毕业论文外文翻译--电子商务与旅游业(外文原文+中文翻译)
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
电子商务与旅游业
摘要
电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。
在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％（根据区域与旅游研究，www.crt.dk丹麦中心）。同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排（见https://www.sodocs.net/doc/486986161.html,/surveys/）。预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。这些统计数据问题，他们是基于不同，要么宽或窄、定义：要么区分：电子商务和电子商务(看到后者作为部分的第一)或不是，并且使用不同的变量和测量方法。但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。然而，在所有这些定义亏缺了一个重要方面我们可以看出在旅游案例：他们是所有交易和商业导向和忽略了这个事实，即网络也是一个中等的好奇心、创建社区或刚一件有趣的事，所有这一切都可能发生，也可能不会获得业务。特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。
一、关于这个行业
旅游及旅游业作为一个全球或者说全球化的行业体现了非常具体的特点：
1.旅行和观光的代表了大约11%世界范围内(GDP)旅游卫星账户后举行的世界旅游的方法和旅游
委员会)；
2.将有十亿国外游客在2010年世界旅游组织，平均而言，旅游增长速度超过其他的经济部门；
3. 作为一个伞业它涉及到许多部门，如文化或体育运动，超过30种不同的工业部件，服务已确
认的旅行者；
4.解释了整个行业的非均质性，因为它的中小企业结构(尤其是拍照的时候目的地的观点)，它有
一个巨大的重要性了区域发展。例如,在欧盟的饭店和餐厅部门占了超过130万个企业,这些8.5都是欧洲的企业。95%的企业是非常小的,例如有的企业只有1 - 9名员工；
5.供给与需求面形成一个世界范围的网络，两种生产和分配规律是基于合作。
6.该产品是具有阶段性和复杂性的，（1）一个宾馆房间的床上，不卖一晚代表一个失落的收入。
供应商面临着潜在危险，而这种危险通过获得的信息的可能得意减少；(2)旅游产品本身是一种“捆绑型”的基本产品。支持相当复杂的捆绑产品必须有很好定义与尊重对消费者需求、价格或者还经销渠道的接口。
旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，给予一个先于体验的综合评价它的特质是不可能的。游客不得不离开自己的日常环境消费产品。此刻的决策，只可得到一个基于一系列的信息通过后天的多套频道(网络、电视、小册子或朋友) 的产品的抽象模型。这一特点的旅游产品信息都需要消费者和供应商两个方面，面对高信息搜寻成本，导致信息市场的不完善。所有这些反过来使其建立起相应的信息和价值的长链。
图1.市场结构视图[12]
图1区分了供给和需求侧和各自的中介。链接标记的关系以及信息的流动。它仅仅显示最相关的链接，节显示点的参与者在各自区域的相关类型。
在供应方面，我们与“主要的供应商”指企业如酒店或餐馆里，大部分中小企业。对于这些公司在泛函数微分在同一水平为“大”的成员，像航空公司。旅游经营者可以被看作是产品汇集者，旅游代理充当信息经纪人，提供最终用户提供有关信息和订的设施。CRS / GDS(中央预订系统/全球分销系统)，出于航空订票系统已经发展了他在60年代，还涉及其他产品，如打包度假，或者其他
方式的交通工具。而中介机构在右边可以被看作是“专业”连接供给与需求之间(主要是基于电子基础建设和功能的CRS /(GDS)，左侧是相关的管理、规划和品牌的一个目的地。这些国家、地区和地方旅游组织通常是政府资助的，以及代表所有的供应商在目的地和不从事预约的过程。上游流按照图1的流程构成产品信息，而下游流动报告主要在于在市场行为，主要表现在条款的统计上。两个信息流动创造一个旅游信息网绑在一起，而且很明显地反映了所有市场参与者之间的经济关系。
二、层业务正在改变
（一）新的产品和服务
网络引导两个新的方法来满足改变消费习惯——他们并不忠诚，往往会使更多但更短的假期、决策之间的时间和消费减少，整个旅游价值链的“信息化”也是如此。这允许不同的策略来产生价值[11]：
1.增加价值的提取效率，降低物流成本，如：自动化的具体进程或外包给客户，自我入住酒店的
客人或航空公司的乘客。
