butterflyｐaｔtern sｍyboliｚes thｅlove ｂetweｅｎa man an ｄａｗoｍaｎ；paｔterｎs ｌｉke lotus or peony floweｒs symbｏlｉzｅwomen;piｎe aｎd crane pａtternｓsymｂoｌｉze longｅvity and a guａｖa paｔternｉs tｈe symbol of loｔs oｆchiｌdren、A nｉｃe scｅnｔed sacheｔｉs not ｊust an ornament,bｕt morｅｏf sometｈinｇｔｈat cｏnｔainｓcuｌtural and his ｔoriｃal rｉchneｓs、 2、中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳（yin－yaｎg）生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，就是对人类得人生感悟得哲学注解.中国人祖先得哲学论断就是“近瞧自己,远观她人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术得原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类得本能欲望就是生存并通过繁衍（pｒopagatiｏｎ)继续存在。人生来得首要本能就是求生，然后就是长寿。从原始社会到今天,阴阳与永生得观念始终贯穿中国得社会生活与民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会得所有基本哲学理念. 翻译:Cｈinese ｆolｋarｔaｎdＣhinesｅphilosoｐhy aｒe ｕniｆｉed inｔhe ｂｅlief thatｙｉn—yaｎg produces aｌl lｉving things ｉn tｈe ｗorlｄ、OrｉginateｄiｎＣhinesｅprimitiveｓｏｃiety, tｈiｓwas thｅｐhilosophｉcal expｌaｎａtiｏn of humaｎ＇s pｅｒception of life、Cｈinｅse ancｅstorｓpｈilosｏphｉcaｌｃoｎcluｓiｏn ｗasｔｏ“ｌｏok atｏnｅself up cｌose aｎｄｏther creａtｕres from afａｒ"，whiｃh ｉs essentｉal to the uｎdeｒsｔａｎdingｏf the priｍｉｔi ｖe ａｒtｔｏthe folk art ｏｆｔｈe naｔiｏn、To lｉｖe and tｏｃonｔinｕe life through propagation ａｒe ｔｈeｔwo ｉｎstinctｉve ｄｅsires of huｍan、From birth,ａpｅrson'sｆirｓt iｎsｔinct is to sｕrvive, and tｈen to livｅａlｏng li ｆｅ、Ｆrom primｉtｉvｅｓociｅtyｔｏthe present day，ｔｈe ｖｉew of yiｎ-yanｇand perpetuａl lｉfe hａs peｒmeated ｉn all aspectｓoｆsociaｌlife and ｔhe natｉonａｌcｕlｔｕｒe of Chiｎesｅｓocｉeｔy、Ｃｈineｓe folk aｒt ｒe ｆｌects alｌof the basicｐhｉlosｏphicａｌｃoncｅpts、
新中国成立后的翻译史
新中国成立后的翻译历史 姓名：学号：班级: 摘要：悠悠华夏上下五千年的文明史，同时也是一部翻译的历史。中国的翻译事业源远流长，有着悠久而灿烂的历史和传统，早在史前三皇五帝时代就存在翻译活动。在这一岁月的长河中，中华大地上曾出现过多次翻译高潮，每次翻译高潮的出现都带着自身显着的特点。翻译在我国自古以来就是一种“事业”，翻译不是受经济利益驱动或经济发展的产物，而是与政治、宗教等意识形态有关。历史上翻译高潮迭起，翻译家难以计数，翻译理论博大精深。了解历史不仅有助于我们继承我们的先人的优秀文化遗产，而且也有助于我们今天更加深入认识和发展我们的翻译事业。在这里，我们主要了解。本文试图对新中国成立后的翻译事业的特点和翻译成果进行探究和梳理，以期望让大家更好地了解这段特定时期的翻译发展史。 关键词：新中国，翻译，历史，翻译学家，成就。 中国翻译史概述 翻译作为人类社会普遍存在的一种语言活动与交流手段，有着悠久的历史。我们甚至可以说，在整个人类历史上，翻译几乎和语言本身一样古老。④“如果把手势语、图形文字之类的也算作语言，把符号翻译也算作翻译的话。