《公共部门经济学》(双语教学)课程教学大纲
《公共部门经济学》（双语教学）课程教学大纲Chapter 1 Individuals and Government
SUMMARY：Economics of the Public Sector is the field of economics that studies government activities. Modern Economics of the Public Sector emphasizes the relationships between citizens and government. This chapter discusses some issues as follows: individual, society and government; the allocation of resources between government and private sector; the mixed economy, market and politics; government expenditures in the United States.
1. Individuals, Society and Government
a. Public finance is the field of economics that studies government activities
and the alternative means of financing government expenditures.
b. Governments are organizations formed to exercise authority over the actions
of persons who live together in a society and to provide and finance essential services.
c. Political Institutions are rules and generally accepted procedures that
evolve for determining what government does and how government outlays are financed
d. Examples of Political Institutions:
Majority rule; Representative government
2. The Allocation between Private and Government Resources
a. Private:
b. Government:
c. A Production-Possibility Frontier
d. Distribution of Government Goods and Services
3. The Mixed Economy: Markets and Politics
a. Pure Market Economy
b. Mixed Economy
4. Government Expenditures in the United States
a. Government purchases
b. Government Transfer Payments
c. Structure of Federal Government Expenditures
d. The Structure of State and Local Government Expenditures in the United
States
5. Financing Government Expenditures in the US
a. Taxes:
b. State Budget Crunch of 2002
c. Causes
a)Cuts in taxes on business and individuals in the 1990s
b)No sales tax collections on services
c)Growth in costs of Medicaid
d. Implications of a Graying America Social Security
a) In 2008 baby-boomers start to retire and collect
b)The ratio of workers to retiree falls
e. Medicare
Health care inflation is substantially higher than overall inflation
f. Medicaid
Increased use of long-term care for baby-boomers
6. How Much Government is Enough?
The question of how much government is enough is an important one in any society. It is the tradeoff between public and private goods. When government gets bigger, its increased involvement comes at the expense of less private consumption.
Questions for review：
1. How does the mechanism for distributing and rationing most government services differ from that for distributing goods through markets?
2. What is a production-possibility curve? Show how such a curve can be used to explain how private goods and services must be sacrificed to obtain government goods and services.
3. Discuss the trends in government expenditures and outlays as a percentage of GDP.
Chapter 2 Efficiency, Markets, and Governments
SUMMARY：Resources are efficiently allocated when the well-being of any one person cannot be increased without harming another. This condition is attained when all goods are consumed over any period up to the point at which the marginal social benefit of each good equals its marginal social cost. When prices in competitive markets reflect marginal social costs and benefits, market exchange achieves efficiency. Individuals opposing actions that improve efficiency act rationally. They are simply better of with a larger share of a smaller pie. To predict outcomes any political process, it is necessary to know the benefits of any changes proposed, to whom they accrue, and what changes in the distribution of income result.
1. Positive and Normative Economics
Positive Economics explains “what is,” without making judgments about the appropriateness of “what is.”
Normative Economics: designed to formulate recommendations about what “should be.”
2. Normative Evaluation of Resource Use: The Efficiency Criterion
a. Pareto Optimality
b. Marginal Conditions for Efficiency
Total Social Benefit; Total Social Cost
Net Benefit = TSB – TSC
Maximum Net Benefit occurs where MSB = MSC
3. Conditions under which the Market is Pareto Optimal
a. A perfectly competitive market system exists if:
a) All productive resources are privately owned.
b) All transactions take place in markets, and in each separate market
many competing sellers offer a standardized product to many competing
buyers.
c) Economic power is dispersed in the sense that no buyers or sellers alone
can influence prices.
d) All relevant information is freely available to buyers and sellers.
e) Resources are mobile and may be freely employed in any enterprise.
b. If These Conditions are Met
P = MPB = MSB and P = MPC = MSC
So P = MSB = MSC
c. When Does Market Interaction Fail to Achieve Efficiency?
4. Market Failure: A Preview of the Basis for Government Activity
a. Government intervention may be warranted if a market exhibits:
Monopoly power by one supplier
Effects of market transactions on third parties
Lack of a market for a good where MSB>MSC (i.e. a public good)
Incomplete information about goods being sold
An unstable market
b. The Tax System and the Birth Rate
Families with children pay less tax than families without children: personal exemption; child tax credit.
Historical data shows that an increase in the real value of the personal exemption is associated with increases in the birth rate.
5. Equity vs. Efficiency
Horizontal equity
Vertical equity
6. Positive Analysis on Trade-off Between Equity and Efficiency
a. Introduction
b. Compensation Criteria
c. International View: Agricultural Subsidies, International Trade
Restrictions and Global Efficiency
Many nations subsidize farmers with: Production subsidies; Export subsidies; Import constraints.
This results in reduced agricultural efficiency.
Since WTO agreements, such subsidies and import constraints have been reduced.
Questions for review：
1. How does trading improve efficiency? Why are trades that apparently provide
mutual gains to those involved not undertaken?
2. Show how equating the total social benefit of a good with its total social cost will result in more than the efficient output of the good.
3. Efficiency can correspond to more than one distribution of well-being. Can the efficiency criterion be used to rank one distribution over another?
Chapter 3 Externalities and Government Policy
SUMMARY：Externality are costs or benefits of market transactions not reflected in prices. They are a dominant form of market failure to achieve efficiency in industrial economies. When the marginal external cost or benefit is priced so that buyers and sellers consider it in their decisions, an externality is internalized. To internalize an externality, the parties involved must be identified and the marginal external cost or benefit must be measured.The Coase theorem shows that, government assignment of rights to resource use, along with facilitation of free exchange of those rights, achieves efficiency, independent of which party is granted the right. When larger numbers of individuals are involved, a solution will require collective action to internalize the externality. Among the techniques used for this are corrective taxes and subsidies, regulations, and the establishment of standards.
1. Externalities
a. Externalities are costs or benefits of market transactions not reflected
in prices.
Negative externalities are costs to third parties.
Positive externalities are benefits to third parties .
b. Externalities and Efficiency
Social Costs
Market equilibrium conditions
Efficiency Requirements
c. Positive externalities
Social Benefit
2. Internalization of Externalities
An externality can be internalized under policies that force market participants to account for the costs of benefits of their actions.
a. Corrective Taxes to Negative Externalities
The tax revenue is sufficient to pay costs to third parties.