2.价值捕获：客户端和销售数据用来支持营销，例如，数据挖掘的预报或产量的管理。
3.价值增长：一个线性组合价值的产品及服务，创造更丰富的产品捆绑，例如，新服务品质为消
费者通过将无线服务，以现有的网站给游客建议购买他们的服务。
4.价值创造：把重点放在网络效应，例如，游客们在一个目的地参与服务的定义和规划。
这样，不但过程变化，而且能自行设计新服务延伸的范围和配置选项来定制产品。定制过程在基于互联网技术的规模定制下进行了描述有个性的产品或服务。配置是指产品或服务捆绑的不同成分的综合，公司结合他们的核心产品与层附加的服务。
（二）新商业网络
动力学和部门的已经很有竞争力的电子市场，几乎所有的利益相关者已经实施了他们的策略。同样，旅游业也成为了新入者的发展领域，不论是初创企业还是公司来自媒体和IT领域。自从旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，它非常适合各自的背景。一个可以观察进一步专业化的趋势并不断解构由成员和产品并联集成的价值链。最新评论的竞争和合作的同时，在边界行业内是模糊的，所有类型的市场参与者都受影响。
1.游客们被更多的成员访问，但是他们同样也在说明它们的服务例如，用反向拍卖网站中扮演更
积极的角色。
2.旅行社在销售渠道看到一个渺茫的权力，后果是他们将重点更多地放在咨询和更复杂的产品
上。
3.进一步提高网络旅游网站提供了新的市场功能和技术，焦点集中在对旅行者的个性化智能工具
见在主要网站使用的建议功能)。
目的地管理机构在目的地开发合作模式，在那里他们会占据一个新角色作为经验和集成服务商，例如爱尔兰。
4.旅游经营者基于规模化定制和灵活的配置(例如，意大利操作员科斯塔Crociere已经开发了一种
个性化的巡航建造者)，总是将个体之间和包装旅游的边界模糊。
5.CRS / GDS显示了一个“英特尔内置”的营销战略，利用链接到主要旅游网站提高其交易额，
同时进行直接销售以增加零售环节。
6.供应商将日益形成同盟和支持电子直销，增加价格竞争和价格，重新分化过程，如电子的票务
客户或自动登机手续。
这导致了市场的一种进化，形象地描述为一个进行中的相互影响的集中(例如，如美国与全国各大网站，例如Expedia在线旅行，Orbitz或Travelocity)和同步的新进入的新成员。增加了复杂性，但是也生成了需要新的服务项目，如提供透明访问，市场概览，或价格的比较，这反过来又会促进创新，将更加强调技术创新。
三、IT系统：特点和发展趋势
新兴的商业场景是基于灵活的网络结构和一个消费者不断提高的整合。如果一个人增加旅游生命周期——考虑到流动性方面的旅游者——可以得出以下的简化图中的链接各自的旅游阶段与公司的过程。
图2.旅游生命周期和公司的进程(供应商和中介机构)
很明显，公司合伙人得交叉过程促进了了分布式的b2b2c的形成，并且支持移动通信公司和消费者之间的合作。技术——基于一种普遍深入人心的基础设施——将变得透明，对消费者来说是无形的；信息就会出现在家中、工作中和在旅行中。在这样一个场景的IT系统应该具有以下特点：
1.支持异构数据格式和 业务功能以及分布式数据来源，因为他们必须考虑的不同类型的参
与主体与他们的功能差异；
2.有弹性和开放性，关于地理和功能扩展。他们会支持整个消费生命周期和所有商业阶段；
3.使各自的参与者拥有充分的自主权，而是增强合作行为，为供应商提供复杂工具以及进行
动态的网络配置；
4.移动和固网服务的整合，促成服务的多渠道访问，提供像先前描述的所有不同类型的成员；
5.支持细心的用户界面和通过广泛的开发的用户模型的个性化，考虑到用户的行为、认知以
及感情方面。
交叉的研究和开发工作已经在着手解决旅游及旅游业应用上述主题，并取得了一些显著的成绩。很自然地，很多这些活动遵循一个基于AI途径。接下来，我们参考他们中的一些人，集中关注于那些更有影响力，已经或即将有重大作用的途径。这些都是具有相当水平的技术，它能在不同的应用中被开发，如旅游规划与调度、来访者导引系统、个人定价、反向拍卖，或工作流管理支持合作的市场中。
1．信息提取。旅游信息门户网站仍然很大程度上基于非结构化的信息。因此，发展中的一个关键问题在于存取数据的分布式系统为人类使用格式化并把它们转换成一个结构化的数据格式，如XML。这个问题通过包覆技术得到妥善解决来学习高度精确提取规则，适应结构的改变网站确保正确的抽取数据([5]，[6])。
2．信息集成。包装器可以利用顶部或结构化信息来源的半结构化来建立。这为解答基于多重包装的数据的结合与提取的疑问的系统[4] 搭建了舞台。旅游相关资讯来源代表一个完美的应用等技术。例如，TheaterLoc是一种信息集成的应用程序，可以让用户检索在美国的剧院和餐馆的信息，这些信息来自5个不同的线上资源[1]。这个应用程序的核心部件是一个开发AI规划技术的媒介，是一个领域模型(含一种本体论)，它结合一套公理描述之间的映射关系与综合性数据来源。当查询时，系统原因提出关于领域的模型的描述和来源，建立一个计划数据检索和整合。