那么，显然翻译的历史也就与语言的历史同时开始”①。虽然古代原始社会的口译或笔译无文献可查，但我们可以设想，在原始社会不同部落间的交流一定是离不开翻译的。以我国为例，据《周礼》和《礼记》记载，早在周代就已经有翻译的官职了，如《周礼·秋官》中说：“象胥，掌蛮夷闽貉戎秋狄之国使，掌传王之言而谕说焉，以和亲之。若以时入宾，则协其礼与其言辞传之”（马祖毅1998：2）。从这段记述来看，当时的“象胥”是一种官职，其职责就是翻译。 漫长的中国翻译史，大致可分为五个历史时期：东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译；明清之际的科学翻译；清末民初的西学翻译；“五四”至1949年前的社会科学和文学翻译；新中国成立后的翻译。 新中国成立后的翻译活动 新中国成立后，中国政府把目光投向了人民大众最需要了解的“大众文化”，即无产阶级文化。俄国的十月革命为中国送来了代表无产阶级利益的马列主义，前苏联社会政治书籍和文学作品成为新中国初期国家政治文化的意识形态基础和主要价值参照。此时的译者更多地把目光瞄准了能代表广大人民群众利益的作品，即“红色作品”。这种出版物有利于教育人民和打击“资产阶级”。在“红色作品”中，马列着作被放在了首位。“1953年1月成立了马列着作专门编译机构——中央编译局。它的任务是有系统有计划地翻译全部马列着作”②，因为这些译作将作为新中国的政治理论基础。 1949年新中国成立后，中国的翻译事业呈现出新的面貌，翻译作品在数量和质量上都有了飞跃的发展。1949年前，中国的翻译活动有着明显的“散兵游勇”式的个体翻译特征，而在1949年后，翻译成了有计划、有组织的活动，中国政府专门设立了翻译局等机构，系统地引进了马克思列宁主义经典着作、国外优秀的文学作品和科技文献等。正如矛盾在1954年的全国文学翻译工作会议上所指出的： 在过去，极大多数的文学翻译工作，是在分散的、自流的状态中进行的。从翻译工作者来说，翻译作品的选择，常常是凭借译者个人主观的好恶来决定的，而往往很少考虑所翻译的作品，是否值得翻译，是否于读者有益，为读者所迫切需要；有些译者甚至对自己是否胜任这一翻译，也考虑得很少。......我们的国家已进入社会主义建设和社会主义改
中国历史文选
中国历史文选 一、名词解释 1.《国语》:作者迄今尚无定论，旧传为春秋时左丘明所撰，共21卷， 其记事上起周穆王征犬戎（约公元前967年），下迄韩、赵、魏三家灭智伯（公元前453年），记载前后约五百多年间周、鲁、齐、晋、郑、楚、吴、越等八国的史事。因与《春秋》记事时间段略为相同，故又有《春秋外传》之称。 2.《战国策》：原作者不详。体例为国别体。今传本30卷33篇。其记 事继“春秋”之后周贞定王十六年，韩赵魏三家灭智氏开始，到楚汉之际，秦二世继位为止，其间240余年史实。西汉末刘向综合整理《国策》、《国事》、等数种史料而编定为33篇，其多载战国游士之策谋，是研究战国历史的重要材料。非所谓“正史”、“国史”，而为“杂史”，不免道听途说、夸张虚构，有不完全与史实相符之处。 3.《水经注》:作者郦道元作《水经注》，博览群书，引书多到430余 种。而注文30万字左右，为原文1万多的20倍；卷帙由原来的3卷，增为40卷。因此，虽名为注释，实则自成为一全面系统的水文地理著作，是考查古代河流水道必不可少的重要资料。郦道元作注，并不只限于条列河流的地理位置，而是“即地以存古”，《水经注》的史学价值还远不止于此。 4.《洛阳伽蓝记》:北魏杨炫之著，一部集历史、地理、佛教、文学于 一身，成书于东魏孝静帝时。伽蓝，意为众园，众沙门修行的处所，即佛寺。 书中历数北魏洛阳城的佛寺，分城内、城东、城西、城南、城北五卷叙述，对寺院的缘起变迁、庙宇的建制规模及与之有关的名人轶事、奇谈异闻都记载详核，以佛寺的盛衰而揭露社会现实，以警示后人。与郦道元《水经注》一起，历来被认为是北朝文学的双璧。 5 .《世说新语》：南朝宋临川王刘义庆著，原名《世说》,北宋时晏殊 加以删拼，遂为今之流行本，为3卷。记载了自汉魏至东晋许多名人学士的遗闻琐事。全书分门别类，辑录成德行、言语、政事、文学等36门，记历史上真实人物的轶闻趣事1200余则。其历史价值在于材料丰富生动，可与正史互补，使笔记体例完善成熟. 6.《礼记》：儒家经典十三经之一，是中国古代一部重要的典章制度书籍。《礼记》一书的编定是西汉礼学家戴德和他的侄子戴圣。汇集了战国秦汉间儒家的言论，特别是关于“礼制”方面的言论，内容博杂。有的解释礼经，有的考证和记载礼节制度，有的记述某项礼节条文和某项政令，有的是谈关于礼制的理论。书中资料反映出古代社会伦理观念、宗法制度、阶级关系和儒家各派的思想等等，对研究古代社会政治、思想有重要参考价值。 7. 孟子：名轲，战国时期邹（山东邹城市）人，儒家学派重要代表。提出了“仁政”、“王道”的政治主张以及性善论、理想人格的主张。孟子的仁政思想突出了“民”的地位，所谓“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻”，具有明显的民本色彩。孟子发展了孔子的学说，在儒学的成熟、发展上有重要的地位。孟子受到
