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各类从句的简化方法

各类从句的简化方法
各类从句的简化方法

各类从句的简化方法

(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”

如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性(包括谓语有情态动词)或之后性,则可以用“关系代词或关系副词+不定式”来简化,或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。要注意的是,此时的不定式一定要是及物动词,如果是不及物,则需要在动词后面加上相应的介词,使之成为及物动词短语。这个结尾的介词可以提前到关系代词前面,也可以继续留在句尾。前者是正式说法,后者是非正式说法。

例1:We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.

我们搬到了乡下,好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。

改为:We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.

或者:We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.

例2:He felt miserable unless he had neighbors (whom)he could quarrel with.

他要是没有可以吵架的邻居就难受。

改为:He felt miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quarrel.

或者:He felt miserable unless he had neighbors to quarrel with.

例3:The conference which will be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success. 计划在今天下午举行的会议一定会取得成功。

改为:The conference which to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.

或者:The conference to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.

例4:At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, which will be available in 2005.

12月29日,美国邮政总局局长约翰?E?波特在檀香山从句了农历新年的纪念邮票小型张的揭幕仪式,这枚小型张将于2005年正式发行,它为农历新年的系列纪念邮票写下了完美的结局。(注意:与定语从句一样,也可以采用非限制性形式)

改为:At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, to be available in 2005.

(二)改用“介词短语”

介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式:(1)省略“关系副词+主语+be动词”,或“关系代词+be动词”;(2)根据从句的意思改编。

例1:We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.

我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子。(1)

例2:I don’t know the person (who is) in your office.

在你办公司的那个人我不认识。(1)

例3:Those who have high expectations but do not have those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.

改为:Those with high expectations but without those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.

那些对婚姻期望太高却又不具备处理婚姻关系技巧的人,一旦他们心中的白马王子或白雪公主从神圣的光环里跌落,他们就会很快地回到现实中。(2)

例4:He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.

改为:He is a person above personal interests. 他不是一个斤斤计较的人。(2)

(三)改用“现在分词短语”和“过去分词短语”

“现在分词短语”作后置定语

此项要明白三点:(1)“现在分词短语”与前面的名词一定是主谓关系;(2)它隐含的时态为与谓语动词同一阶段的时态。例如:谓语是一般现在时或将来时,现在分词所隐含的是现在时、现在正在继续时;;如果谓语动词为一般过去时或将来时,现在分词所隐含的时态为过去时、过去正在进行时;(3)being+-ed表示“正在进行时的被动语态”。如果信息的中心在什么时候可以用现在分词呢?

(1)当被修饰的名词为“不定代词”、“泛指意义的名词”或“专有名词”,可用现在分句短语作后置定语由于主语是泛指,句子的意思往往表达的是一条“道理”或一件“事实”,所以它们的隐含时为“一般现在时”,此时就可以用分词短语作后置定语。为了看清分词所隐含的时态,配上定语。

为了读者看得明白,配上定语从句,把分词所替代的时间展示出来。

例1:Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock. 任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。

=Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.

例2:The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled task requiring (=which requires)constant care and concentration.唯一一个有效、持久的方法是说法人们相信,开车是一种技术活,需要不断的小心,思想不能开小差。

例3:Charles and Sydney, looking(=who look)so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.

查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似,经常被人误解为双胞胎。

注:虽然被修饰的词是泛指意义的词,但是如果从句里的时态不是同步,则不可以用“现在分词”去作后置定语,只能用“定语从句”。

例句Do you know anybody who has lost a dog? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫?

(2)当被修饰的名词为特指,即有the限定,可用现在分句短语作后置定语

此类与上面一类一样,与被修饰词之间的关系为主动关系,所不同的是它强调该动词“正在进行”。

例1:Would you help me to pass this note to the person sitting in the corner? 能帮助我把这个条子递给坐在角落的那个人吗?

=Would you help me to pass this note to the person who is sitting in the corner?

