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如何使用现在完成时

如何使用现在完成时
如何使用现在完成时

8A Unit 1 Grammar如何使用现在完成时

同学们我们已经学习了现在进行时、一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时这4种时态的用法,但这4种时态还不能满足我们表达的需要。比如:表示“某人过去曾经做过某事”或者“某人做某事多久”,以上五种时态就派不上用场了。这时,我们可以用一种新的时态——现在完成时表示。

一、现在完成时的构成

(一)肯定式

说明:这里的have /has是助动词,没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。has,have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样,不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例:

1)I've just copied all the new words .我刚抄写了所有的生词。(表示不要再抄了)

2)She has lost her books .她丢失了她的书。(表示到目前为止还没有找到)

(如果用过去时:She lost her books.则强调书是过去丢的这一动作,而不知现在有没有找到)

3)We've just cleaned the classroom .我们刚好打扫了教室。(表明现在教室是干净的)(二)否定式

说明:现在完成时构成否定句时,只需在助动词have /has后面加not就行。have not,has not的缩略式分别为haven't ,hasn't。另外,肯定句中有some,already时,改为否定时要分别改成any,yet。实例:

1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我还没有完成我的作业。

2)She hasn't travelled on a train .她没有坐火车旅行过。

3)We have never spoken to a foreigner.我们从来没有和外国人说过话。

注:有时not可以用never代替,表示“从来没有”的意思。又如:

4)I have never seen him before.以前我从来没有见过他。

(三)一般疑问式

说明:把陈述句中的have或has放到句首,句末打问号,同时把句中的some ,already 改为any ,ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ,主语+have/has. 否定回答用“No,主语+haven't/hasn't.”有时也可以用“No,not yet./No ,never./No,not even once.”等。实例:

1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?你曾经做过饺子吗?

—Yes ,I have .是的,我做过。

2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾经出过国吗?

—No,never.不,从来没有。

3)—Have they found the lost books yet ?他们已经找到了丢失的书吗?

—Yes ,they have.是的,他们找到了。

注意:当句中有否定词not ,hardly(几乎不),never的时候,在改为反意疑问句时,附加部分用肯定形式。例如:You have never come to our school ,have you ?你以前从来没有来过我们学校,是吗?

二、现在完成时的用法

(一)现在完成时的用法1:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时,常与时间副词already(已经),yet(还、已经),just(刚刚、仅仅) ,ever (曾经),never(从不),before(以前)等连用。这几个副词的用法如下:1.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可

以放在句末。实例:

1)I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。

(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)

2)I've washed my clothes already.我已经洗了衣服。

(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。)

注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。实例:3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已经见过他了?

2.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。实例:

1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已经找到他的手表了吗?

—No,not yet.不,还没有。

2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .

那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)

3.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:

He has just come back from school .他刚从学校回来。

4.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:

1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去过香港吗?

2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她说过话。

5.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词

与过去分词之间。实例:

I have never travelled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。

6.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。实

例:

1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去过海南吗?

2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜。

(二)现在完成时用法二2——持续性用法(肯定句,疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词):表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for +一段时间 或“since+过去的点时间或从句(从句用一般过去时)以及so far(到目前为止)等时间状语连用。

实例:

= I've lived here since 13 years ago.

= I've lived here for13 years.

= It is 13 years since I began to live here.

2)I haven't seen him for three years .我三年没有看见他了。

= I haven't seen him since three years ago

= I haven't seen him since 2000.

= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.

3)Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city .

自从到这个城市以来,王先生一直在这家工厂工作。

4)She's been at this school since five years ago.

自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。

注意:①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续,故不能与for(达到;累计)或since(自从。。。到现在)引出的时间状语连用。

②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long

他入团两年了。

误:He has joined the League for two years.

正:He has been a League member for two years.

2)我买这辆自行车三年了。

误:I have bought this bike for three years.

正:I have had this bike for three years.

1)▲部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词:

短暂性动词延续性动词

die →be dead

borrow →keep

buy/catch →have

get up →be up

come →be in

finish →be over

leaver →be away

open →be open

close →be closed

begin →be on

become interested in →be interested in

有人可能会问:一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去,那么这两种时态有什么区别呢?

