搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 《经济博弈论》课后答案、补充习题答案

《经济博弈论》课后答案、补充习题答案

《经济博弈论》课后答案、补充习题答案
《经济博弈论》课后答案、补充习题答案

第一章

商务现场口译问题详解1—18单元

商务现场口译答案1—18单元( 全) Unit1 Phrase Interpreting A 1. to recover from the jet lag 2. thoughtful arrangement 3. hospitality 4. souvenir 5. accommodations 6. to claim baggage 7. to proceed through the Customs 8. itinerary 9. farewell speech 10. to adjust to the time difference 1.倒时差2.周到的安排3.热情好客4.纪念品5.食宿 6.提取行7.进行海关检查8.活动安排9.告别词10.适应时差 B 1.为……设宴洗尘2.向……告别3.不远万里来到…4.很荣幸…… 5.久仰大名6.欢迎词7.赞美8.回顾过去9.展望未来 10.美好回忆 1. to hold a banquet in honor of... 2. to bid farewell to... 3. to come all the way to... 4. to be/feel honored... 5. I have long been looking forward to meeting you. 6. a welcoming address 7. to pay tribute to 8. to look back 9. to look ahead 10. happy memory Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you very much for your gracious welcoming speech. China is one of the earliest cradles of civilization and the visit to this ancient nation has long been my dream. This visit will give me an excellent opportunity to meet old friends and establish new contacts. I wish to say again that I am so delighted and privileged to visit your great country and this lovely town. I am deeply grateful for everything you have done for me since my arrival in China. As an American manager of a Sino-American joint venture for two years, I have to say that there are differences in business management practice between Chinese and Americans. We are more direct and straightforward than most Chinese colleagues due to our different cultural traditions. I can't say our way of doing business is absolutely superior. After all, there are strong points and weak points in both types of management. In recent years, more and more American business executives have recognized the strong points of the more humane way of Chinese management. It is a great pleasure that I can exchange views and information with you, and reach common ground here. And I wish to share with you my thoughts on this topic in the days to come. Thank you!

商务现场口译答案 (全部)

Unit 7 I. Listen to a short passage "Shopping for Clothes" carefully and note down what you hear. Try to use some symbols and abbreviations when you are taking notes. Then interpret your notes in the target language. Shopping for Clothes Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants, and his objective is to find it and buy it; the price is a secondary consideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock, the salesman promptly produces it, and the business of trying it on proceeds at once. All being well, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone's satisfaction. For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants, or does not have exactly what he wants. Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way. Her shopping is not often based on needs. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants, and she is only "having a look round". She is always open to persuasion; indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her, even by what companions tell her. She will try on any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes. They are always on the lookout for the unexpected bargain. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another, to and fro, often retracing her steps before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a laborious process, but apparently an enjoyable one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands. II. Phrase Interpreting A 1. screen 2. diagram 3. vertical axis 4. column 5. in summary 6. consequently 7. furthermore 8. to run out of time 9. in a word 10. in addition 1.屏幕 2.图表 3.纵轴 4.圆柱 5.总之 6.因此 7.此外 8.没时间 9.总而言之 10.另外 B. 1.商品特性 2.顺序 3.订单 4.垄断 5.质量监控 6.利润 7.制造业 8.服务业 9.运作 10.顾客满意度 1. commodity features 2. sequence 3. order 4. monopoly 5. quality control 6. profit