注:同上一个“注”道理一样,本项虽然主句的主语是特指,但两个动作时态不是在同一阶段时间内发生,所以也不能用“现在分词”作定语,只能用“定语从句”。

例句The police are questioning the criminal who robbed the bank. 警察在审问那个抢劫银行的犯人。(3)“Being+过去分词”表示“正在进行时的被动语态”

“Being+过去分词”作后置定语等同于含有“正在进行时+被动语态”的定语从句。请注意与下面的“过去分词”作后置定语的区别,此项里的being是不可以省略的,否定表示现在时、完成时和过去时的被动关系了(详见2)“过去分词”作后置定语)。

例1:The dormitory being built is for girl students. 正在盖的宿舍是给女生住的。

例2:The baby being taken care of by my mother is mine. 正在由我妈妈带的这个婴儿是我的。

2)“过去分词短语”作后置定语

此项要明白三点:(1)“过去分词短语”与前面的名词一定是动宾关系;(2)主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般现在时”或“现在完成时”。如果有时间/地点状语或有by引导的介词,还可以替代过去时,因为时间/地点状语以及by引导的状语都是强调的是动作。当谓语动词是“一般过去时或过去将来时”的时候,“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般过去时”或“过去完成时”。下面同样用分词与定语从句对比的方式要看看“过去分词”所替代的时态。

例1:The risk associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. 对于作出某项行动的决定,集体作的要比个人作的风险小。

=The risk which is associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. (由于主句为一般现在时,从句的时态与它同步,所以可以省略关系代词和助动词)

例2:In fall 1992, people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit(=which was hit)by a hurricane. 在1992年的秋天,爱荷华州的居民将好几辆卡车的水送到受飓风袭击的佛罗里达州人的手里。

例3:I’d like to make some comments on the meeting held(=which was held)yesterday. 我想对昨天召开的会议发表一点看法。

(四)改用“形容词短语”

“形容词短语”省略的理由和方式,与“分词短语”作后置定语一样。当它们不是句中的重点信息,就可以去掉关系代词和be动词。形容词作后置定语同定语从句一样,可以分为“限制性”和“非限制性”。

例1:I bought this comic book hot off the press. 我买了这本刚刚出版的漫画书。

例2:She is a kind lady, ready to help others. 她是一个善良的女人, 总是帮助别人。

例3:Companies large and small the world over have been developing their own “corporate universities”.

全世界大大小小的公司都一直在办自己的“公司大学”。

(五)改用“主语从句”或“名词短语”

当which引导的定语从句指代主句全部内容时,可以把which改为it,作形式主语,把原来的主句改成正在主语。或者把定语从句的整个信息改换为名词短语作主语,使原来的定语从句变成简单句。

例4:He indulges himself all day in computer games, which makes his parents extremely sad.

改为:It makes his parents extremely sad that he indulges himself all day in computer game s.

他整天沉湎于电脑游戏,这使他父母伤心至极。(主语从句)

或者:His indulgence in computer games all day makes his parents extremely sad. (名词短语)

Before的用法

我们把before和after放在一块儿讲,主要是想突出英汉不同的逻辑思维在此表现的比较明显。中国人喜欢用“在……之后才”,而以英语为母语国度的人喜欢用before。因此,before常常被作为考题。Before汉译时,不必死译成“在……之前”。请欣赏下列各句以及它们的译文。

例1:It was ten days before my dream came true. 过了10年我的梦想才实现。

例2:Would you please do it before you forget it. 趁你还没有忘记,请把这事办了。

例3:It rained heavily before I could arrive home. 我还没有来得及到家,天就下雨了。

例4:Go now before it is too late. 现在就走,要不然就太晚了。

例5:I had tried it ten times before I gave it up. 在尝试了10之后,我才放弃。

例6:You’d better do it well before you are dismissed. 你得好好干,免得被解雇。

例7:I’ll be back before you know it. 我很快就会回来。

例8:Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

例9:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

全名放在主句里,代词放在从句里

复合句里必须有两个主语,一般来说,一个是全名、一个是代词。这点英汉相同,但是对于全名和代词的位置,英汉却相反。虽然英语的主句往往出现在从句后面,但英语的全名需要放在在主句里,代词,包括物主代词和所属格放在从句,这是因为英语以主句为中心。汉语的全名出现在从句里,代词出现在从句里,这是因为汉语重视时间和逻辑的顺序”

例1:Since Mary got married,she has been living in New York. (错)

改成:Since she got married, Mary has been living in New York. 自从玛丽结婚之后,她一直住在纽约。

例2:In Mozart’s childho od, he was exposed so much to music. (错)

改成:In his childhood, Mozart was exposed so much to music. 在莫扎特小的时候,就常常接触到音乐。

例3:When John’s father died, he was only 6. (错)在约翰爸爸去世时候,他才六岁。

改成:When his father died, John was only 6.