3．信息的简报。旅游是一种特殊的文化遗产，是一个享有特权的应用领域为智能信息介绍技术[10]。自然语言技术被用来建造语境演讲，演讲和手势识别以及动画角色支持一条增量互动性涉及用户在欣赏文化遗产。应用已经开发出来，因为这才是真正的展览的信息，即用户混合，监测，一组感测器，能在移动设备上活化个性化的窗户，那里提供在展的的信息(例如，在一个博物馆)。此外，即使是不请自来的对进一步话题或对象设想都可以提供交付。
4．建议。建议系统建会推荐产品并未消费者提供建议的产品信息以便于决策。有一些显著的应用聚焦于旅游目的地的选择和应用旅游产品捆绑([2]，[8])。在这些应用中用户关于对他的需要和系统被明确的要求，包括约束和基于内容过滤技术、交互式查询管理、和过滤写作方法的变化趋势或基于实例推理的，等级建议提取结构化的目录。旅游推荐提出关于其复杂性和无形的旅游产品的特殊要求。改进措施必须设计多种产品(地点、吸引力、住宿、航班，等等。)，以提供有意义的图片所提出的旅行。
5．语义网。语义网的设想将数据数据在网络上的定义并连接一个途径通过这个途径它可以被
机器使用以实现自动化、集成化和在不同的应用程序重复使用，在上述技术提供了一个统一的观点。该技术在旅游业有重大影响(见，例如，欧洲计划[3])。该行业基于语义网的整合与点对点网路服务提供了一个具有挑战性的试验台为点对点语义万维网服务。例如，服务寻找或整合资讯供应者，最终需要直接开发资源用在其他没有被中心服务器要求或申请过得结点，在这里结点可以直接加入并整合在一个特定的方式中。
6．机动性。旅游者希望从各种各样的设备得到服务和信息，不论何时何地，只要他们需要它。在以下领域：航空公司、酒店、餐厅、交通、城市指南、交通、天气条件、其它服务，像平移、货币转换都可以发现典型的移动应用程序。移动终端打开和改进新的的方式以在旅游中支持游客。在新技术承诺了好处和附加值的同时，他们也会在不同的设备提高关于可用性，可达性的挑战，诚信和互动性。面临的挑战是一个上敏感的、个性化、有效的考虑约束条件下的无所不在的访问的互动模型。但这里，做为被提前描述的建议体系，在旅游领域中被开发在开发的复杂的用户模型可以在排除这些障碍中起到很大作用。
四、结论
旅游和旅游业表明电子商务将如何会改变这个产业的结构和商业运作的方式，并且这样的制造程序也带来了新的商机。更多的专业服务的部署，灵活的网络配置和进一步整合会形成机敏消费者市场，整合所有利益相关者。潜在的信息技术场景普及以及强制执行这一发展表明，旅游业是一个有趣的应用以及研究领域的。同样它也将使其它行业产生学习这种发展和理解在这个发展新兴电子市场的兴趣。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND TOURISM
Has e-commerce past its prime or just resting? Business and stock market expectations have not been fulfilled. However, in some sectors such as the travel and tourism industry online transactions are continuously increasing, despite its tough economic problems and fewer travelers. This industry is the leading application in the B2C (business-to-consumer) arena. Whereas in other industries there is a stronger hold to traditional processes, the tourism industry is witnessing an acceptance of e-commerce to the extent that the structure of the industry is changing. The net is used not only for information gathering; there is an acceptance of ordering services over the Internet. A new type of user is emerging, who seems to accept to become his own travel agent and to build his travel package.