论经济博弈论

论经济博弈论 “博弈即一些个人、对组或其他组织,面对一定的环境条件,在一定的规则下,同时或先后,一次或多次,从各自允许选择的行为或策略中进行选择并加以实施,各自取得相应结果的过程。”博弈由英文“game”翻译过来,过去每每听到博弈一词.都觉得这是一个高深莫测、充满神秘色彩的领域,如今通过了系统的学习,才终于可以对“博弈”有一些粗浅的理解。博弈论的英文名称为Gm,ne Theory,也翻译为对策论、游戏论。作为一门现代学科体系,博弈论早在半个世纪以前就已经出现,但长期以来并没有受到足够重视,除了少数博弈论专家以外,很少有人知道它。可是,近年来却受到高度的重视和青睐。1994 年三位致力于博弈论基础理论研究的经济学家共同获得了诺贝尔经济学奖,使得博弈论作为重要的经济学分支学科的地位和作用得到了最具权威性的肯定。此后1996年,诺贝尔经济学奖又由博弈论和信息经济学家莫里斯和维克瑞获得,这进一步肯定了博弈论在经济学中的重要地位,同时也从一个侧面体现出博弈理论已经渡过了成长期,步人了成熟期。 一、博弈论的发展进程 博弈论思想虽然有着悠久的历史,但是作为一门系统的学科来说还相当的年轻。近代以来,在学术研究的过程中许多学者逐渐认识到了博弈论的重要作用,对博弈理论进行了探索研究。一般认为,对于博弈理论的最早研究可以追溯到18世纪初。瓦德格拉夫(W aldegrave)在1713年提出了两人博弈的极小化极大混合策略解。古诺(Coumot)和波特兰德(Bertrand)分别在1838年和1883年提出了博弈论最经典的模型,两位学者分别从产茸决策和价格决策分析垄断的双寡头竞争模型,确定了在竞争之下各自的最优反应函数。但是作为一种理论来说,1944年,冯·诺依曼(VonNeumann)和奥·摩根斯坦(Morgenstem)合著了《博弈论与经济行为》在总结了以往关于博弈的研究成果的基础上,提出了博弈论的概念术语、一般框架和表述方法,提较系统的博弈理论,因此这被认为是博弈理论初步形成的标志。50年代初,纳什(J.Nash)的两篇非合作博弈论奠基性论文发表之后。博弈论飞速发展。作为博弈论的一部分,非合作博弈比合作博弈的发展更加迅速,在经济学等其他学科中的应用也更为广泛。提起博弈论,现在差不多总是指非合作博弈论。50年代以来,纳什(Nash)、泽尔腾(Sehen)、海萨尼(Harsanyi)等人是

商务现场口译答案unit 9

Unit 9 II. /P155 A 1服务理念2质量方针3企业精神4经营宗旨5战略主题 6以市场为主导的服务7文化冲突8文化事业9民间文化 10 都市文化 B 1 value 2 innovation for comprtitiveness 3 core concept 4 pursue excellence 5 challenge ourselve 6 enterprise’s identification 7 social relationship 8 teamwork spirit 9 reasonable price 10 speedy service III A 1拥有企业文化的企业,员工具有想象力和创造力,从不畏惧冒险。 2 ABC公司通过世界各地的机构长期引导慈善事业,这是公司的传统。 3 ABC公司的员工认真对待自己对于生活和工作所在的社区应承担的义务。 4 企业文化是由勇于创新的员工组成的,他们敢于挑战现有的工作方式,并提出有利于全社会的新观点和新解决方案。 5 我们与公司的总体方向和目标保持一致。

B 1 enterprise culture helped the transformation of our company from one based on manufacturing to a post-industrial company based on service. 2 to stimulate our employmees,serve our customers and creat a bright future,we build a distinctive culture of ABC and promote four core values base on it. 3 we understand the real potential of these core value,as it help us bring happiness and quality to the life of our clients. 4 we are on the cutting-edge od our field,as we initiate innovative proposals and seek innovating solution in our work. 5 our enterprise value: create more value to the enterprise and the society continuously. TEXT A /P157 Ever since its establishment in 1984, rainbow has develop from a single store into the leading chain enterprise in shenzhen’s retailing industry. Now rainbow is in the top 100 of retailing giants in China. In its 20 years of development ,rainbow has won the trust from the government,business partners,suppliers and customers,by maintaining its corporate philiosophy of “Authenticity,in tegrity,Enthusiasm and C rediblity ’’. It has attained the support from the society and achieved excellcent eonomic effects and social effects.