. 用“连词+分词”来替代从句

当主句和从句的主语一致,谓语的时态又是同时段发生,可以把从句的主语省去,变谓语动词为现在分词或过去分词(详见“分词短语作状语”)。如果分词的逻辑或时间意义不明确,还可以保留连词。

例1:Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.

客人们一边吃蛋糕、喝饮料以及享用其它的食品,一边却在一起聊天。

例2:While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. 虽然美国人谴责希特勒的暴行,但是他们却一惯奉行孤立政策和中立态度。

例3:Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set into lasting form when shaped in a mold.

注:如果从句的谓语是系动词be,在简化句型时应该把be动词改成being,但是由于being语义意义,所以可以省略,这样就造成了形容词作状语了。

例1:These apples, when ripe, are picked. 这些苹果一旦熟了就要被摘下来。

例2:She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant. 她知道怀孕时吸烟的一切危害性。

2. 用“介词+分词”来替代从句

一般说来,用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“来、去”之类的词,at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in后面接其他带动作的词,相对于从属连词“while”。

例1:On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them. 当他把晶体揭开时,发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙,他吃了一惊。

例2:In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.

我在跑下楼的时候,听见钟敲了十二下。

例2:He jumped with joy at hearing the news. 他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。

3. 用“介词+动作性名词”来替代从句

同上面一样,At基本上后接sound,sight“听到、看到”之类的词;on接“回来、到达”之类的词;用in,during表示“when, while”;用over表示“while”之意。当然,这一切都是相对的分类。

例1:The little girl passed out at sight of a snake. 小女孩一看到蛇就昏过去了。

例2:In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way. 当我们急急忙忙从这儿到那儿的时候,一路上什么也没有看见。

例3:On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had already left. 当他到达火车站的时候,他发现火车已经开走了。

例4:He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up the idea.

他本来想去,但进一步考虑后,打消了这个念头。

例5:During my absence, would you please take care of my cat?

在我不在的时候,请帮我照看一下猫,好吗?

例6:He fell asleep over a book. 他看书的时候睡着了。

例7:After reelection he announces that he will not help. 经过一番考虑后,他宣布将不提供任何帮助。

例8:After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies. 毕业之后,他去了美国攻读博士。

4. 用“并列句”代替

例句Two other poses were tried and I emerged from the booth to find a lot people waiting for my signatures.

又试了两个其他的姿势后,我从拍照亭里出来,发现很多人在那里等待我的签名。

条件状语从句

“条件状语从句”分有真实条件状语从句和非真实状语从句两种。两者不同的焦点的是,前者可能性大,后者可能性小。后者属于虚拟语态(详见“虚拟语态”),而此处只讲真实条件句。

(一)If引导的条件状语从句

1. 条件状语从句中的“will”和“should”

以if引导的从句是所有的条件状语从句中从属连词使用频率最高的。以它为代表的条件状语从句与时间状语从句在时态上所要注意的事项是一样,但是if后面偶尔能看得will。此时的will不是时态,而是be willing to“愿意”之意。另外,如果在if后面用了should,那则是“虚拟语态”,表示“竟然”之意,所以它不属于真实条件句。总之,如果是正常的真实条件句,还是遵循“主句不用will,主句用will”的原则比较好。

例句If you will marry this guy, I’ll shut the door to you forever. 如果你愿意跟这个家伙结婚,你就永远别再进这个家门。(这里的will表示“愿意”)

2. 在相对正式文体中,if可以用来表示与though相似的意思

在“if+形容词”的结构中最常见。虽然译成汉语时可以直接译为“虽然”,但是它的让步意义比(al)though 语气要弱。

例1:His style, if mannered, is pleasant to read. 他作品的文风虽然有的造作,但是读起来还是令人愉快的。

例2:The profits, if a little low than last year’s, are still extremely healthy.

利润虽然比去年低了一点,但是还算是丰厚的。

3. If经常与so, not, possible, necessary等连用,替代完整的从句

例1:Are you free tonight? If so, let’s have dinner together.

你今天晚上有空吗?如果有空,我们就一起去吃晚饭。

例2:Chemistry is nothing if not practical. 化学如果不能做到实用的话,还是什么意义呢?