Socially optimal levels of production are achieved.
b. Using a Corrective Tax
The greenhouse effect and a “Carbon Tax”
c. Theory of the Second Best
d. A Polluting Monopolist
e. Corrective Subsidies
3. Coase's Theorem
a. The Definition and Significance of Co ase’s Theorem
The efficient mix of output will result simply as a consequence of the establishment of exchangeable property rights.
It makes no difference which party is assigned the right to use a resource.
If the transactions costs of exchanging the rights are zero, the efficient
mix of outputs among competing uses of the resource will emerge.
b. Limitations of Coase’s Theorem
Transactions costs are not zero in many situations.
However you allocate the property rights, the distribution of income is
affected.
c. Application of Coase's Theorem
The Clean Air Act of 1990 allows for the sale of the "right to pollute."
Firms face a tradeoff when they pollute. If they pollute, they forgo the
right to sell their emission permits to others.
In markets for electricity, Clean Air Act has motivated firms to shift to
natural gas and away from coal as a means of producing electricity.
4. Recycling
a) Collecting waste for recycling costs three times as much as collecting
it for disposal.
b) Rural land is inexpensive.
c) Recycling paper creates more water pollution and does not “save” trees;
it simply reduces the number that are planted.
5. Regulatory Solutions
Instead of using market forces to force firms to internalize externalities,
we can use emission standards and apply these to all market players.
a. Markets for Pollution Rights
b. Global Externalities:
c. Costs and Benefits to the EPA
Questions for review：
1. Explain why externalities prevent the attainment of efficiency when goods
are traded in competitive markets.
2. How can a corrective tax adjust costs to reflect externalities? What effects
will a corrective tax have on prices, output, and pollution?
3. Under what conditions are externalities likely to be internalized without
the necessity of government intervention?
Chapter 4 Public Goods
SUMMARY：A pure public good is one that is consumed by all members of a community as soon as it is produced for any one member. Its benefits are nonrival and nonexcludable to consumers. Efficiency requires that the production of pure public goods be undertaken to the point where the sum of marginal private benefits is exactly equal to the marginal social cost of production.
Ideally, an efficient output of a pure public good could be achieved if each person contributed an amount equal to the marginal benefits received per unit of a public good. This is known as the Lindahl equilibrium. However, problems in inducing households to reveal their true preferences for public goods resulting from free-rider effects make this solution difficult to implement.
1. Public Goods
a. Public Goods are goods for which exclusion is impossible.
b. Characteristics of Public Goods
Nonexclusion
Nonrivalry
c. Pure Public Goods and Pure Private Goods
Pure Public Good:.
Pure Private Good:
d. Marginal Costs for Provision of Public Goods
The marginal cost of allowing another person to benefit from a pure public
good is zero, while the marginal cost of providing a greater level of
public good is positive.
2. Provision of Private Good and Public Goods: Markets and Government
a. Price Excludable Public Goods vs Congestible Public Goods
a) Price Excludable Public Goods (Excludability, but no rivalry)
b) Congestible Public Goods (Rivalry but no excludability)
b. Education as a Public Good
a) External benefits:
It helps us live in a civil society.
It has a “socializing ” function.
It teaches the importance of following rules, obeying orders, and working
together.
It provides students with basic skills like punctuality and the ability
to follow directions that increase their productivity as workers.
It helps students identify their abilities and choose appropriate
occupations, thereby increasing productivity levels for a nation.
b) Education as a Private Good
Education has characteristics of a private good:
3. Demand For a Pure Public Good
Decisions of Market demand for a Pure Private Good
Efficient Output of a Pure Public Good
Lindahl Pricing: Everyone in a group cooperates and participants each pay their marginal benefit.
Lindahl Equilibrium
4. Free-rider
Free-rider occurs when people are not honest in stating their Marginal Benefit, because if they understate it, they can get a slightly reduced level of the public good while paying nothing for it.
5. Illustrating Voluntary Contributions to a Public Good: The Gulf War
Under the premise that defeating Iraq in the Gulf War in 1990 was a public good to be consumed by the industrialized economies and Arab nations, each nation was expected to contribute.
6. National Defense and Homeland Security
a. Defense
b. Homeland Security
The new department merged several agencies from the departments of Justice,
Transportation, Treasury, Agriculture, Energy, Health and Human Services,
and Commerce.
Questions for review：
1. What are the essential differences between pure public goods and pure private goods?
2. Although the marginal cost of producing a pure public good is always positive, some consumers can enjoy the benefits of pure public goods at zero marginal costs. Explain the apparent paradox, if there is one!
3. How will shares in the finance of public goods vary among contributors in
a model of voluntary cooperative supply of such goods?
Chapter 5 Public Choice and the Political Process SUMMARY：A political equilibrium is an agreement on the level of production of one or more public goods, given a specified rule for making the public choice and the distribution of tax shares among individuals. Collective, or public, choices are agreements resulting in political equilibria on issues of common concern. Political equilibria are influenced by politicians and bureaucrats. When all voters have single-peaked preferences, parties will tend to move to the median position to win elections.
When all voters do not vote, the median most-preferred outcome of all citizens could differ from the median most-preferred outcome of all voters. Logrolling is the explicit trading of votes on issues of great interest to voters. When two or more issues are voted on simultaneously, implicit logrolling can occur. Models of bureaucratic behavior presume that bureaucrats attempt to maximize the size of their budgets.
1. The Supply of Public Goods Through Political Institutions
Public Choice involves decisions being made through political interaction of many persons according to pre-established rules.
2. Political Equilibrium
a. Tax Shares or Tax Prices
b. Individual's Choice
c. The Choice to Vote or Not
d. Determinants of Political Equilibrium
3. Median Voter Model
Concept of Median Voter Model
Implications of Median Voter Model
4. Political Externalities
Definition
Political Transactions Costs
5. Preferences
a) Single-peaked pr e ferences
b) Multi-peaked preferences
6. Pairwise Cycling
a. Arrow's Impossibility Theorem
b. Conditions of Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem
7. Political Processes
Constitutions; Minority Rule; Majority Rule
a. Costs and Benefits of Collective Action
Benefit
Cost
b. Possible Alternatives Methods
Unanimity
Plurality rule (more than 3 outcomes possible)
Point-count voting (enables voters to register the intensity of their preference)
Instant Runoffs
8. Political Institutions in U.S. Cities
a. In the United States, municipal government takes two basic forms.
b. Researchers have found that relative to cities run by managers, those run
by elected mayors:
a) Have greater capital stock (roads, parks, police and fire stations),
b) Use relatively less labor in providing public services,
c) Spend the same amount of money.
c. Forms of City Government and their Effects on Spending
a) Manager/Council Government
Unelected city manager makes most executive decisions, with policy
recommendations by elected city council.
b) Mayoral Government
c) Results:
9. Logrolling or Vote Trading
Logrolling is the act of voting for something you would ordinarily vote against so that someone else will vote for something that they would ordinarily vote against.
a. Implicit Logrolling
b. State Government Spending and the size of the Legislature
10. Special Interests
Special Interests are groups that lobby on particular issues.