☆答:①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如:yesterday连用;强调动作在过去发生,与现在无关。

②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用,强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开

始发生一直持续到现在的动作。

例:He saw the film last night.(过去时,表示他昨晚看过那部电影了,现在不知还要不要再看一次) He has (ever) seen the film before.(现在\完成时,表时他已看过那部电影,现在不想再看了)

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He has left the city. 他已离开这个城市。(结果。如:他不在这个城市) Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果。如:窗户仍破着) Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗?(结果。如:你知道它在哪里吗?) I have bought two apples.我买了两个苹果。(“买”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的结果是:拥有两个苹果。) 【注】现在完成时“完成用法”的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,just, yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning/month /year..., today等)连用。already,just多用于肯定句中,ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否定句中。 如:I have already finished my homework.我已经做完家庭作业了。 He has just had his meal.他刚吃过饭。 Have you ever sung this English song?你曾唱过这首英文歌吗? They haven't started yet.他们还没有动身。 We have never heard of it.我们从来没有听说过这件事。 2.未完成用法(持续性用法)。如:该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作并未在过去完成,而是一直持续到现在,并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far到目前为止)等。如: He has lived here since 1971. 自从1971年以来,他一直住在这儿。 (动作起始于1971年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) We have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我们在部队已经呆了五年多了。 (动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。) Have you waited long? 你等了很久吗? We have been busy this afternoon. 今天下午我们一直很忙。 The temperature has stayed hot this week. 这星期天气一直很热。

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Unit 5 Educational exchanges The 3rd period Grammar教学设计 阳城三中郭学珍 一、教学目标 1.知识与技能: 能听懂、读懂别人谈论过去经历的文章或材料,并能运用一般过去时,现在完成时表达自己或他人过去曾经去过的地方。并通过观察、分析,找出一般过去时与现在完成时之间的区别与联系。2.过程与方法: 采用“任务式”教学法,引导学生学习一些新的词汇,再引导学生模仿课本对话部分的内容和形式,运用新、旧词汇,学习并掌握现在完成时。 3.情感态度价值观 教学内容贴近学生的生活,学生对与自己有密切关系的事很感兴趣,教材内容活化为实际生活。激发学生各方面的情感,热爱祖国的名胜古迹,欣赏祖国的大好山河。 二、教学重、难点 Teaching important and difficult points:Understand the differences between the Present Perfect tense and the Simple Past tense. 三、Teaching procedures and ways 教学过程与方式 Step1. Lead-in The teacher and the students watch a period of a video and enjoy the

English song. Then ask and answer some questions between the teacher and the students. T: Do you think it’ fun? What are they doing? Do you like traveling? Ok, today we’re going to talk about some interesting places we have been to or we’re going to. That’s Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park? (Show the students the amusement park on video) T: Look! This is an amusement park. It’s so beautiful, isn’t it? Step2. Presentation Presenting some pictures of amusement park, zoo, aquarium, space museum and water park. Have you ever been to a/an …? Yes, I have. / Me, too. / So have I. No, I haven’t. /Me, either. / Neither have I. Step3. Practice Students look at the pictures and make similar dialogues in pairs. A: Have you (ever) been to a/an …? B: Yes, I have. What about you? A: Me, too. / So have I. A: Have you (ever) been to a/an …? B: No, I haven’t. What about you? A: I haven’t, either. / Me, neither. Step4. Listening

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现在完成时的构成和用法 I. 现在完成时 1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开 始,持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段, recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构:主语+have/has +p.p(过去分词)+其他 4.否定形式:主语+have/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其他 5.一般疑问句:have或has。 6.例句:I've written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. II.现在完成时 1. 现在完成时的构成:助动词have/has + 过去分词 2. 现在完成时的主要用法 ⑴表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直延续到现在的动作或事情,但动作或事情现在 已经结束。 Someone has just turned off the light. 有人刚把灯关了。 I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了家庭作业。 ⑵表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直延续到现在的动作或事情,但动作或事情可能 仍在继续。 I want to see how much the place changed since I saw it last. 我想看看从上次见到那地 方以来它发生了多大变化。 I have learnt English for more than ten years. 我已经学了10多年的英语。 ⑶表示人曾有过或到目前为止从未有过的经历. Have you ever been to the Summer Palace? 你曾去过颐和园吗? I have never had a car. 我从未有过汽车。 ⑷现在完成时还常与句型This is the first time…,It’s the first time …连用。 This is the first time he has driven a car. 这是他第一次开车。 ⑸现在完成时和最高级连用表示到现在为止是最…的。 It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.这是我看过的最令人厌烦的电影。 3. 现在完成时的时间状语 ⑴常与不确定的时间状语连用,如:already, never, ever, just, yet, before, up to now, so far, for the last few weeks等,表示“到目前为止”所发生的动作. ⑵还可以和包括现在在内(到说话时仍未结束)的,表示一段时间的状语连用, 如:now, today, this morning (afternoon, evening, week, month, year), these days, since, for a long time等. ⑶since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今,since之后的时间为一点。 Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来,史密斯先生一直在这工作。

复习专题 现在完成时专项讲解及练习

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中考英语现在完成时专题复习

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(完整版)现在完成时讲解和练习(中文讲解).doc

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