In 2002 the US online travel market increased by 45% up to 27 Bn. U$, accounting for 14.4% of the total travel market; and in Europe the online travel increased by 67%, making up 3.6 % of the total market (according to the Danish Center for Regional and Tourism Research, www.crt.dk). In the same year 32 % of US travelers have used the Internet to book travel arrangements (see https://www.sodocs.net/doc/486986161.html,/surveys/). And [9] forecasts that by 2007 30% of all B2C transaction in the European German speaking countries will be done via the Internet. However, other market research institutes publish other, both higher and lower, numbers. These statistics have the problem that they are based on varying, either broad or narrow, definitions: either distinguishing between e-business and e-commerce (seeing the latter as part of the first) or not, and using different variables and measurement methods. But even when following different definitions, all the statistics given for the travel domain point upwards. However, all those definitions fall short in one important aspect as we can see in the tourism case: they are all transaction and business oriented and ignore the fact that the Web is also a medium of curiosity, of creating communities or having just fun, all of which may or may not result into business. Especially the tourism product has to do with emotional experiences, with fun; it is not just business.
1 The Industry
The travel & tourism industry as a global (and a globalization) industry shows very specific features:
? Travel and tourism represents approx. 11% of the world wide GDP (following the tourism satellite account method of the World Travel & Tourism Council).
? There will be one Billion international arrivals in the year 2010 (following the World Tourism Organization), and on average tourism grows faster than the other economic sectors.
? As an umbrella industry it relates to many sectors such as culture or sport, over 30 different industrial components have been identified that serve travelers.
? This explains the industry’s heterogeneity, and due to its SME structure (especially when taking a destination point of view) it has a huge importance for regional development. For example, in the EU the hotel and restaurants sector accounts for more than 1.3 million enterprises, these are 8.5 % ofball European enterprises. 95.5 % of these enterprises are very small, e.g., 1-9
employees.
? The supply and the demand side form a worldwide network, where both production and distribution are based on cooperation.
? The product is perishable and complex: i) a hotel bed not sold for one night represent a lost income. Suppliers are in a risky situation, which can be reduced if access to information is available; ii) the tourism product itself is a bundle of basic products. To support the rather complex bundling products must have well defined interfaces with respect to consumer needs, prices or also distribution channels.
Tourism is an information based business, the product is a “confidence good“; an a priori comprehensive assessment of its qualities is impossible. Tourists have to leave their daily environment for consuming the product. At the moment of decision-making, only an abstract model of the product is available, which is based on a range of information acquired through a multiple set of channels (Web, TV, brochures or friends). This characteristic of tourism products requires information on both, the consumers’ and suppliers’ sides, entailing high information search costs and causing informational market imperfections. These, in turn, led to the establishment of comparably long information and value chains.
Figure 1. Structural view of the market [12].
Figure 1 differentiates between the supply and demand side and the respective intermediaries. Links mark the relationships as well as the flow of information. It only shows the most relevant links, the nodes indicate the relevant types of players in the field.
On the supply side we denote with “primary” suppliers enterprises like hotels or restaurants, mostly SMEs. With respect to a functional differentiation these companies are on the same level as the “big“ playe rs like airlines. Tour operators can be seen as product aggregators, travel agents act as information brokers, providing the final consumer with the relevant information and booking facilities. CRS/GDS (Central Reservation Systems / Global Distribution Systems), stemming from the airline reservation systems already developed in the 60s, include also other products such as packaged holidays, or other means of transport. Whereas the intermediaries on the right side can be seen as the “professional“ connection between supply and demand (mainly based on the electronic infrastructure and functionality of CRS/GDS), the left side is relevant for the management, planning and branding of a destination. These national, regional and local tourism organizations are normally publicly funded, act on behalf of all suppliers within a destination and are not engaged in the booking process. The upstream flow of fig. 1 consists of product information, whereas the downstream flow reports on market behavior, mostly represented in terms of statistical aggregates. Both information flows create a tourist information network tying together all market participators and, apparently, reflecting the economic relationships between them.
2 Business is Changing
2.1 New Products and Services
The Web leads both to new ways to meet changing consumer behavior – they are less loyal, tend to make more, but shorter vacations, the time between decision making and consumption decreases –and to an “informatization” of the entire tourism value chain. This allows different strategies to generate value [11]:
? Value extraction: increases efficiency and reduces costs, e.g., automation of specific processes or outsourcing to clients such as self check-in of hotel guests or airline passengers.