11. Bureaucracy and the Supply of Public Output
Officials measure their power in terms of the size of their budgets, not
the efficiency of the outcomes they generate. This causes bureaucrats to
have a self-interest in inefficiently high levels of government spending.
Questions for review：
1. How does a person decide to vote on any issue that proposes to change the amount of public goods supplied by the government?
2. Given tax shares, explain why only the median voter consumes his most-preferred quantity of a public good under majority rule.
3. Under what conditions will the median peak correspond to an extreme outcome, such as no output of a good?
4. What is logrolling? Under what conditions is logrolling likely to emerge? How can logrolling prevent the attainment of efficiency?
A exercise of speech：
Imitation of president or finance minister
Chapter 6 Introduction to Government Finance
SUMMARY：Government finance transfers use of productive resources from individuals and business firms to the government. Taxes are the major method of government finance. The method of government finance used can have an impact on political and market equilibria and on the efficiency with which resources are employed in the private sector.
A basic problem in government finance is the distribution of the costs of financing public goods among citizens. No one best way of accomplishing this exists that will satisfy all citizens. In addition to affecting the political equilibrium, the method of government finance chosen often has significant and complicated effects on the private choices made by citizens.
1. Federal, State, and Local Revenue
a. Size
b. Sources:
a) Taxes:
b) Fees
c) Tuition
d) Licenses
2. Purpose and Consequences of Government Finance
a. Political Equilibrium
b. Market Equilibrium and Its Efficiency
c. The Distribution of Income
3. Taxes
a. Tax Base
b. Tax Rate Structure
a) Marginal Tax Rate
The amount by which the tax increases when the tax base increases
b) Average Tax Rate
The total amount of tax divided by the total amount of the tax base
c) Tax bracket
The range of the tax base in which the marginal rate is constant
d) Descriptors of the Tax Rate Structure
A Progressive Tax
A Proportional Tax
A Regressive Tax
e) Average Tax Rates in the US
4. How Should the Burden of Government Be Financed?
a. Benefit Principle
b. Ability-to-Pay Principle
5. Criteria for Evaluating Methods of Government Finance
a. The Criteria are:
a) Equity
b) Efficiency
c) Administrative ease
b. Horizontal and Vertical Equity
Horizontal equity
Vertical equity
c. Both concepts are subjective.
a) “Economic capacity”
b) “Ability to pay”
d. Tax Compliance, Avoidance and Evasion
Tax Evasion
Tax Avoidance
6. Alternatives to Taxation
a. Debt Finance is the means of financing expenditures by issuing bonds.
b. Inflationary Finance is the means of financing expenditures through the
printing of money.
c. More alternatives to Taxation
a) Donations
b) User Charges
c) Earmarked Taxes
d. User Charges and the Transportation Infrastructure
e. User Charges and Efficiency
7. Government Enterprise
Local Utilities
8. Lotteries
State Lotteries
State Lotteries account for more than 3% of state revenues.
Lotteries pay out a smaller portion of revenue to winners than other forms of gaming (horse racing, casinos, etc.).
Questions for review：
1. How does government finance affect both political and market equilibria?
2. What is the difference between horizontal equity and vertical equity?
3. How can inflation be viewed as a form of taxation?
4. What criteria can be used to price the output of government enterprises?
Chapter 7 Taxation, Prices, Efficiency, and the Distribution
of Income
SUMMARY：Taxes can affect prices of outputs and inputs, causing losses in efficiency by preventing prices from accurately reflecting social costs and benefits of goods and services. Price-distorting taxes induce individuals to take actions with lower social value than they would choose if no such tax existed. Lump-sum taxes result only in income or wealth reductions; they do not cause losses in the efficiency with which private resources are used.
The burden of paying a tax can be shifted from people who are liable for the tax to other groups. This occurs when prices change as a result of a tax. A multimarket analysis of incidence considers the effect of tax-induced resource flows on the prices of inputs and outputs in markets other than those directly taxed. Data on income shares by income class can be tabulated with a Lorenz curve, which plots the percentage of households ranked according to income against their share of income.
1. Lump-Sum Taxes
A Lump-sum tax is a fixed tax that is owed by everyone and is not subject to
anything taxpayers can change.
It is independent of income, consumption, or wealth.
An example is a Head Tax, which is constant for everyone.
Inefficiency in Taxation and the Lump-Sum Tax
2. Price -Distorted Taxes
a. Individual Excess Burden of a Tax
The individual excess burden of a tax is the loss in well-being when a
taxpayer pays taxes under a price-distorting tax instead of under a
lump-sum tax.
b. Community Charges in the U.K.
The Thatcher government replaced local property taxes with a form of
lump-sum tax called “the community charge.’’
unfairness
c. Unit Taxes
A unit tax adds to the price by a fixed amount. Examples include the 32
cents per pack of cigarettes and 24 cents per gallon of gasoline in
federal taxes.
d. Tax Terms
The Gross Price (PG)
The Net Price (PN)
e. Excess Burden of a Unit Tax
f. Efficiency Loss Ratio of a Tax
the deadweight loss per dollar of revenue raised DWL/R .
3. Incidence of a Tax
The Legal Incidence.
The Economic Incidence
a. Shifting of Taxes
Forward Shifting
Backward Shifting
b. Ad-Valorem Taxes
c. Using Excise Taxes on Alcohol to Internalize Externalities
d. Independence of Legal and Economic Incidence
4. General Equilibrium Analysis and Shifting
When one good is taxed and another good is not taxed, the impact of the tax is not confined to the taxed good.
This has the effect of equalizing the after-tax rate-of-return.
Government Taxes and Expenditures and the Distribution of Income
The Tax Incidence
The Expenditure Incidence
The Differential Tax Incidence
5. The Lorenz Curve
The Lorenz Curve maps the cumulative percentage of households against their cumulative percentage of income.
The Gini Coefficient
Questions for review：
1. Why are most taxes likely to cause losses in efficiency? Be sure to relate your answer to the impact of taxes on prices.
