英国文学复习整理 名词解释

英国文学复习整理 3

名词解释

1，Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白

a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speaker

who is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironical effect.

2, Aestheticism 美学主义（唯美主义）

Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.

The Pygmalion Effect 皮格马利翁效应

The Pygmalion Effect is that people tend to behave as you expect they will. If you expect a person to take responsibility, they probably will.

If you expect them not to even try, they probably won’t.

Mordenism

Ageneral term applied to the experimental and avant-grade trends in literatureand other arts of the early 20th century.

Discontinuity and fragmentation

Juxtaposition (并列) and multiple points of view（多重视角）

Lack of a unitary self

Modernism Literature (1918~45)

In the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, both natural and social sciences in Europe had enormously advanced. The two world wars destroyed people’s faith in the Victorian values and gave rise to all kinds of philosophical ideas in Western Europe. Modernism become the mainstream literature during that period. Drama is the most famous form in modernism. And dramatic monologue was famous at that period. Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw pioneered the modern drama. Oscar Wilde is be well known for his master work--The Importance of Being Earnest. George Bernard Shaw's works are examples of the play inspired by social criticism. His master work is Widower’s Houses. Furthermore,David Herbert Lawrence was a great writer during this period, too. His master work, Sons and Lovers, is famous all over the world.

Modernist fiction

crisis

attempts to represent the underlying truths of consciousness & psyche(心智)

rejection of external, unitary, coherent appearance of realist

conventions

lack of causality(因果性)

insufficiency of language

oppositional relations between the individual and the social, alienation

first person narrator, often unreliable

A sense of urban dislocation and alienation

works by male writers tend to be misogynistic（厌恶女人的人）

Colonialism

one country’s domination of another country or people—usually achieved through aggressive, often military actions，and the territory acquired in this manner.

Post-colonial theory

is a multicultural theory which mainly studies relations of cultural discourse power between the colonist and the colonized as well as racism (种族主义), cultural imperialism （文化帝国主义）, national culture and culture power identity after colonial period

Representatives后殖民理论的“圣三位一体”

Edward Said(萨义德)

Gayatri C. Spivak(斯皮瓦克)

Homi K. Bhabha(霍米·巴巴)

Imagism 意象主义

The body of theories of a group of anti-Romantic and anti-Georgian British and American poets (1912-18) who aimed at simplicity and detachment in poetic expression by the clear presentation of visual images.

Imagery 意象

Words or phrases that create picture, or images, in the reader’s mind.

Images are primarily visual.

Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.

Symbolism 印象主义

Epiphany 顿悟

An experience of sudden and striking realization.顿悟

Epiphany is an appearance or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something, which is adapted by James Joyce to describe the sudden revelation of whatness of a thing, the moment in which the soul of the commonest object seems to us radiant.

Stream of Consciousness 意识流

It is a narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind. Lacking chronological order, the events in a stream of consciousness narrative are presented from the character’s point of view, mixed in with the character’s on going feelings and memories. Developed by writers such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, stream of consciousness writing is used to reveal a character’s complex psychology and to present it in realistic detail.

Feminist Criticism 女性主义

Feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, social rights and opportunities for women.

Bloomsbury Group布鲁姆斯伯里文化圈

The Bloomsbury Group—or Bloomsbury Set—was an influential group of associated Englishwriters, intellectuals, philosophers and artists,the best known members of which included Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes,E. M. Forster and Lytton Strachey.

This loose collective of friends and relatives lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, London, during the first half of the 20th century. Their works and outlook deeply influenced literature, aesthetics,

criticism and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism (反战论), and sexuality.

布鲁姆斯伯里团体(the bloomsbury group),是一个英国二十世纪初号称“无限灵感，无限激情，无限才华”知识分子的小团体。其实没有很多成员，最初成立时有点像Cambridge同学会，一帮玩的好的朋友聚在一起吃吃喝喝的。但因为他们中有画家艺术家作家历史学家经济学家且在今天听来都是鼎鼎大名