例3:Metaphysics is simply an attempt to get to the bottom of things, and ascertain if possible what is the fundamental constitution of reality, and what is its first and last causes. 形而上学只是想对事物追根求源,如果有可能的话,想探知现实的基本构造是什么,以及它形成的的第一和最后的因素是什么。

例3:Airline pilots, however, often live by their own watches, ignoring local time, and have breakfast at midnight if necessary. 但是飞行员经常不管当地的时间,而且依靠自己的手表来掌握时间,所以有必要的话,午夜吃早餐。

4.“祈使句+and+陈述句”等于if条件句

例1:Take my advice and all your troubles will be over. 如果你能接受我的建议,你的一切烦恼就会结束。

例2:Speak louder and everybody here can hear you. 你大声一点说,让大家都能听见。

例3:Trust me and I will trust you. 你要是相信我,我就相信你。

例4:Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.

授人以鱼,你只能养活他一天,授人以渔,你可以养活他一生。

句型转换与简化

1. 用“并列句”表示原因

例1:We know that embracing a whole new culture can be a difficult process, and we are dedicated to easing the "culture shock" you may be experiencing. 因为我们知道投入一个全新的文化可能是一个困难的过程,所以我们将竭尽全力减少你们可能遇到的“文化冲突”。

例1:Increasingly, accreditation is important to corporations and they seek university and professional body partnerships that will provide cumulative credits, portability and seamless application. 随着水准鉴定对公司变得日益重要,所以它们就向大学和专业机构寻求各作,建立伙伴关系,从而会为公司提供累积信用、提供方便和源源不断的生源。

2. 用“介词”表示原因

这种表示原因的介词可以单独使用,也可以与表示情绪或状态的形容词、分词、动词组成合并使用。什么介词搭配什么单词可以表示原因是固定的,所以平时要加以注意。

例1:His illness was due to overwork. 她的病是由于工作过度所致。

例2:He was absent on account of/ because of illness. 他因为生病才缺席的。

例3:His eyes were red with excessive reading. 由于他看书过度,所以眼睛都红了。

例4:She started at the sound of a gun. 她听到枪声,吓了一跳。

例5:They were overjoyed at this happy tidings. 这个喜讯使他们欢欣鼓舞。

例6:He died from a stroke. 他因中风而死。

例7:Many teachers are praised for their lifetime devotion to the education.

许多老师因毕生致力于教育事业而受到表扬。

3. 用“名词词组”表示原因

例句Lack of time prevented me from writing to you. 因为我没有时间,所以未能给你写信。

4. 用“动词词组”表示原因

例1:His pride resulted in his failure in the competition. 他的骄傲导致了他比赛失败。

例2:His failure in the competition resulted from his pride. 他比赛失败了是因为太骄傲了。

表示“让步”的as用法

从“状语从句从属连词图表”可以看出,as可以引导很多状语从句――时间、原因、让步、方式和比较。但是作为考试,把作为“让步状语”的as考的比较多,出现的形式为:形容词、副词或名词+as+主谓。例1:Young,as he is he has made several inventions so far.

虽然他很年轻,但是迄今为止他已做了很多发明。

例2:Quickly as she ran, she still failed to catch up with him. 尽管她跑的很快,但是仍然没有赶上他。

例3:Baby as he is, he can count up to ten. 虽然他是个婴儿,但是他已能数到10了。

注1:名词提前时,名词前面为零冠词。

注2:从句里的主语和谓语不能颠倒。

“疑问词+ever”等于“no matter+疑问词”

What, when, where, how, who, whom加了ever之后就等于“no matter +疑问词”,但是“疑问词+ever”除了能作状语从句外,还可以作名词性从句(详见“名词性从句”或“名词定语从句”),“no matter+疑问词”则不可以作名词性从句。“疑问词+ever”作“名词性从句”和作“状语从句”区别在哪里呢?区别在于,状语从句的“疑问词+ever”在主句中不承担基本结构成分,在形式上可以与主语用逗号割开。

例1:Don’t trust him no matter what he says. =Whatever he says, don’t t rust him.

无论他说什么,都不要相信他。

例2:However tired you feel, you must finish typing this letter today.

无论你感到多累,你都必须今天把这封信打完。

例3:Wherever he goes, this singer is always warmly welcome. 这个歌星无论到哪都会受到热烈的欢迎。

例4:I’ll always love you, no matter what (no matter what happens). 不管发生什么事,我将永远爱你。注1:How+ever本身有两个意思:一个是“但是”,一个是“无论多么”;一个是副词,一个是连词。作为“但是”,在句中一般有逗号隔开。如果放在句首,后面也要有逗号。作为连词“无论多么”后面跟的是形容词或副词,不可以用逗号隔开。

注2:No matter what后面的内容可以省略(见上面例4)。

用“介词或词组”替代从句

例1:In spite of his old age, he still keeps working. (Though he is old, …)

尽管他年事已高,但是他还是坚持工作。

例2:Despite his personal success, he led his team to only one championship.