2. Why should the excess burden of taxation be added to revenue collected from taxes in order to accurately measure the opportunity costs of government-supplied goods and services?
3. Under what circumstances does a single-market analysis of tax incidence give
a good approximation of the multimarket incidence?
4. What is a Gini coefficient? How can this coefficient be used to determine the impact of taxes on income distribution?
Chapter 8 Budget Balance and Government Debt
SUMMARY：A budget deficit or surplus reflects an imbalance between expenditures and revenues. Deficits increase the federal debt and also can contribute to higher market interest rates and increased inflation. Borrowing to finance public expenditures postpones the tax burden to the future. The federal debt is largely internal in the sense that it is owed mainly to U.S. citizens and institutions. Repayment of the federal debt does not imply a significant drain of either capital or productive opportunities out of the nation.
State and local debt holdings are likely to be more external to the issuing jurisdiction than are federal debt holdings, implying that repayment of such debt might withdraw significant amounts of resources to other jurisdiction. The burden of the government debt can be defined as the decrease in well-being of citizens who are taxed to pay off the principal and interest on past debt.
1. Budget Terms
A Budget Surplus
A Budget Deficit
The National Debt
Nominal figures
a. High-Employment Deficit or Surplus
The budget balance is altered significantly by the state of the economy.
The high-employment deficit or surplus is what the surplus would be if
unemployment were low.
b. Measuring Budget Balance
On Budget vs Off Budget
Social Security and the Post Office are run off budget.
c. Unified Budget
The Unified Budget is the sum of the on- and off-budget deficits and
surpluses.
a net deficit
a net surplus
d. National Income and Product Accounts Budget
e. Real Surpluses and Deficits
2. Economic Effects of Federal Budget Deficits
a. Ricardian Equivalence
b. Economic Effects of Federal Budget Surpluses
c. Budget Balance, National Saving, and Economic Growth
d. Incidence of Deficit Finance
Lower growth rates.
3. The Government Debt
a. January 2003, Federal Debt $6.4 trillion, State and Local Debt $1 trillion
b. Net Federal Debt
c. Internal and External Debt
The Internal Debt
The External Debt
4. State and Local Borrowing
a. General Obligation vs Revenue Bonds
General Obligation Bonds
Revenue Bonds
b. Social Security and the Deficit
Social Security Surpluses
5. Burden of the Debt
a. Impact on future generations:
b. Financing Capital by State and Local Governments
Capital expenditures
The benefit principle
6. National Saving and Government Budget Balance
National saving in the United States remains low by international standards.
A compelling argument in favor of running a budget surplus
Questions for review
1. Explain why a budget deficit in a given year when the unemployment rate is 10 percent could be, in fact, a surplus in that year if the unemployment rate werw 5 percent.
2. What is the significance of the distinction between internal debt and external debt?
3. In what sense does repayment of the federal debt constitute a redistribution of income among citizens?
4. How can deficit finance influence political equilibrium? Has deficit finance been associated with increased federal investment in the United States?
Chapter 9 The Theory of Income Taxation
SUMMARY：Income is viewed by many as an appropriate index of ability to pay taxes. For tax purposes, income is usually measured as an annual flow of earnings. The economist’s definition of income is, however, an annual accretion of purchasing power. This is known as comprehensive income and is measured as the sum of annual consumption and increased net worth.
A general tax on comprehensive income would tax all income at the same rate regardless of its source or use. The tax on comprehensive income causes wages, as seen by employers and employees, to diverge. This results in an efficiency loss in labor markets. Taxation of interest income causes the interest rate paid by investors to diverge from that received by savers. The result is a loss in efficiency in markets for loanable funds used to finance investment and accumulation of assets.
1. Income Taxes
introduced as an emergency measure during the U.S. Civil War.
An 1894 attempt to introduce a regular income tax was declared unconstitutional.
In 1913, the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowed for personal and business income taxes.
The First Regular US Income Tax
The initial income tax exempted the first $3,000 for singles and the first $4,000 for married couples.
It imposed a 1% rate on income up to $20,000 and higher rates at higher levels of income.
2. Comprehensive Income: The Haig-Simons Definition
“the exercise of control over the use of society’s scarce resources.”
a. Implications of the Haig-Simons Definition
b. Capital Gains
the increased value of assets that a person holds.
Realized and Unrealized Capital Gains
Realized Capital Gains
Unrealized Capital Gains
c. An Income Statement
a) Sources of Funds:
Earnings from Sale of Productive Services
Transfer Payments Received
Capital Gains (or Losses)
b) Uses of Funds:
Consumption
Taxes
Donations
Gifts
Saving
Sources = Uses
d. Modifications to the Income Definition
The cost of acquiring income needs to be accounted for in the definition.
Earnings + Transfer Payments + Net Capital Gains – Cost of Acquiring Income
=
Consumption + Taxes + Donations + Gifts + Saving – Cost of Acquiring Income Problems with Measuring Income using the Haig-Simons Definition
How to measure unrealized capital gains on assets that are not regularly traded?
e. In-Kind Income in Haig-Simons Definition
f. Home Production
g. The Home Itself
housing services is income.
h. The Impracticality of Taxing In-Kind Income, Home Production, and Imputed
Rent
3. A General Tax on Comprehensive Income
Suppose there is a flat-rate income tax on all income. What are the effects on the labor-leisure trade-off and the savings decision?
a. Income and Substitution Effects of a Tax on Labor Income
b. Treatment of Capital Gains
4. Labor Market Analysis of Income Taxation: Perfectly Inelastic Supply
excess burden from a tax on labor income.
compensated labor supply curve
5. Labor Market Analysis of Income Taxation: Wage responsive Labor Supply
the regular labor supply curve is not perfectly inelastic
a. Empirical Analysis
Regular labor supply is perfectly inelastic for men 25 to 55.
A large substitution effect
b. Lower Tax Rates, More Work, Less Excess Burden
c. Incidence of Payroll Taxes
6. Taxation of Interest Income and the Effect on Saving
a. Excess Burden of a Tax on Interest Income
b. Empirical Estimates
c. Supply-Side Tax Cuts of the 1980s
cuts in tax rates would increase overall revenues because the cuts would
motivate harder work and greater investment.
Questions for review
1. What is comprehensive income, and how is it related to an individual’s command over resources? Explain how income can be measured from either the sources or the uses side.
2. How does a proportional income tax introduce a wedge between the gross wage paid by employers and the net wage received by workers? Explain how this tax wedge results in efficiency losses in labor markets.