商务现场口译1复习题

《商务现场口译1》复习题 一、汉译英 我们公司打算以削价的方式处理库存商品。 如果贵公司订购超过30000美元,我们将提供九折优惠。 Our company is planning to dispose of the stocks at a discount. If your company places an order for more than US$30,000, we will allow you a 10% discount. 我们公司一直谋求在河南发展业务,希望开拓新的市场。 如果你们能预付现金,我们可以把价格降到100美元。 Our company has been expanding our business into He’nan in order to develop a new market. If you make cash payment in advance, we can drop the price to 100 US dollars. 我们可以为你们公司建设网站,介绍你们的主要产品。 货款需在40天内付清,预付现金可获3%折扣。 We can build a website for your company, with descriptions of your major products. We require full payment within 40 days, with a 3% discount for cash payment in advance. 我们公司拥有最好的系列产品,并致力于提供优质服务。 由于我们商定的交货日期已过,请告诉我们确切的装运日期。 Our company has the best product line and is dedicated to quality service. Since the agreed delivery date has passed, please tell us the exact shipping date. 很抱歉,我们刚刚发了一大批货,目前没有存货了。 我们公司要求先付10%,余款分12个月付清。 I’m sorry that we just filled a very large order and we are out of stock now. We ask for a 10% down payment, and the balance is to be paid in 12 months equally. 在这次交易会上,来自18个省的企业签订了许多协议。 2006年我们的产值达到15亿美元,比上一年增长了30%。 Lots of agreements were signed during the trade fair among enterprises from 18 provinces. Our production volume reached US$1.5 billion in 2006, an increase of 30% over that of 2005. 要是你们不做出适当的让步,再讨论也没有意义。 如果你们在3月底以前下订单,就可享受10%的折扣。 If you can’t make proper concessions, there is no point in further discussion. You can receive a 10% discount on orders placed before the end of March. 我们公司承诺提供专业服务,以满足广大客户的需要。 我们在北京设立了办事处,并在无锡成立了4家合资企业。 We are committed to providing professional service to satisfy a diverse range of customers. We already have a branch office in Beijing and 4 joint ventures in Wuxi.

商务现场口译答案1—18单元

商务现场口译答案1—18单元(全) Unitl Phrase Interpreting A 1. to recover from the jet lag 3. hospitality 5. accommodations 2. thoughtful arrangement 4. souvenir 6. to claim baggage 7. to proceed through the Customs 9. farewell speech 1?倒时差 2.周到的安排6.提取行李 7.进行海关检查 B 1. 为……设宴洗尘 2.向……告别 5. 久仰大名 6.欢迎词7.赞 美 8?活动安排 9.告别词 10.适应时差 3. 不远万里来到… 4.很荣幸…… 8. 回顾过去 9.展望未来 10.美好回忆 1 ? to hold a banquet in honor of... 3. to come all the way to... 5.1 have long been looking forward to meeting you. 7. to pay tribute to 9. to look aliead Distinguished Guests. Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you very much for your gracious welcoming speech ? China is one of the earliest cradles of civilization and the visit to this ancient nation has long been my dream. This visit will give me an excellent opportunity to meet old friends and establish new contacts ? I wish to say again that I am so delighted and privileged to visit your great country and this lovely town. I am deeply grateful for everything you have done for me since my arrival in China ? As an American manager of a Sino-American joint venture for two years. I have to say that there are differences in business management practice between Chinese and Americans. We are more direct and straightforward than most Chinese colleagues due to our different cultural traditions ? I can f t say our way of doing business is absolutely superior. After all, there are strong points and weak points in both types of management. In recent years. inore and more American business executives have recognized the strong points of the more humane way of Chinese management. It is a great pleasure that I can exchange views and information with you. and reach common ground here ? And I wish to share with you my thoughts on this topic in the days to come. Thank you! 8. itinerary 10. to adjust to the time difference 3?热情好客 4.纪念品 5.食宿 2. to bid farewell to... 4. to be/feel honored... 6. a welcoming address 8. to look back 10. happy memory

商务现场口译答案单元

商务现场口译答案单元集团文件发布号:(9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-

商务现场口译答案1—18单元 ( 全 ) Unit1 Phrase Interpreting A 1. to recover from the jet lag 2. thoughtful arrangement 3. hospitality 4. souvenir 5. accommodations 6. to claim baggage 7. to proceed through the Customs 8. itinerary 9. farewell speech 10. to adjust to the time difference 1.倒时差 2.周到的安排 3.热情好客 4.纪念品 5.食宿 6.提取行李 7.进行海关检查 8.活动安排 9.告别词10.适应时差 B 1.为……设宴洗尘 2.向……告别 3.不远万里来到… 4.很荣幸…… 5.久仰大名 6.欢迎词 7.赞美 8.回顾过去 9.展望未来 10.美好回忆

1. to hold a banquet in honor of... 2. to bid farewell to... 3. to come all the way to... 4. to be/feel honored... 5. I have long been looking forward to meeting you. 6. a welcoming address 7. to pay tribute to 8. to look back 9. to look ahead 10. happy memory Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you very much for your gracious welcoming speech. China is one of the earliest cradles of civilization and the visit to this ancient nation has long been my dream. This visit will give me an excellent opportunity to meet old friends and establish new contacts. I wish to say again that I am so delighted and privileged to visit your great country and this lovely town. I am deeply grateful for everything you have done for me since my arrival in China.

