自测题(戏剧)文学英语赏析

Read the extracts and give brief answers to the questions below.

Text 1

Lady Bracknell: … What is your income?

Jack: Between seven and eight thousand a year.

Lady Bracknell (makes a note in her book): In land, or in investments?

Jack:In investments, chiefly.

Lady Bracknell: That is satisfactory. What between the duties expected of one during one’s lifetime, and the duties exacted from one after one’s death, land has ceased to b e either a profit or a pleasure. It gives one position, and prevents one from keeping it up. That’s all that can be said about land.

Jack: I have a country house with some land, of course, attached to it, about fifteen hundred acres, I believe; but I don’t depend on that for my real income. In fact, as far as I can make out, the poachers are the only people who make anything out of it.

Lady Bracknell: A country house! How many bedrooms? Well, that point can be cleared up afterwards. You have a town house, I hope? A girl with a simple, unspoiled nature, like Gwendolen, could hardly be expected to reside in the country.

Jack: Well, I own a house in Belgrave Square, but it is let by the year to Lady Bloxham. Of course, I can get it back whenever I like, a t six months’ notice.

Lady Bracknell: Lady Bloxham? I don’t know her.

Jack: Oh, she goes about very little. She is a lady considerably advanced in years.

Lady Bracknell: Ah, nowadays that is no guarantee of respectability of character.What number in Belgrave Square?

Jack: 149.

Lady Bracknell (shaking her head): The unfashionable side. I thought there was something.However, that could easily be altered.

Jack: Do you mean the fashion, or the side?

Lady Bracknell (sternly) : Both, if necessary, I presume.

(The Importance of Being Earnest )

Questions

1. Why does Lady Bracknell prefer investments to land? Identify a quotation to support this.

2. What are Lady Bracknell’s main criteria for choosing a husband for her daughter?

3. Do you agr ee or disagree with the statement “Lady Bracknell is portrayed as a terrible snob”? Use details from the extract to support your ideas.

参考答案

1. She feels that land involves too many expenses during life, and is then taxed heavily after one’s death. She says, “It gives one position, and prevents one from keeping it up.”

2. Income, property (land and houses) and family connections.

3. (Possible answer) Yes, she is a terrible snob. She has too high an opinion of herself. She implies that, because she does not know Lady Bloxham, that lady hardly exists. In her reasoning, only people she knows are worth knowing! She speaks disparagingly of No.149 Belgrave Square, one of the richest districts of London as being on the unfashionable side. She even suggests that it is in her power to change the fashion or the side of the square where Jack’s house is.

Text2

Inspector:You’re not even sorry now, when you know what happened to the girl?

Mrs. Birling:I’m sorry she should have come to such a horrible end.But I accept no blame for it at all.

Inspector:Who is to blame then?

Mrs. Birling:First, the girl herself.

Sheila (bitterly):For letting Father and me have her chucked out of her jobs!

Mrs. Birling: （Question 1）Secondly, I blame the young man who was the father of the child she was going to have.If, as she said, he didn’t belong to her class, and was some drunken young idler, then that’s all the more reason why he shouldn’t escape.He should be made an example of.If the girl’s death is due to anybody, it’s due to him.

Inspector:And if her story is true -- that he was stealing money --

Mrs. Birling (rather agitated now):There’s no point in assuming that --

Inspector:But suppose we do, what then?

Mrs. Birling:Then he’d be entirely responsible -- b ecause the girl wouldn’t have come to us, and been refused assistance, if it hadn’t been for him --

Inspector:So he’s the chief culprit anyhow.

Mrs. Birling:Certainly.And he ought to be dealt with very severely --

Sheila (with sudden alarm): （Question 2）Mother -- stop -- stop!

Birling:Be quiet, Sheila!

Sheila:But don’t you see --

Mrs. Birling (severely):You’re behaving like an hysterical child tonight. (Sheila begins crying quietly.Mrs. Birling turns to Inspector)And if you’d take some steps to find this young man and then make sure he’s compelled to confess in public his responsibility - instead of staying here asking quite unnecessary questions - then you would be doing your duty.

Inspector (grimly):Don’t worry, Mrs. Birling.I shall do my du ty.(He looks at his watch.)

Mrs. Birling (triumphantly):I’m glad to hear it.

Inspector:No hushing up, eh?Make an example of the young man, eh?Public confession of responsibility -- um?

Mrs. Birling:Certainly.I consider it your duty.And now no doubt you’d like to say good night.

Inspector:Not yet.I’m waiting.

Mrs. Birling:Waiting for what?

Inspector:To do my duty.

Sheila (distressed):Now, Mother - don’t you see?

Mrs. Birling (understanding now):But surely…I mean…it’s ridiculous… (She stops, and exchanges a frightened glance with her husband.)

Birling (terrified now):Look, Inspector, you’re not trying to tell us that --that my boy -- is mixed up in this --?