3. Why must the substitution effect be separated from the income effect of tax-induced wage reductions to measure the excess burden of a comprehensive tax on labor income? Draw a graph that shows how the excess burden of the tax can be measured.
4. How does a tax on interest income influence a person’s willingness to save? Can the impact of the tax on saving be unequivocally predicted from theory? Explain why or why not.
Chapter 10 Fiscal Federalism and State and Local
Government Finance
SUMMARY：A federal system of government allows both centralized and decentralized collective choices. The more decentralized the government, the greater the opportunity to supply diverse levels and kinds of government-provided services. Stabilization and income redistribution are two functions that have national collective benefits and are most effectively supplied by central government.
Pairing government-supplied services with political jurisdictions is a central problem of fiscal federalism. Citizen mobility allows individuals of similar tastes to congregate for the purpose of supplying government-provided services and sharing the costs of such services. Interjurisdictional externalities are caused by improper size of political jurisdictions. Fiscal capacity is used as a basis of support for federal grants to equalize the capacity to finance basic public services among communities.
1. Levels of Government
Federal
State
County (called a Parish in Louisiana)
School, Water, Fire, Sanitation District
City, Town, Village
2. Grants-in-Aid
3. Fiscal Federalism
the structure of the levels of governments in which each level has sources of revenues and economic or fiscal responsibilities.
a. Local Public Goods
Definition
Examples:
b. Provision of Local Public Goods
The benefit of providing local public goods
The problem with providing local public goods
4. Centralized vs Decentralized Decisions
An important problem for a society
equity vs efficiency
5. Mobility between Jurisdictions: Voting with Your Feet
Mobility
Tiebout model
6. The Global Economy and Federalism
a. European Union (EU):
integrated economies.
Eliminated border and customs controls between member nations.
Replaced individual currencies with the Euro
b. The U.S.
Infrastructure and education have increasingly become the responsibility
of state and local government.
Tax competition among states often limits their ability to raise revenue
c. Inter-jurisdictional Externalities
Costs or benefits externality
7. The Theory of Taxation with a Decentralized System
a. Tax Base
b. Tax Competition and Tax Exporting
8. Fiscal Capacity
A measure of a jurisdiction’s ability to raise revenue.
a. Possible Measures
Per capita income
Per capita retail sales
Per capita assessed valuation
b. Revenue Effort
A measurement of the ratio of the tax collections from all sources in a
jurisdiction to its per apita income.
c. Interstate Tax Exportation
Tax exportation ways:
Federal deductibility of state and local income and property taxes from
taxable income under the income tax amounts to tax exportation.
9. Governmental Grants
Categorical Grants
Matching Grants
Unconditional Grants
a. The Theory of Grants
b. Impact of a Nonmatching Grant on the Political Equilibrium
10. Education Finance
The proper role of the federal government in school finance
equity vs local control
Questions for review
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decentralized government? Why can a federal system of government take advantage of both centralized and decentralized collective decision making?