? Value capturing: client and sales data are used to support the marketing, e.g., data mining for forecast or yield management.
? Value adding: a linear combination of products and services to create richer product bundles, e.g., new service quality for consumer by linking mobile services to existing Web sites to advise tourists during their travel.
? Value creation: the focus is on network effects, e.g., tourists within a destination participate in service definition and planning.
Thus, not only processes are changed, but also new services can be designed, extending the range of options to customize and to configure products. Customization describes the process of individualizing products or services, based on IT enabled mass-customization. Configuration refers to the bundling of different product or service components to integrated offerings. Companies combine their core products with layers of additional services.
2.2 The New Business Network
Given the dynamics of the sector and the already very competitive e-market, nearly all stake holders have implemented their strategy. Tourism has also become the playing field for new entrants, either start-ups or companies from the media and IT sector. Since tourism is an information based business, it fits well with their respective background. One can observe a trend towards further specialization and an ongoing deconstruction of the value chain paralleled by an integration of players and products. Companies compete and cooperate at the same time, boundaries within the industry are blurring. All types of market players are affected:
? Tourists are addressed by more players, and they are also playing a more active role in specifying their services (e.g., using reverse auctions sites).
? Travel agents see a diminishing power in the sales channel, as a consequence they will put more emphasis on consulting and more complex products.
? Internet travel sites are further enhancing providing new market functionality and technology, focusing on personalized intelligent tools for travelers (see the recommendation functionalities used by major sites).
? Destination management organizations are developing cooperation models within destinations, where they will occupy a new role as consolidator and aggregator; see, for example, the case of Ireland.
? Tour operator will blur the boundaries between individual and packaged tour, based on masscustomization and flexible configurations (e.g., the Italian operator Costa Crociere has developed a personalized cruise builder).
? CRS / GDS show an "INTEL inside" marketing strategy by linking to major tourist Web sites for increasing their transaction volume, and they also move into direct sales for the retail segment.
? Suppliers will increasingly form alliances and support electronic direct sales, increasing price competition as well as price differentiation, and they will redefine customer processes such as electronic ticketing or automated check-in.
This leads to an evolution of the market best described as an ongoing interaction of concentration (e.g., as in the US with the major online travel sites such as Expedia, Orbitz or Travelocity) versus the simultaneous entering of new players. The related increased complexity, however, generates the need for new services such as providing transparent access, market overview, or price comparisons. This in turn will accelerate innovation, putting even more emphasis on technical innovation.
3 IT Systems: Features and Trends
The emerging business scenario is based on flexible network structures and an increasing consumer integration. If one adds the tourist life cycle – taking into consideration the mobility aspect of travelers – one can draw the following simplified figure of linking the respective tourist phases with companies’ processes.
Figure 2. Tou rist life cycle and companies’ processes (both suppliers and intermediaries)
Obviously, processes cross company boarders, leading to distributed b2b2c applications, supporting both cooperation between companies as well as mobile communication with the consumer. Technology – based on a common pervasive infrastructure – will become transparent, invisible for the consumer; information will be available at home, at work and during travel. In such a scenario IT systems should
? support heterogeneous data formats and business functions as well as distributed data sources, as they have to take into consideration different types of participating entities, with their functional differences;
? be scalable and open with regard to geographical and functional extensions. They will support the entire consumer life cycle and all business phases;
? enable full autonomy of the respective participants but enhance cooperative behavior, providing sophisticated tools for suppliers as well as for dynamic network configurations;
? integrate mobile and fixed services, enabling multi-channel access to services, provided by all the different types of players described previously;
? support attentive user interfaces and personalization through extensive exploitation of user modeling, taking into consideration user behavior and cognition as well as emotional aspects.
The research and development activities crossing travel and tourism applications have addressed the above themes, producing some remarkable results. Quite naturally, many of those activities follow an AI based approach. In the following we reference some of them, focusing on those which either had been more influential or will have major impact. These are rather horizontal technologies that can be exploited in different applications such as travel planning and scheduling, visitor guidance systems, individual pricing, reversed auctions, or workflow management for supporting cooperative marketplaces
1. Information Extraction. Tourist information portals are still largely based on unstructured information. Therefore a critical problem in developing distributed systems consists in accessing
data formatted for human use and transforming them into a structured data format, such as XML. This problem is tackled by wrapping techniques to learn highly accurate extraction rules that adapt to structural changes in the sites ensuring the correct extraction of data ([5], [6]).