英国文学名词解释

Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature

法国文学史笔记整理

法国文学史 一、十六世纪法国文学—文艺复兴时期15-16 La renaissance 七星诗社Le pléiade 修辞学派les Grandes Rhétoriques ●弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷 Francois Rebelais 《巨人传》Gargantua et Pantagruel长篇小说 ●杜贝莱Joachim du Bellay 《橄榄集》Olive ●龙沙Pierre de Ronsard（十四行诗） ●蒙田Michel Eyquem Montaigne 《随笔集》Les Essais 二、十七世纪的法国文学—古典主义17 Classicisme ●笛卡尔René Descartes 古典主义哲学自然与理性 《方法论》 Discours De La Méthode ●高乃依 Pierre Corneille 古典主义悲剧 《熙德》 Le cid ●莫里哀Molière 古典主义喜剧 《伪君子》Tartuffe ou l’imposteur ●拉封丹 Jean de La Fontaine 寓言《寓言诗》 Les fables ●拉辛 Jean Racine 《费德尔》Phèdre古典主义悲剧 《安德洛玛克》Andromaque ●布瓦洛 Nicolas Boileau 《诗的艺术》L’art poétique 三、十八世纪的法国文学（启蒙时代 Le siècle des Lumières） ●勒萨日 Le sage 《杜卡雷》Turcaret 《瘸腿魔鬼》Le diable

●马里沃 Pierre Carlet de Marivaux 《爱情与偶然游戏》Le jeu de l’amour et du hasard ..... ●孟德斯鸠 Montesquieu 《波斯人信札》Les lettres persanes 《论法精神》l'esprit des lois三权分立 ●伏尔泰 Voltaire 《哲学通信》Les lettres philosophiques 《中国孤儿》l’orphelin de la Chine 《老实人》Candide ●狄德罗 Denis Diderot 《百科全书》Encyclopédie ●卢梭 JeanJacques Rousseau 《忏悔录》Les Confessions 《新爱洛依丝》La nouvelle Hélo?se ●博马舍 Beaumarchais 《回忆录》Mémoires 《费加罗的婚礼》Le mariage de Figaro ●布封Buffon 《博物史》Histoire naturelle ●尼埃AndréChénier 《颂歌集》odes ●拉克洛 Laclos 《危险关系》les liaisons dangereuses ....... 五、十九世纪法国浪漫主义文学 Le Romantisme ●斯塔尔夫人 Madame de Sta?l

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

英国文学名词解释及课后答案

名词解释 Renaissance:The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakes pearean ( or English ). A sonnet is a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter .It has two main forms :the shakespearean sonnet and the Italian sonnet. Shakespeare Sonnet: a lyric with three quatrains and one couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg, consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. A Shakespearean sonnet consists of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet. Enlightenment: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) The Age of Enlightenment (also called the Age of Reason) refers to the 18th_ century England.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement.It celebrated reason (rationality), equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society and it aimed to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern ,philosophical and artistic ideas. Romanticism: it flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most if the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in poem. The occasion is a crucial one in the speaker’s life, and the dramatic monologue reveals the speaker’s personality as

郑克鲁《外国文学史》笔记整理

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英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)

Byronic hero A proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom. Sonnet A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定的押韵方式。莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。 Lake Poets The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement 早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。 Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌） Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17t

英国文学史-名词解释

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《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. : ; ; , （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. （名词解释） 3. “ ”: a ’s 4. （名词解释） 5. 6. : ; ( ; 124 , 24 ; ; ; : ) 7. (名词解释)8. （名词解释）9 —— 10. （名词解释）11. （名词解释）12. “ ” 13. “” . “ ”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. 四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是这是肯定的。他的也很重要，最重要属18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. 三大史诗非常重要，特别是和。对于需要知道它是写成的，故事情节来自，另外要知道此书和的形象。 16. ——’s 17. —— ; : , . 18. （名词解释） 19. （名词解释） 20. ——“ ”

21. ——“ ”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. ’s ’s 23. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”; () 24. : “’s ”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A ”比较重要，要注意作者用的也就是反讽手法。 25. 18 . 26. : “ ”, “ ”, 当然是比较重要，剧情要清楚，的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意的和，另外是。 27. ——“” ( ), “ ”, “ ” 28. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外也被称为 . 29. ——“ ”项狄传 30. ——“ ” 31. ——“ ”(), “ ” () ( ), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” ( ) 32. （名词解释） 33. ——“ a ”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”）(a 墓园派诗人) * / ”: A , a , , . , ’s