2. How many political jurisdictions do you reside in? List the government-provided services that you obtain from each of your jurisdictions. What kinds of taxes are levied in each jurisdiction to pay for those services?
3. Why does citizen mobility increase the desirability of decentralized decision making in relation to efficiency? What does Tiebout mean by “voting on your feet?”How does the Tiebout model explain residential location patterns?
4. Why are matching grants likely to be more effective in increasing local government spending than are equal-dollar nonmatching grants? Explain how matching grants can help achieve efficiency by internalizing interjurisdictional externalities.
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教学课时分配表
NBA必备英文词汇
N B A必备英文词汇Last revision on 21 December 2020
看NBA必备的篮球词汇大全球队一览： Eastern Conference 东部联盟 Boston Celtics 波士顿凯尔特人 New Jersey Nets 新泽西网 New York Knicks 纽约尼克斯 Philadelphia 76ers 费城76人 Toronto Raptors 多伦多猛龙 Chicago Bulls 芝加哥公牛 Cleveland Cavaliers 克里夫兰骑士 Detroit Pistons 底特律活塞 Indiana Pacers 印第安纳步行者 Milwaukee Bucks 密尔沃基雄鹿 Atlanta Hawks 亚特兰大老鹰 Charlotte Bobcats 夏洛特山猫 Miami Heat 迈阿密热火 Orlando Magic 奥兰多魔术 Washington Wizards 华盛顿奇才 Western Conference 西部联盟 Denver Nuggets 丹佛掘金 Minnesota Timberwolves 明尼苏达森林狼Oklahoma City Thunder 俄克拉何马城雷霆
Portland Trail Blazers 波特兰开拓者 Utah Jazz 犹他爵士 Golden State Warriors 金州勇士 Los Angeles Clippers 洛杉矶快船 Los Angeles Lakers 洛杉矶湖人 Phoenix Suns 菲尼克斯太阳 Sacramento Kings 萨克拉门托国王 Dallas Mavericks 达拉斯小牛 Houston Rockets 休斯敦火箭 Memphis Grizzlies 孟菲斯灰熊 New Orleans Hornets 新奥尔良黄蜂 San Antonio Spurs 圣安东尼奥马刺 球队组成： assistant coach：助理教练 backcourt：后卫组(包括控球后卫及得分后卫) backup：后备(替换，支持)球员 bench：(指全体)后备(替换，支持)球员 bench player：(指个人)后备(替换，支持)球员center：中锋(又称5号位置球员) coach：教练 frontline：锋线(包括大前锋，小前锋，中锋) GM(general manager)：球队经理
双语教学年度工作总结
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念、提高自身素质。在集体备课学习中除了学习理论经验交流外，还观看优秀教师的教学视频，认真学习，认真评课，提高自己的双语教学水平。 四、创设双语校园氛围 双语教育发展与学习环境的创设有着很大的关系。现在社会的大环境中， 如道路标志、商场企业、报刊杂志、电视广播、产品包装等，很多已实现双语化。我们学校的校园环境也要紧跟社会发展的形势，全方位规划校园文化，营造双语教育的良好氛围。 1、充分发挥学生主体作用，创造性地进行环境布置。 （1）每个班级制作有个性的班级门牌。 （2）用双语布置50期黑板报。 （3）班级内的标语、课程表等双语化。 2、利用学校广播每周三天课间播放汉语歌曲、常用汉语100句，由汉语老师与选拔出的广播员合作播送。 3、师生进入学校积极用汉语进行问候，平时的问候语、礼貌用语要用汉语进行。 通过这些活动，我们取得了不少的进步，在全县进行的中小学生双语演讲比赛中我们适中获得了好成绩。 双语教学年度工作总结2 我校实施双语教学，可以说是面临着师资，教材等诸多困难，但仍然迈出了坚实的第一步。我校领导把双语教学作为本学期的主要工
双语教学工作计划
双语教学工作计划 篇一：双语教学工作计划 “双语教育在苏州”活动成功开展后，双语教学正在受到各所学校越来越多的重视。我们学校进行双语教学实验以来，在校领导的支持和关心下，几年来取得了一定进展，获得了一些经验。如今，我们正在以踏实、勤恳的工作态度，创新、独特的工作思路，在双语教学的道路上一步步迈进。本学期双语教研组将对双语教学实验的进一步深化提出更高的要求。针对小学双语教学自身的特点，结合几年来的双语教学经验，特制订本学期双语教学计划如下： 一、教研时间及要求 本学期，将继续实行教研组长考勤制度，如果教师有特殊事情不能参加教研活动，应在前一天通知教研组，由教研组长记好出勤记录。 二、本学期双语教学要求 1．教案。针对小学生的年龄特点，要求每位双语老师坚持写双语教案，可以逐年段的增加双语读本的使用量。在完成
教学目标的前提下，采取渗透的方式在日常课堂教学中进行双语实验。关于双语的使用量，针对组内教师的水平和所教授学年段、学科的特点，初定为每学期完成两篇比较有质量的教案设计。 2．上课。我们研究的课题是双语教学的课堂有效性问题。因此，在本学期，我们应该贯彻双语教学课堂有效性，将双语教学落到实处。影响双语教学有效与否的重要因素之一是学生有多少机会进行双语学习。丰富的学习机会,增加学生的“积极学习时间”，提高双语教学的有效性。教师应该鼓励他们说英语，最大限度地进行口语锻炼。双语教学不同于英语教学，它只是在课堂上作为一种工具去使用，其目的是提高学生口语的实际应用能力。因此，无论哪一个学科的双语教学，都应该紧密联系学生的生活，让学生真正做到有所收获。同时，真实的学生生活用语对小学生来说，是最宝贵的教学素材，有利于学生将所学最快的应用到生活中去。双语教学的实施,主要还是由各任课教师渗透到每一天的日常教学中. 3. 听评课。本学期希望各位教师按照教研活动安排，提前做好上课、听课准备，同时，利用教研活动时间，对示范课进行讲评。
提高双语教育教学质量的实施计划方案1
提高双语教育教学质量的实施方案为贯彻落实《国务院关于深化改革加快发展民族教育的； 一、重要意义；加快少数民族教育发展，推进“双语”教学， 二、工作思路；以提高课堂教学效率提高教育质量为中心； 为贯彻落实《国务院关于深化改革加快发展民族教育的决定》、自治区党委、人民政府《关于大力推进“双语”教学的决定》和自治区教育厅《关于加快推进学前和中小学“双语”教学工作的通知》以及英吉沙县教育局《关于印发加强双语教育工作实施方案〉的通知》的文件精神，结合我乡双语教育教学实际，特制定提高教育教学质量的实施方案。 一、重要意义 加快少数民族教育发展，推进“双语”教学，培养“民汉兼通”的学生，是巩固发展平等、团结、互助的社会主义民族关系、促进各民族之间经济文化交流，共同发展、繁荣、进步，实现全面建设小康社会目标具有重大的意义。 二、工作思路 以提高课堂教学效率提高教育质量为中心。加强落实学生良好学习习惯的培养；努力提高课堂教学效率与质量。提