Inspector (Question 3):If he is, then we know what to do, don’t we?Mrs. Birling has just told us.

Birling (thunderstruck):My God!But -- look here --

Mrs. Birling (agitated) :I don’t believe it.I won’t believe it…

Sheila:Mother -- I begged you and begged you to stop --

(Inspector holds up a hand.We hear the front door.They wait, looking towards door.Eric enters, looking extremely pale and distressed.He meets their inquiring stares.

(Curtain falls quickly.)

Questions

1. Read the underlines parts closely. What “horrible end” has come to the working-class girl?

2. Why does Sh eila say “Mother—Stop—Stop!”?

3. How do you think the Inspector would say the lines in bold type (黑体部分) Sternly? Distressed? Or with sudden alarm?

参考答案

1．She has committed suicide.

2.Because Sheila can see where the Inspector’s questions are leadi ng. She knows that he will force her mother into a trap, so that she will condemn her own son.

3.He would have said the lines sternly.

Text3

Elizabeth: I see what I see, John.

Proctor: (Question 4_) You will not judge me more, Elizabeth. I have good reason to think before I charge fraud on Abigail, and I will think on it. Let you look to your own improvement before you go to judge your husband any more. I have forgot Abigail, and --

Elizabeth: And I.

Proctor: Spare me! You forget nothin’ and forgive nothin’. Learn charity, woman. I have gone tiptoe in this house all seven month since she is gone. I have not moved from there to there without I think to please you, and still an everlasting funeral marches round your heart. I cannot speak but I am doubted, every moment judged for lies, as though I come into a court when I come into this house!

Elizabeth: John, you are not open with me. You saw her with a crowd, you said.Now you --

Proctor:I’ll plead my honesty no more, Elizabeth.

Elizabeth (now she would justify herself): John, I am only --

Proctor: No more! I should have roared you down when first you told me your suspicion. But I wilted, and, like a Christian, I confessed. Confessed! Some dream I had must have mistaken you for God that da y. But you’re not, you’re not and let you remember it! Let you look sometimes for the goodness in me, and judge me not.

Elizabeth: I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man, John -- (with a smile ) -- only somewhat bewildered.

Proctor (laughing bitterly): Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer!

（The Crucible. ）

█Questions

1. What is the relationship between Proctor and Elizabeth?

2. What kind of play does the extract belong to? The Theatre of social commentary or Historical drama?

3.How do you interpret Proctor’s statement “Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer”?

4. How do you think Proctor would say the lines in bold type (黑体部分)? With a touch of pride？With deep admiration ？Or with solemn warning？

参考答案

1. Proctor and Elizabeth are husband and wife. OR

They have mixed feelings towards each other. Elizabeth loves her husband yet she doesn’t trust him; Proctor loves his wife yet he cannot bear to be accused all the time.