尽管他个人成绩卓越,但是他带领的队却只得过一次冠军。

例3:Regardless of the reasons you are visiting the UK, we are dedicated to providing the kind of information that will make it a bit easier to feel at ease and relaxed.

不管你们为何原因来到英国,我们都会给你提供恰当的信息,使你们在英国感到方便、愉快。

2. 用“连词+形容词”替代从句

如果两个分句的主语一致,谓语时态相当,从句的谓语又是系表结构,可以省去主语和be动词。

例1:Though (they were) safe, his bodyguards were so scared that they were soaked in sweat.

尽管他们已经身处安全地带,但是他的保镖还是吓得汗湿衣襟。

例2:Though nervous in answering the teacher’s question, my voice was loud enough to be heard.

仍然在回答老师的问题时我很紧张,但是我的声音足以让大家都听到。

As后面的句子可以省略

当as引导的从句在基本结构上等同于主句的时候,实际上是一种同级比较现象。此时从句的基本结构可以省略,从而突出所比内容。

例1:In 1998, as in 1954, there was a big flood throughout the country. 1998年和1945年一样全国遭受了特大洪水。(这里的as后面省略了there was a big flood throughout the country.)

例2:In 1939, as in 1914, there was a great surge of patriotic feeling.

在1939年,和在1914年一样,爱国热情大高涨。

注1:As后面的句子全省,只保留一个能表示时间的名词,形成某些固定说法。例如as before,as usual。例1:Hair and clothing checks will go on as before. 对发型和衣着的管制将会像以前那样继续进行。

例2:As usual, I got up late last Saturday morning. 上个星期六早晨,我像往常一样起来的很迟。

(三)从句的助动词与主语对调

当as引导的方式状语从句与主句主语不同,谓语相同,则可以保留主语,用助动词、情态动词或系动词be 替代。此时,由于助动词、情态动词或系动词短于主语,所以需与主语对调,避免“头重脚轻”。

例1:We feel, as do many other scientists, that it’s science that has brought us great chances. 和其他许多科学家

一样,我们也感到是科学给我们带来了变化。

例2:He believed, as did all his family, that the King was their supreme lord. 他和他全家一样,都认为国王是至高无上的君王。

例3:He was a Catholic, as were most of his friends. 他是天主教徒,他的朋友大多数也是。

目的状语从句

(一)In order that的用法

In order that与in order to在意义上完全一样,所不同的是in order that是主从复合句,in order to(包括so as to)是简单句。我们在运用中可以遵循这样一个原则:当主句和从句的主语一致时,我们就可以采用用in order to;如果不一致时,则要用in order that。

(二)So that的用法

So that可作“目的状语”,也可以作“结果状语”。区别在于,如果从句里有情态动词can, could, might等,则是“目的状语”;如果没有情态动词,则是“结果状语”。当so that和in order that都表示“目的状语”时,它们的区别是,in order that可以放句首,so that则不可以。So…that可以分开用,in order that则不可以。So that较为常见,in order that较为正式。

例1:I ran quickly so that he could not catch up with him. 我跑的很快,让他赶不上我。

例2:In order that he could not catch up with him, I ran quickly. 为了使他赶不上我,我跑得很快。

例3:At the meeting, the chairman spoke so loud that everybody could hear him

在会上,主席说话声音很高,以至于大家都能听见。

注:同in order to一样,当主句和从句的主语一致时,so that可以改用so as to。

例句He quickened his step so as not to miss the last train. 他加快脚步,以便赶上最后一班火车。

形容词短语作状语

“形容词短语”作状语可以理解为含有“主系表结构”的状语从句简化而来的。换句话说,当状语从句里的主语与主句的主语一致时、时态相当,我们就可以省略从句里的连接词、主语和系动词。形容词作的是什么状语,视语境或看形容词在句中的位置而定。比如说,“形容词短语”放在句首,多数作的是原因状语;放在句尾,则以伴随状语为主。这个句型主要出现在文学作品里。

例1:Afraid of difficulties, they preferred to take the easy road. 由于他们怕困难,所以选择了好走的路。(表示原因)

例2:He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. 他在风雪中过了七天,又冷又饿。(表示伴随)

例3:He was shot and fell to the ground, dead. 他被枪击中,倒在地上,结果死了。(表示结果)