高教师的教研能力、课堂教学能力、学生自主学习和创新能力；努力使我乡的教育教学质量大幅度提高。 三、组织领导 三、组织领导；组长：吾热依木江·库尔班（校长）；负 责监督检查 萨乌尔·胡达拜尔地（书记）；负责监督检查指导副组长：妮萨古丽·夏斯依提（副校长）负责宣传检查 工作 热比古丽·孜比布拉 (副书记) 负责督导检查 阿尔子古丽·艾热提负责宣传上报信息 米娜瓦尔·麦麦提敏负责双语档案 阿米娜·艾买提负责教师信息 1、小组成员要做好组长和副组长安排的任务，要帮助分析原因，落实整改，力求提高双语教学质量。同时要做好学校的参谋，发现问题要及时探讨、交流，共同提高。 2、建立督查制度。以“校长督查教务室；教务室督查教研组；教研组督查教师”为主线，层层要做好督促指导工作。
生态学双语词汇汇编
《生态学双语教学词汇汇编》 Part I 蒋维 Part II +Part V罗隆诚 Part III 官情 Part IV 涂纯 Part I 生物与环境 生态因子 密度制约因子与非密度制约因子 协同进化 物种 自然选择（稳定性选择/单向性选择/分裂性选择） 适应、适应组合 趋同适应与趋异适应 拟态/保护色/警戒色 生物钟 休眠 生态因子（主导因子/限制因子/最小因子定律/补偿效应） 耐受性定律（生态幅/生态价）狭食（光、温、盐、栖、湿）性/广食性生态位 驯化 内稳态 光补偿点/光饱和点 C3植物/C4植物 阳性植物/阴性/耐阴性 昼行性/夜行性动物 光周期 长日照/短日照 光污染/光化学烟雾 温变周期 三基点温度 年轮 有效积温法则 春化 恒温/变温动物 贝格曼法则 阿伦定律 热岛效应 水生/陆生植物 沉水/浮水/挺水植物 湿生/中生/旱生植物 Part II 种群生态学
密度/绝对/相对密度/粗密度/生态密度标志-重捕法 单体/构建生物 种群分布/集群/随机/斑块 种群统计学 出生率/死亡率 迁出/迁出率 年龄结构 性比 世代周期 生命表/动态、静态生命表 种群增长率 内禀增长率 存活曲线/死亡曲线 生命预期 离散式增长/连续式增长 周限增长率 指数式增长/罗吉斯蒂增长 环境容纳量 密度制约/非密度制约 生物/气候/综合学派 集合种群 SLOSS 生活史 繁殖/孢子营养/有性生殖/无性 扩散 繁殖成效/繁殖价值/亲本投资/利他作用繁殖策略 r、K对策 r C S对策 性选择 种内与种间作用 密度 集群/阿里规律 自梳/他梳 -3/2自梳法则 最后产量恒值法则 竞争/分摊型/争夺型竞争 婚配制度 领域/巢区 社会等级
双语教学的工作计划怎么写
双语教学的工作计划怎么写 为进一步加强对“双语”教学工作的组织领导，加大对教师的“双语”培训力度，提高“双语”教学工作的质量，为保证“双语”教学工作有计划、有组织的进行，特制定我校2021-2021学年第儿学期“双语”教学工作计划如下： 一、继续加大对“双语”教学工作的`组织领导 1、学校“双语”教学工作领导小组继续履行职能，一把手亲自抓落实、到位情况、任务分解到小组成员个人以及个班的“双语”教师。加大对“双语”教学工作的指导、检查、督促力度，及时解决工作中存在的各种问题和困难，为促进“双语”教学工作的正常顺利地进行而打下基础。 2、进一步抓好制度建设，充实和完善“双语”培训教育目标责任和学习制度。将学习教学与技术职务普升，年度考核，评优和评选年度先进挂钩，用制度来进一步规范“双语”教学工作。 二、继续加大宣传教育力度 1、通过加强宣传教育力度，提高广大教职工和学生对“双语”教学改革重要意义的认识，进一步提高广大师生对汉语教学重要性的认识，使广大师生能够充分认识学习汉语的重要性、必要性和迫切性，增强他们做好并学好“双语”教学工作的信心，努力提高“双语”教学工作的水平和质量。 2、开展正常的政策、文件的学习宣传和贯彻加深对上级党正对“双语”教学工作的理解和把握，进一步搞好教学工作。 3、继续组织开展“双语”黑板报比赛、汉语书法比赛、诗歌朗读比赛等形式各样的活。 三、做好“双语”培训和安排工作 1.为更进一步加强“双语”教学工作，派出有关教师参加自治区、地区以及市上举办的各类学习班和培训班。通过让他们参加培训提高他们“双语”水平。 2.为了加强“双语”教学，让孩子们从学前班开始打好良好的基础，学校安排一些有经验的汉语基础好的年轻教师为学前班授课，最好是“民汉兼通”的维吾尔族老师，书写正确，便于学生从小接受正确的读，说和写。 3.“双语”老师汉语授课前，要认真备课，注意音调准确无误，组词字词书写正确，避免给学生传授错误的汉语知识。
NBA篮球英语词汇
NBA篮球英语词汇。。 恭喜,楼主发此新帖随机获得 50 现金 NBA 各种投篮方式 (slam) dunk：(强力)灌篮 bank shot：擦板球 double pump：拉杆式投篮(verb) fade-away shot：后仰式跳投 hook shot：钩射投篮 jump shot：跳投 layup：带球上篮 perimeter shot：中距离投篮 set shot：立定投篮 three-point shot：三分球 NBA 各种统计术语 assist：助功 block shot：阻攻，盖火锅儿 defensive rebound：防守篮板球field goal percentage：投球命中率
field goal：投球命中 free throw percentage：罚球命中率 free throw：罚球 offensive rebound：进攻篮板球 rebound：篮板球 scoring：得分 steal：抄截 three-point shot percentage：三分球命中率 turnover：失误 场地装备篇 backboard：篮板 back court：后场 freethrow lane：罚球圈，禁区 freethrow line：罚球线 front court：前场 game clock：比赛用时钟 halftime：中场休息时间 hoop：篮框，篮圈
mid-court：中场 net：篮网 painted area：罚球圈，禁区 restricted area near the basket：禁区内篮框下的小圆圈区域 rim：篮框，篮圈 scoring table：记录台，记分台 shot clock：时限钟（进攻方在24秒内必须投篮，并且球必须触及 篮框，否则即违例) three-point line：三分（球）线 top of the circle：靠近禁区顶端之三分（球）线附近 wing：（左、右两边）底线区域 规则篇 blocking foul：阻挡犯规 buzzer：（比赛用的）蜂鸣器（表示时间终了，换人…等） charging foul：（带球）撞人（犯规） dead ball：死球（停止比赛进行时段） defensive basket interference：防守方干扰投篮得分 delay of game：阻碍比赛之正常进行
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我们研究的课题是双语教学的课堂有效性问题。因此，在本 学期，我们应该贯彻双语教学课堂有效性，将双语教学落到实处。影响双语教学有效与否的重要因素之一是学生有多少机会进行双 语学习。丰富的学习机会，增加学生的“积极学习时间”，提高 双语教学的有效性。教师应该鼓励他们说英语，最大限度地进行 口语锻炼。双语教学不同于英语教学，它只是在课堂上作为一种 工具去使用，其目的是提高学生口语的实际应用能力。因此，无 论哪一个学科的双语教学，都应该紧密联系学生的生活，让学生 真正做到有所收获。同时，真实的学生生活用语对小学生来说， 是最宝贵的教学素材，有利于学生将所学最快的应用到生活中去。双语教学的实施，主要还是由各任课教师渗透到每一天的日常教 学中。 3．听评课。 本学期希望各位教师按照教研活动安排，提前做好上课、听 课准备，同时，利用教研活动时间，对示范课进行讲评。 以上是双语教研组本学期的教研计划，我们将力保完成教研 内容的前提下，加强计划的实效性，以便更好的推动双语教学改 革的实验步伐……
篮球裁判员英语词汇