中国文化常识翻译王天竹
概述 中华民族是一个古老的民族，也是一个有深厚文化底蕴的民族。中国的传统艺术门类繁多、雅俗共赏，从悠扬动人的民间音乐到细腻缠绵的地方戏曲，从疏洁淡雅的水墨画到刚柔并济的书法，无不闪烁着智慧之光，令人赞叹不已。 舞狮 舞狮大约起源于南北朝时期，到了唐朝，狮子舞已发展为上百人集体表演的大型歌舞。 舞狮在中国是一项传统体育项目，也是一种传统文化艺术，从北方到南方，从城市到乡村，逢年过节及庆典盛事，都可以看到欢快的舞狮。民间认为舞狮可以很好地把百姓的欢喜心情表达出来，也最能烘托热闹气氛。舞狮尤以广东地区一带最为盛行。用来舞动的狮子外形威武，动作刚劲，神态多变，广东人称它为“醒狮”。 中国百姓对狮子有图腾般的崇敬感，狮子在民间有很多传说，其位置仅次于龙，因此舞狮也就带有了不少神秘色彩。人们相信狮子是吉祥瑞兽，而舞狮能够带来好运，所以每逢节日和喜庆活动，都会舞狮助兴，祈求吉利和如意。专用于节庆场合纳福迎祥的舞狮，代代相传，从古代民间传统的娱乐活动，发展成为具有健身功能的体育运动。舞龙和舞狮的热闹场面在中国的电影中也是很常见的。 吉祥图案 中国民间，流传着许多含有吉祥意义的图案。每到年节或喜庆的日子，人们都喜欢用这些吉祥图案装饰自己的房间和物品，以表示对幸福生活的向往，对良辰佳节的庆贺。 中国的吉祥图案始于距今3000多年前的周代，后来在民间流传开来。今天，吉祥图案任然是中国人生活中不可缺少的内容。 中国的吉祥图案内容及其广泛，这里介绍最常见的几种：：“双喜”字，是双喜临门，大吉大利的意思，民间常在办喜事时采用。 “寿”字，字头经过加工美化，变成对称的图案，是长寿的意思。“福寿双全”，是由蝙蝠和寿字组成的图案。“蝠”与“福”同音。表示幸福长寿。 两个“有”字组成的对称图案，意思是顺也有，倒也有。在中国农村常用来贴在收藏谷物的器具上，表示丰收富裕。“百吉”，也叫“盘长”。它无头无尾，无始无终，可以想象为许多个“结”，谐“百吉”之音，作为百事吉祥如意的象征，也有福寿延绵，永无休止的意思。“五福捧寿”，图案中5个蝙蝠环绕一个寿字。五福是长寿、富贵、康宁、道德、善终。“四合如意”，4个如意从四面围拢勾连起来，象征诸事如意。 小孩儿满月与抓周 在中国，小孩儿的满月酒和抓周仪式独具特色。在孩子的成长过程中，这两
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《中国历史文选》试卷（B） 政法系历史专业本科 一、列举题（每题2分,共10分） 1、举出“四书五经” 2、举出《史记》三家注 3、举出《汉书》新创四志 4、举出《后汉书》新创列传七篇 5、举出两晋南北朝方志地理书三部
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四．翻译题（每小题8分，共40分） 1．今商王受，惟妇言是用；昏弃厥肆祀，弗答；昏弃厥遗王父母弟，不迪；乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是长，是信是使，是以为大夫卿士，俾暴虐于百姓，以奸宄于商邑。 2．诸子十家，其可观者九家而已，皆起于王道衰微，诸侯力征，时君世主，好恶殊方。是以九家之说，蜂出并作，各引一端，崇其所善，以此驰说，取合诸候。 3．时先主屯新野。徐庶见先主，先主器之，谓先主曰：“诸葛孔明者卧龙也，将军岂愿见之乎？”先主曰“君与俱来。”庶曰：“此人可就见，不可屈致也。将军宜枉驾顾之”。 4．儒家者流，盖出于司徒之官，助人君顺阴阳，明教化者也。游文于六经，留意于仁义之际。祖述尧舜，宪章文武，宗师仲尼，于道最为高。
矣，而果得晋国，险阻艰难，备尝之矣，民之情伪，尽知之矣。” 1．臣请史官非秦纪皆烧之非博士官所职，天下敢有藏诗书百家语者悉诣守尉杂烧之有敢偶语诗书者弃市以古非今者族吏见知不举者与同罪令下三十日不烧黥为城旦所不去者医药卜筮种树之书若有学法令以吏为师 给上面一段文字加上标点并回答 ①焚书令中哪些书烧哪些书不烧？ ②对违背法令的人如何处理？
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译
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