例4:The headline: “Nigerian Graduates Are Not Employable,”which appeared in the national newspaper yesterday, should be of grave concern to all well-meaning Nigerians, old and young; rich and poor. 昨天国家报登出的题为“尼日利亚毕业生找不到工作”一定给善意的尼日利亚人,无论老幼贫富都带来了严重的话题。(表示让步)

原级、比较级、最高级与词汇之间的转换

例1:The price for the flight is almost double (=twice as much as) the price you would pay unless you leave the day before. 除非你提前一天走,否则你得付双倍的飞机票。

例2:I prefer basketball to (=better than) football. 我喜欢篮球而不喜欢足球。

例3:The robs far out-numbered(=were more than) the policemen available. 强盗比在场的警察多的多。

例4:The ant world appears to have out-performed(=done better than) humans to solve the problem of traffic jams. 蚂蚁比人类在解决交通堵塞方面做的好。

The maximum (=highest) temperature in July may be 36 Celsius degree. 七月份最高温度可能达到三十六摄氏度。

例5:Modern societies have become increasingly (=more and more) concerned with pollution.

现代社会越来越关心污染问题了。

例6:Truth is placed above(=higher than) anything. 真理高于一切。

最新新概念1练习(宾语从句)

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状语从句引导词

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引导时间状语从句的五类引导词 引导时间状语从句的从属连词(以下称引导词)很多,为方便记忆,现作以下分类:1. 基本类 包括before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, once, as soon as 等。如: Did anyone call when I was out? 我不在家时谁来过电话吗? We have known each other since we were children. 我们从小认识。 You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。Make sure that all the lights are off before you go to bed. 睡觉前一定要关灯。 Don’t promise him anything till we’ve had time to think about it. 在我们有时间考虑之前别答应他什么。 2. 名词类 即由名词词组充当引导词,包括the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 等(均表示“一……就……”。如 I loved you the instant (that) I saw you. 我一见到你就爱上你了。 Tell me the moment (that) you get the results. 你一拿到结果就给我打电话。 3. 副词类 即由副词充当引导词,如 immediately, directly, instantly等。如: I came immediately you called. 你一打电话我就来了。 Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke. 我一进门就闻到烟味。 4. 短语类 主是几个涉及time短语,如every time,each time,(the) next time,any time,the last time,the first time 等。如: Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来,请关门。 My roof leaks every time it rains. 每次下雨,我的房顶就漏。 He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。 The last time we talked he said he needed another two days. 上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。 5. 句型类 包括no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如: I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. 我刚把门关上就有人敲门。 Hardly were the words uttered when he began to regret them. 话刚说出口他就开始后悔了。

(完整版)状语从句(完整归纳)

状语从句 一.分类: 种类连接词注意区别: 时间状语when/whenever/while/as/before/after/instantly /until/till/by the time/as soon as/hardly…when/directly /no sooner…than/the moment/the minute/immediately 有一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从 句:the minute, the moment, every time, the first time 例:The moment he reached the country, he started his search. 他一到达这个国家,就开始他的探寻工作。 有一些表示时间的副词也可用来引导时间状语从句: directly 例:Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet. 校长一进来,大家就安静下来 as和when、while: as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。当从句的动作发生于 主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或while。从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as,不用 when 或while。 till/until和not…till/until: Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。 地点 状语 where//wherever where,表示某一个;wherever,表示任何一个。 原因状语Because/as/since/now that/for because和since、for、as、now that: because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就 用as或since。由because引导的从句如果放在句末, 且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明 直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。now that都表示“既然”now that一定要是现在发生的,since 可以是现在,也可以是过去和现在。 条件状语if/unless/once/in case/as long as/on condition that 多用一般时态,如果表示一般将来的情况,就用一般现 在时,如果表示过去将来的情况,就用一般过去时。 目的状语(so) that,/in order that/for fear that/in case/lest so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would 等情态动词 结果状语so…that, such…that 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词, 修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或 副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。 比较 状语 Than/a s…as,not so/as…as/the more…the more 方式 状语 as if, as though, as, (just)as---so,as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 让步状语Though/although/even if/even though/as,no matter what/who/which/how/when,whatever/whoever /whichever/however/whenever ,whether---or---(不管 ----都) as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;although和though 用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用 时间状语从句: when (当……的时候) while (在……期间) as (当……的时候, 一边……一边……) before (在……之前) since (自从……以来) till/until (直到) hardly…when… (刚……就) as soon as (一……就……)after (在……之后) not…till/until(直到……才)no sooner…than…( 刚……就)