篮球裁判员英语词汇 一、场地、设备 1.playing court 球场． 2.basketball 篮球 3.team bench areas 球队席区域 4.side line 边线 5.center line 中线 6.end line 端线 7.boundary line 界线https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4b9970931.html,ne place line 分位线9.free throw line 罚球线10.free throw lane 罚球区11.three Point line 三分线12.front court 前场 13.mid court 中场14.back court 后场 15.centre circle 中圈16.restricted area 限制区 I7.ring 篮圈https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4b9970931.html, 篮网 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4b9970931.html,ne place 位置区 20.three－Point field goal areas 三分投篮区 21.neutral zone 中立区22.backboard 篮板 23.basket 球篮24.basket。uPPort 篮架25.basket Post 篮架支柱https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4b9970931.html,ed ball 用过的球 27.game clock 开表28.stop the clock 停表 29.team foul marker 全队犯规标志30.foul markers 犯规次数牌31.team bench 球队席32.substitute bench 替补队员席33.whistle 哨34.technical equipment 技术设备35.dimension of the court 球场面积36.ownkasket 本方球篮37.oPPonent’s basket 对方球篮
20xx学年双语教学实施方案通用范本
内部编号：AN-QP-HT877 版本/ 修改状态：01 / 00 In The Early Stage Of Research, Through The Assumption And Conception Of The Implementation Plan, We Can Form An Effective Plan, And Analyze And Summarize The Resources And Other Stage Results Of The Proposed Plan, So As T o Form Methods And Experience T o Guide The Future Of Similar Matters. 编辑：__________________ 审核：__________________ 单位：__________________ 20xx学年双语教学实施方案通用范本
20xx学年双语教学实施方案通用范本 使用指引：本方案文件可用于前期的研究中，通过对落实计划的设想和构思，形成有效的方案，并对拟建方案所取得的资源等阶段成果进行分析总结，形成方法经验来指导未来同类事项的进行。资料下载后可以进行自定义修改，可按照所需进行删减和使用。 一、指导思想： 我国加入世界WTO和新课程改革给我国基础教育带来前所未有的机遇和挑战，学校课堂教学如沐春风，注重学习的体验和知识的运用成为目前教学的最为核心的内容。英语作为一种语言交流工具，日益成为人们关注的焦点。现在，纯知识的外语教学已经落后，不再适应社会及经济的发展;英语教育中除了知识性，还有工具性、交际性和文化性。然而，我国现行的英语教学存在的弊端是：学生在课堂上学习英语知识，在日常生活中无处应用。学生们面临的最大问题就是缺乏彼此之间的交
普通高校双语教学现状与反思-2019年精选文档
普通高校双语教学现状与反思 在全球经济一体化和国际交流日益加强的背景下，高等教育走向国际化是现代教育发展的必然趋势。双语教学则是高等教育国际化的必然产物，是培养既具有专业知识又有外语沟通能力的复合型和创新型人才的重要手段[1] 。目前，由于教育背景、受教育群体语言程度、教师自身素质、学科内容等均存在一定的特殊性，双语教学的现状是多种模式共存、百花齐放。从教学实际来看，各普通高校双语教学课程的开设主要受限于授课教师的语言能力，而不是立足以于长期发展的目标，因而导致某些双语课程的设置缺乏规划性、系统性、继承性和延伸性，难以达到双语教学的教育初衷。因此，我们应该重新审视我国高等院校双语教学现状的利与弊，从根源上解决当前存在的问题与困惑，切实提高双语教学的质量。 、普通高校双语教学现状 二、普通高校双语教学存在的问题 在普通高等院校里，存在双语专业教学和双语课程教学两种现象。就培养国际型人才的初衷而言，双语专业教学无疑更具有实效性，但是对双语课程设置的科学化和体系化、双语教师梯队的建设情况、外文原版教材的引进程度要求更高，开展起来有较大的难度。尤其是中国不是双语国家，双语师资梯队建设有相当大的难度。而仅为应付评估而开设的某一课程的双语教学，仅仅 取决于承担该课程的授课教师的外文水平，无需搞大规模的规划和建设，因此在各高校里更具有普遍性。但是我们不难发现，单 门课程的双语教学，由于缺乏双语教学的继承性和延伸性，其培养国际化人才的目标也终成泡影。师资状况是双语课程能否开设的瓶颈。即使是单门课程的双语教学，在实际授课中也存在相当大的问题。一些专业课教师外文水平有限，但却勉为其难地承担着双语教学的重担，他们要花几倍的时间去备课，但到了课堂上仍然无法应对课堂的情境，只能将想说的话都写在课件上，对着课件照本宣科，有些教师中国特色口音浓重，学生听不懂，于是课堂上完全没有办法互动，其教学效果可想而知。与此同时，现行的普通高校选课制度对双语教学质量的冲击也是不可忽略的。
双语教学工作计划修订版
双语教学工作计划集团标准化小组：[VVOPPT-JOPP28-JPPTL98-LOPPNN]
双语教学工作计划 一、指导思想： 以邓小平同志“教育要面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来”的重要思想为指导，积极推进双语教育实验，丰富学校教育内涵，探索行之有效的双语教育模式，使我校双语教学水平得到显着提高，使学生在学习母语阶段充分接受英语熏陶，为将来成长成为具有国际视野和国际交往能力的创新型人才奠定基础。 二、工作目标： 根据《无锡市教育局关于推进双语教育实验的指导意见》,精心组织,扎实推进双语教育工作。围绕学校双语教学实验方案进行双语教学的探索。拓宽双语课程设置，改善双语学习环境，，探索双语教学模式，形成具有校本特色的双语教育体系。 本学年内，要充分重视双语实验学校创建工作，完善双语教育环境，开设好实验课程，在“健康教育”、“牛津1A口语交际”及其他学科渗透等方面进行实验，初步形成校本特色的双语教育模式；同时着重培养一支专兼结合、富有双语教育能力的教师队伍。并通过双语教学的实施，提高学生英语口语能力、英语交往能力、英语应用能力。 三、工作要求： 2006——2007第一学期 1、统一思想认识。从行政人员到英语教师、双语教师直到全校教师学习关于双语教育的理论和市教师局关于推进双语教育实验的指导意见，统一思想认识，提高积极参与双语教育的自觉性，了解双语教育的基础知识和本校开展双语教育实验的规划。 2、选派教师参加双语教育实验的培训。 3、选定双语教育实验的学科、年级、教材。营造双语教学氛围。 4、成立校双语教育实验领导小组和教学研究小组。
5、在小学一年级开设英语口语交际课、在小学三年级开设双语健康教育课。以这二个年级为先行实验，定期开展研究活动，探索双语教育模式。 6、利用新加坡英华学校来校华文浸濡契机，进行双语交流活动。 2006——2007第二学期 1、进一步改进双语教育实验环境，优化师资配备。 2、积极开发双语教育资源，创新双语教育活动的内容和形式，大力加强 化建设，初步形成校本双语教育特色。 3、探索双语教育质量评估标准和办法，制订有关学科的《双语课堂教学评价表》并试行评估。 4、将原有五月份英语艺术周活动优化为“双语文化艺术周”活动。 5、开展一次区级以上的“双语研究展示课活动”。 6、举办英语教师和双语课教师教学设计和课件制作比赛。 主要措施 1、狠抓双语教学的常规管理 以教学过程管理为着力点，定期抽查双语教师的教学“六认真”工作，深入学生、班级，及时掌握双语教学动态，采取有效措施，确保双语教学工作正常、规范、有效进行。 2、加强双语师资队伍建设 经常性地组织双语教师进行校本培训，学习先进的教育理论，学习双语教学常用方法，使教师逐步从“经验型”向“学习型”、“研究型”转化。 加强教研组建设。教研组要重视双语教师教学，进行互动的随堂听课和专题教研活动，使双语教师的教学能力有一个质的提高。