2. Information Integration. Wrappers can be built on top of semi-structured or structured information sources. This sets the stage for systems that answer queries based on the extraction and combination of data fetched from multiple wrappers [4]. Tourism related information sources represent a perfect application for such technologies. For example, TheaterLoc is an information integration application that allows users to retrieve information about theaters and restaurants in the US that come from five distinct online sources [1]. The core component of this application is a mediator that exploits AI planning technologies, a domain model (containing a unifying ontology) and a set of axioms describing mapping relationships between the integrated data view and the sources. When queries are posed, the system reasons about the domain model and sources’ descriptions in o rder to build a plan for retrieving and integrating the data.
3. Information Presentation. Tourism, and in particular cultural heritage, is a privileged application domain for intelligent information presentation techniques [10]. Natural language technologies have been used to build contextual presentations, speech and gesture recognition as well as animated characters support an augmented interactivity involving the user in the appreciation of the cultural heritage. Applications have been developed where the real exhibit and the information blends, i.e., the user, monitored by a set of sensors, can activate –on a mobile device – personalized windows where information on a given exhibit (e.g., in a museum) is provided. In addition, even unsolicited suggestions about further topics or objects can be delivered.
4. Recommendations. Recommender systems suggest products and provide consumers information to facilitate the decision process. In tourism there are some notable applications focusing on destination selection and travel products bundling ([2], [8]). In these applications the user is asked explicitly about his needs and constraints and the systems, combining content-based filtering technologies, interactive query management, and variations of the collaborative-filtering approach or case-based reasoning, rank suggestions extracted from structured catalogues. Tourism recommendation poses peculiar requirements that are related to the complexity and to the intangibility of the travel product. Recommendations must refer to a variety of products (locations, attraction, accommodation, flights, etc.) in order to provide a meaningful picture of the proposed travel.
5. Semantic Web. The semantic web vision, i.e., the idea of having data on the Web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines also for automation, integration and reuse across various applications, provides a unifying view over the above mentioned technologies. In tourism this technology may have a major impact (see, for example, the European project [3]). The industry provides a challenging test bed for peer-to-peer semantic Web services, based on the integration of the Semantic Web with peer-to-peer Web services. For instance, services for finding or integrating information providers eventually needs to directly exploit resources present at other nodes without intervention of any central server, where nodes may join and be integrated in an ad- hoc manner [7].
6. Mobility. Travelers expect to get access to services and information from various devices, whenever and wherever they need it. Typical mobile applications can be found in the following areas: airlines, hotels and restaurants, transportation, city guides, traffic and weather conditions,
other services like translations or currencies conversion. Mobile terminals open up new and enhanced ways to support tourists while on tour. While the new technologies promise benefits and added value, they also raise challenges concerning usability, accessibility over different devices, trustworthiness and interactivity. The challenge is a context sensitive, personalized and effective model of interaction that take into account the constraints of ubiquitous access. But here sophisticated user models developed in the tourism domain as recommendation systems described previously may help to pass these obstacles.
4 Conclusions
Travel and tourism has shown how e-commerce may change the structure of an industry and the way business is done, and where such a process creates also new business opportunities. The deployment of more specialized services, flexible network configurations and further consumer integration will lead to smart market places, integrating all stakeholders. The underlying pervasive IT scenario enables as well as enforces this development, showing that tourism is an interesting field of application as well as research. As such it may also be of interest for other industries to learn from this development and to understand emerging emarket places.
References
[1] Barish, G., Knoblock, C. A., Chen, Y. -S., Minton, S., Philpot, A. and Shahabi. C. The theaterloc virtual application. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (IAAI-2000) Austin, Texas, pages 980-987, 2000.
[2] Delgado, J. and Davidson, R. Knowledge bases and user profiling in travel and hospitality recommender systems. In Proceedings of the ENTER 2002 Conference, Springer Verlag, Wien, New York, 2002, 1-16.
[3] Dell’Erba, M., Fodor, O., Ricci, F. and Werthner, H. Har monise: a solution for data interoperability. In: Proceedings of IFIP I3E 2002 Conference, Lisbon, October 2002. 6
[4] Florescu, D., Levy, A. and Mendelzon, A. Database techniques for the world-wide web:a survey. SIGMOD Record, 27(3):59-74, 1998.