宾语从句的简化

二、宾语从句的简化 一.改为不定式 1. 改为"V+不定式短语"。当主语谓语动词是hope, agree, choose, wish, decide, promise (许诺)等动词时,且主句和从句的主语相同,可进行这种转换。它们既可接宾语从句,又可接动词不定式短语。例如: He hopes that he will be back very soon. → He hopes____ ____ _____ very soon. 他希望能很快回来。 2.改为"疑问词+ 不定式"结构。 当主句谓语动词是ask, tell, forget, remember 等动词时,宾语从句可转化成"疑问词+ 不定式"结构。例如: Could you tell me how I can get to the station? → Could you tell me________ _______ ______ to the station? 你能告诉我到车站怎么走吗? She has forgotten how she can open the door. → She has forgotten _________ _____ _____the door. 他已经忘记如何打开那扇门了。 3.改为"it + 形容词+ 不定式短语"。例如: I found that it was difficult to learn English well. → I found ______ _______ _____ ____ English well. 我发现学好英语是困难的。二.改为"宾语+ V-ing 形式(作宾补)"。例如: The girl found that there was a watch lying on the ground. → The girl found a watch ________ on the ground. 那姑娘发现地上有块手表。三. 改为名词或名词短语。例如: I'll take back what I said. → I'll take back ______ _______. 我将收回我的话。Could you tell us how we can get to the museum? → Could you tell us_____ _____ to the museum? 你能告诉我去博物馆的路吗?四.改为V-ing 形式。例如: I remember that I have told her the truth. → I remember ____ her the truth. 我记得我把真相告诉了她。 I forget I have closed the window. → I forget______ the window. 我忘了我已经关过窗户了。 五.改为过去分词或过去分词短语。例如: Soon they found that the ground was covered with thick snow. → Soon they found the ground ________ with thick snow. 他们很快发现地面被厚雪覆盖了。 The teacher found that the boy was very interested in maths. → The teacher found the boy very________in maths. 老师发现这孩子对数学很感兴趣。

初中宾语从句详细讲解和练习题

宾语从句讲解 在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 1.语序 无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有:who,what,which等。如:Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗? The small children don't know what is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西? 2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如: He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。 The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much,when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如: He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。 Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗? 4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如: Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗? She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。 2.连接词 1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如: He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。 2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如: I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。 但在下列情况下只能用whether: ①在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如: Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)让我知道他是否能来。 I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。 I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.我不知道我们是去还是留。 ②在介词之后用whether。如: I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。 We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。

状语从句引导词的含义大全

状语从句引导词的含义 1、表示时间的: ·when(何时;什么时候) ·whenever(每当;无论何时) ·as(同样的;像......一样;当......的时候) ·while(一段时间;当......的时候;和......同时;然而) ·before(在......以前)after(在......时候) ·until、 till(直到......为止) ·since(从......以来;自从;由于;既然) ·ever since(从那时起一直到现在) ·now( that) (既然;由于) ·once(一次;一度;从前) ·so (as) long as (只要) ·as soon as(一......就......) ·every time (每次;总是) ·the moment (片刻) ·instantly(立即,即刻) ·directly (马上,立即) 2、表示地点的: ·where(在哪里) ·wherever(无论在(到)哪里;在(到)任何地方)no matter where 3、表示原因: ·as(同样的) ·because(因为) ·since(既然) ·seeing (that)(由于) ·considering? that(考虑到) ·now that(既然,由于) ·not that ......but that (不是.......而是......) 4、表示目的: ·that(那,那个) ·so that(以便,以致;结果是) ·in order(以便;为了) ·lest (唯恐,免得。在被连接的状语从句中常用should或原形动词)·for fear that (免得,省得) ·in? case(以防、以备) 5、表示结果: ·that (那,那个) ·so? that(以便,以致,结果是) ·so......that (如此......以致) ·such......that (如此的.....以致)

宾语从句.过去将来时

宾语从句(The Object Clause) 学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:连接词、语序和时态。 一.宾语从句的定义 宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用,可以作动词的宾语,也可以做介词的宾语 作动词的宾语: I heard that he would come here later on. 主语谓语动词一个句子作宾语 作介词的宾语: He said nothing about who broke the window last night. 主语谓语动词代词作动词的宾语介词一个句子作介词的宾语 二.宾语从句中引导词(连接词)的用法 在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导词有: 连词:that (that 常可省略),whether, if 代词:who, whose, what ,which 副词:when ,where, how, why 等。 ①连词: He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试. that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略) 可跟that从句做宾语的动词有: say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。 The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets. Attention:宾语从句的否定转移 当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词,如:unhappy,unfair,dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.