2. Historical drama.

3. Proctor meant to say that Elizabeth only wore the cloak of justice to hide her extreme frigidness and coldness.

4. With solemn warning.

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浅析小说阅读与鉴赏的技巧 发表时间：2011-09-09T10:45:13.900Z 来源：《学习方法报教研周刊》2011年47期作者：王守耀 [导读] 除三个要素外，要强调各要素之间的联系，要从整体上把握一篇小说的特点。 从本质上看，小说是以刻画人物为中心，通过完整的故事情节和具体的环境描写来反映社会生活的一种文学体裁。小说有三个要素：人物、故事情节、环境（自然环境和社会环境）。抓住小说的三要素，理解小说所描述的环境、情节和人物；填补小说虚构世界的空白，获得独特的审美体验；进行理性思考分析，作出审美判断。除三个要素外，要强调各要素之间的联系，要从整体上把握一篇小说的特点。 一、分析、评价人物形象 分析人物形象是小说阅读的重点，分析人物形象时，需要注意以下两点： 1．要扣住故事的情节和文章中对人物具体生动的语言描写客观地进行分析。 小说对人物的描写手段是多种多样的，即可以概括介绍，也可以具体描绘；即可以正面描写，也可以侧面描写。对人物进行正面描写时常用的描写方法有：外貌描写、神态描写、语言描写、动作描写、心理描写。分析人物形象时一定要抓住这些具体的描写语句去揣摩、领悟。如《孔乙己》一文中对孔乙己的外貌描写，写他的衣着是“一件又脏又破的长衫”，写出了他迂腐、虚荣的性格，也反映出了他深受科举制度的毒害。 2．要注意通过对小说语言的把握和体会，理解作者在塑造人物时的感情倾向。 在真正的艺术里，一切形象都是新鲜的，具有独创性的。林黛玉的多愁善感，堂吉诃德善良的愚蠢、天真的癫狂，阿Q的精神胜利法，这些未曾接触却又似相识的人物形象栩栩如生，呼之欲出，他们的一言一行，一笑一颦，时时扑面而来。文学典型就是这样没有国界，超越时空，焕发着永久的艺术魅力。这一点直接影响评价人物时所用词语的褒贬性，即如果作者塑造的人物是正面的，一般用褒义词来概括其特点；如果作者塑造的人物是反面的，一般用贬义词来概括其特点；如果作品中人物形象丰满，既有优点又有缺点，那就从两方面客观评价。 二、梳理、概括故事情节 小说的情节通常包括四个方面：开端、发展、高潮、结局。在作品中，情节的安排取决于作者的艺术构思，并不一定按照现实生活中事件发生、发展的自然顺序来写，有时可省略某一部分，有时可颠倒或交错。因此，在梳理小说故事情节时，要注意依照一定的线索，抓住主要事件进行总结。 如《水浒传》中的林冲，本是东京80万禁军教头，官居高位。小说浓墨叙述了“岳母娘子受辱”、“带刀误入白虎堂”、“刺配沧州道”、“大闹野猪林”、“火烧草料场”、“风雪山神庙”等情节，展示了林冲一步一步地被逼上梁山的过程。一位逆来顺受的“忠臣”最终成为犯上作乱的“英雄”，其性格刻画运用的是情节推进法。 另外，要知道无论如何安排故事情节，总是为塑造人物形象服务的。梳理故事情节的过程就是对人物性格感受的过程，也是对小说主题理解的过程。 三、体会、品味小说的语言 1．由叙述语言确定小说的情感基调。 “旧历的年底毕竟最像年底”，鲁迅这样开始祥林嫂悲剧故事的讲述，实际上蕴含了丰富的内容。“旧历的年底”，不是辛亥革命后确定使用的公历年底，从语义表层看，“旧历的”指称语义是“传统的”、“历史的”；“毕竞最像”，作为逻辑联系语，在这里具有强调的意味，联系作品和外部语境理解，它强调年终大典深深地浸淫着、厚厚地积淀着中国古老文化的传统和习俗，指向中国深邃复杂的历史背景。因其深厚，更加顽固；因其久远，牢如坚冰。鲁迅的这句话以违反规则的形式流露出沉重的忧思，给充满喜庆气象的现实世界蒙上了一层冷峭深沉的灰色，故事的情感基调也因之悄然确定下来。 2．由叙述语言提示人物性格、社会主题。 《祝福》一开头便讲述到鲁四老爷。这是“一个讲理学的老监生”，叙述者“我”讲道：“比先前并没有什么大改变，单是老了些，但也还未留胡子，一见面是寒暄，寒暄过后说我‘胖了’，说‘胖了’之后即大骂其新党。”这段叙述是平实的，叙述者介绍了鲁四的身份，通过其言行的概述，反映出人物的立场和政治态度。“监生”在清朝是凭祖先“功业”或捐钱取得的，可见鲁四并非货真价实的“科班”出身；“讲理学”暗示了人物维护封建道统，注重封建礼教的道德观念；“大骂其新党”更暴露了他维护封建统治的顽固政治立场。这段平实的叙述刻画出鲁四的形象特征，寓意深刻，言近旨远，对人物进行了辛辣的嘲讽鞭挞。 四、感受、分析环境描写 小说中的环境描写可分为：社会环境描写和自然环境描写。社会环境描写指的是故事发生的时代特点和时代背景，它为人物提供了大的活动时空背景，影响着或直接决定着人物的思想情感。自然环境描写交代人物活动的具体环境，往往起到渲染作品的气氛和烘托人物心情的作用。分析环境时，必须注意以下四个方面： 1．社会环境往往有复合的因素，有几个因素就应分析出几个因素。 如鲁迅的《祝福》在描写社会环境时，展开的便是诸多方面，既有男女不平等问题，又有封建贞操观念问题；既有封建礼教问题，又有迷信观念问题；既有人心冷漠问题，又有社会事业落后问题。在祥林嫂一生的苦难史上，不同的因素起着不同的作用。 2．分析社会环境应透过当事人的言行深入挖掘社会历史内涵。 社会环境一般由主要人物周围的次要人物组成。那些次要人物，是某种社会力量的某种观念的载体，分析时应通过这些人物的言行，认识其代表的社会势力及其观念。《祝福》中表现封建贞洁观念，主要是让鲁四老爷作为这种观念的载体；表现迷信观念，主要是让柳妈作为这种观念的载体。因此，在欣赏时，我们就得从鲁四老爷话语中看到封建礼数，从柳妈的话语中看到迷信观念。只有进行这样透彻的分析，才能从中认识到作品所提出的社会问题。 3．注意人物与环境的辩证关系。 环境决定人物命运及其性格，人物又能动地作用于环境。由于人物在社会环境中的走向，我们可以看出人物的思想性格。 4．不断提高认识能力与分析能力。 我们对社会、历史的认识越深刻，对作品中所描写的社会环境的认识也就越深刻。阅读分析作品时，应该自觉地将作品描写的社会环境与