[5] Knoblock, C. A., Lerman, K., Minton, S. and Muslea, I. Accurately and reliably extracting data from the web: A machine learning approach. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 23(4):33-41, 2000.
[6] Kushmerick, N. Wrapper induction: Efficiency and expressiveness. Artificial Intelligence Journal, 118(1-2):15-68, 2000.
[7] Maedche, A. and Staab S. Services on the Move - Towards P2P-Enabled Semantic Web Services. In: Proceedings of the ENTER 2003 Conference, Springer Verlag, Wien, New York, 2003, 124-133.
[8] Ricci, F. and Werthner, H. Case-based querying for travel planning recommendation. Information Technology and Tourism, 4(3/4):215-226, 2002.
[9] Schuster, A. A Delphi survey on electronic distribution channels for intermediaries in the tourism industry: the situation in German speaking countries. In: Proceedings of the ENTER 1998 Conference, Springer Verlag, Wien, New York, 1998, 224-234.
[10] Stock, O. and M. Zancanaro, M. Intelligent interactive information presentation for cultural tourism. In CLASS 2002 International Workshop on Natural, Intelligent and Effective Interaction in Multimodal Dialogue Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 28-29 June 2002.
[11] Sweet, P. Designing Interactive Value Development. PhD. Thesis, Dept. of Business Administration, Lund. Univ., Lund Business Press. Sweden, 2001.
[12] Werthner, H. and Klein, S. Information Technology and Tourism – A Challenging Relationship. Springer
Verlag, Wien, New York, 1999.
软件开发概念和设计方法大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业设计外文翻译资料
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
电子商务的发展【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 The development of e-commerce Material Source:The Economist, 2003 Author:Laudon, K.C When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dot-cons are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true. The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Departme nt of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “brick s-and-mortar” world. But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/486986161.html, and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/486986161.html,, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online. Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada. And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
电子商务英文文献
2.2 移动电子商务的服务质量 移动电子商务的文献资料显示，几乎没什么直接衡量移动电子商务服务质量的文章。很多对电子服务的研究通过研究消费者行为来调查移动电子商务的服务质量。比如，Turel and Serenko(2006) 修改了美国顾客满意度模型来研究加拿大的顾客满意度。在他们的模型中，感知质量，即感知服务质量，被定义为对服务经验的市场评估。通过该服务的个性化和可靠性来衡量。早期研究中有六个服务质量衡量方法，包括电话服务质量，定价结构，移动设备，增值服务，手续简便以及客户的支持度。通过对因素的探索性分析，他们派出了移动设备、手续简便以及客户支持度等因素，因为这些因素的因素负荷很低。因此，他们采用剩下的三个因素衡量服务质量。类似的还有，Lim也认为顾客对移动电子商务的感知质量有5个方面，包括定价规划，网络服务质量，数据服务，广告系统和顾客服务，这些都是Lim通过探索性分析确定的。 也有人认为服务质量与各种各样的移动电子商务的应用程序有关。Chae et al 在调查移动电子商务信息质量的时候，他延伸了先前一个信息质量的框架，将移动电子商务（比如移动设备和背景）的特点结合了起来。他们从四个方面来测量移动电子商务信息质量。
1）连接质量，其受稳定性和反应性的影响；2）内容质量，其受客观性，可信性和数量的影响；3）互动质量和情境质量，其受结构，导航，介绍，时间性以及准时性的影响。另外，他们认为顾客的预期目标缓和了四个信息质量的衡量标准和用户满意度之间的关系。在另一份研究中，Kar et al认为移动电子商务所在的环境具有不稳定性，并采取了电子商务的质量衡量方法。他们的测量方法包括可靠性，反应性，用户界面，信任以及定制化。还有一份关于移动电子服务质量的感知的研究，Yun et al检验了八项移动数据服务，包括短信服务，来电铃声，振铃声，背景图像服务，游戏，多媒体信息服务，基于语境的服务，电视点播，以及关键的质量属性（包括声音质量，游戏时间和图像质量）。 总而言之，研究学者都是从不同的角度来研究移动电子商务，所以对其衡量方法也各持己见。现在，在中国电信市场中，移动电信的竞争日益激烈。为了能在这高度竞争的市场中占有一席之地，服务提供者需要准确评估顾客对移动电子服务的感知质量。前面有提过，我们知道SERVQUAL和SERVPERF在衡量服务质量时都有不足之处，这两项都没有反映出移动电子商务市场的特点。在本论文中，我们提出了一个
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method