20.宾语从句

龙文教育学科教师辅导讲义(第讲)

等。如: He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。 Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗? 4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如: Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗? She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。 2.连接词 1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。 2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如: I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。 但在下列情况下只能用whether: ①在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not 也可以使用)。如: Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)让我知道他是否能来。 I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。 I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.我不知道我们是去还是留。 ②在介词之后用whether。如: I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。 We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。 I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。 ③在不定式前用whether。如: He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。 I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。 He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。

宾语从句讲解及练习(附答案)张梦杰

初中英语语法宾语从句讲解专项练习及答案宾语从句三注意时态语序引导词 主句一般现在时从句不需受限制 主句一般过去时从句须用相应时 陈述句转化that引一般疑问句用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词引导词后xx式。 一、基本讲解 1概念: 在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语,也可做介词的宾语。eg,He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语)(了解) Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语) 2.连接词 (1) .陈述句转化成宾语从句时引导词用that,口语中常常省略。 e.g, She told me (that) she would like to go with us. (2)以whether或if引导的宾语从句,主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句,从句同样是陈述语序 eg, I wonder if /whether you have told the new to Li Lei . 注意一般情况下whether和if可以互用但有些情况例外。 a.当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether不用if eg, We are talking about whether we'll go on the pinic.

b.引导词与动词不定式或not连用时只用whether. eg, Please let me know what to do next.Could you tell me whether u go or not? c.if当如果讲时引导的是条件状语从句这时不能用whether. (3).特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时引导词用特殊疑问词引导词后要用陈述句语序。 E.g. Could you tell me what's the matter\wrong with you? 特殊情况==当do you think后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时句式结构应为引导词doyou think,用陈述句语序。 3.宾语从句时态 a.当主句是一般现在时一般将来时或祈使句时从句不受主句的限制根据自身的需要选用相应的时态。例如 Do you know if/whether he has seen the film? 2 b.当主句是一般过去时从句要用过去时的相应时态。例如 I didn't know if/whether he had seen the film. 注意当主句是一般过去时而从句表示的是客观真理自然现象科学原理格言等从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如 He said that the earth moves round the sun. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 4.、人称的变化和标点的使用 a.从句的主语如果是第一人称变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致如果是第二人称则与主句的宾语一致如果是第三人称不用变化。如 “May I use your knife”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.

状语从句的简化

状语从句的简化 在使用英语过程中,有这样一条规则:使用短语时不用句子,能用单个词时不用短语。因此,就状语从句而言,实际应用时,有些可简化成短语,现将简化的情况综述如下。 1 .以after 和before 引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时,可用af-ter 和before 与从句谓语动词的动名词(短语)形式构成介词短语作状语。例如: After she sang ( After singing ),she left the rich man's house .唱完之后,她就走出了那位阔佬的家。 Before we do the job ( Before doing the job ),we'd better think it over .做这项工作之前,我们最好先仔细考虑考虑。 2 .以as soon as 引出的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时,可用on +V-ing 形式简化该状语从句,此时的动词为非延续性动词。例如: Dr Bethune began to operate on the wounded soldiers as soon as he arrived at the village ( on arriving at the village ).白求恩大夫一到那个村子,就开始给伤员动手术。 3 .时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,有时可简化为不定式作状语。例如: She stopped when she saw her husband ( to see her husband ).她见到她丈夫就停了下来。 If you want to understand the farmers ( to understand the farmers ),you mustgo to the countryside .你想了解农民,必须深入到农村去。 4 .结果状语从句和目的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时,可以简化为不定式作状语;若两者主语不一致时,则应简化为不定式的复合结构作状语。例如: He was so tired that he couldn't go any further . =He was too tired to go any further .他累得走不动了。 I came here so that I could ask some questions . =I came here (in order ) to ask some questions .我来这儿是为了问一些问题。 The jeep is so heavy that he can't push it . =They jeep is too heavy for him to push .吉普车太重,他推不动。 5 .以when ,while 引导的时间状语从句和以if 引导的条件状语从句,如果从句主语和主句主语一致时,可简化为现在分词状语,表示谓语动作发生在该状语动作的进行过程之中。例如: When he turned on the radio ( =When turning on the radio ),he found it bro-ken .他打开收音机时, 发现收音机已坏了。

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