商务现场口译答案单元

商务现场口译答案单元 Company number【1089WT-1898YT-1W8CB-9UUT-92108】

商务现场口译答案1—18单元 ( 全 ) Unit1 Phrase Interpreting A 1. to recover from the jet lag 2. thoughtful arrangement 3. hospitality 4. souvenir 5. accommodations 6. to claim baggage 7. to proceed through the Customs 8. itinerary 9. farewell speech 10. to adjust to the time difference 1.倒时差 2.周到的安排 3.热情好客 4.纪念品 5.食宿 6.提取行李 7.进行海关检查 8.活动安排 9.告别词10.适应时差 B 1.为……设宴洗尘 2.向……告别 3.不远万里来到… 4.很荣幸…… 5.久仰大名 6.欢迎词 7.赞美 8.回顾过去 9.展望未来 10.美好回忆

1. to hold a banquet in honor of... 2. to bid farewell to... 3. to come all the way to... 4. to be/feel honored... 5. I have long been looking forward to meeting you. 6. a welcoming address 7. to pay tribute to 8. to look back 9. to look ahead 10. happy memory Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you very much for your gracious welcoming speech. China is one of the earliest cradles of civilization and the visit to this ancient nation has long been my dream. This visit will give me an excellent opportunity to meet old friends and establish new contacts. I wish to say again that I am so delighted and privileged to visit your great country and this lovely town. I am deeply grateful for everything you have done for me since my arrival in China.

《经济博弈论》期末考试复习解析

《经济博弈论》期末考试复习资料 第一章导论 1.博弈的概念: 博弈即一些个人、队组或其他组织,面对一定的环境条件,在一定的规则下,同时或先后,一次或多次,从各自允许选择的行为或策略中进行选择并加以实施,并从中各自取得相应结果的过程。它包括四个要素:参与者,策略,次序和得益。 2.一个博弈的构成要素: 博弈模型有下列要素:(1)博弈方。即博弈中决策并承但结果的参与者.包括个人或组织等:(2)策略。即博弈方决策、选择的内容,包括行为取舍、经济活动水平或多种行为的特定组合等。各博弈方的策略选择范围称策略空间。每个博弈方各选一个策略构成一个策略组合。(3)进行博弈的次序:次序不同一般就是不同的博弈,即使博弈的其他方面都相同。(4)得益。各策略组合对应的各博弈方获得的数值结果,可以是经济利益,也可以是非经济利益折算的效用等。 3.合作博弈和非合作博弈的区别: 合作博弈:允许存在有约束力协议的博弈;非合作博弈:不允许存在有约束力协议的博弈。主要区别:人们的行为互相作用时,当事人能否达成一个具有约束力的协议。 假设博弈方是两个寡头企业,如果他们之间达成一个协议,联合最大化垄断利润,并且各自按这个协议生产,就是合作博弈。 如果达不成协议,或不遵守协议,每个企业都只选择自己的最优产品(价格),则是非合作博弈。 合作博弈:团体理性(效率高,公正,公平) 非合作博弈:个人理性,个人最优决策(可能有效率,可能无效率) 4.完全理性和有限理性: 完全理性:有完美的分析判断能力和不会犯选择行为的错误。 有限理性:博弈方的判断选择能力有缺陷。 区分两者的重要性在于如果决策者是有限理性的,那么他们的策略行为和博弈结果通常与在博弈方有完全理想假设的基础上的预测有很大差距,以完全理性为基础的博弈分析可能会失效。所以不能简单地假设各博弈方都完全理性。 5.个体理性和集体理性: 个体理性:以个体利益最大为目标;集体理性:追求集体利益最大化。 第一章课后题:2、4、5 2.设定一个博弈模型必须确定哪几个方面? 设定一个博弈必须确定的方面包括:(1)博弈方,即博弈中进行决策并承担结果的参与者;(2)策略(空间),即博弈方选择的内容,可以是方向、取舍选择,也可以是连续的数量水平等;(3)得益或得益函数,即博弈方行为、策略选择的相应后果、结果,必须是数量或者能够折算成数量;(4)博弈次序,即博弈方行为、选择的先后次序或者重复次数等;(5)信息结构,即博弈方相互对其他博弈方行为或最终利益

商务现场口译11单元答案

Unit 11 Business Negotiation A.English to Chinese 1.我们必须强调这些付款条件对我们很重要。 2.你能考虑接受我们的反提案吗? 3.也许我们应该先谈论完B项议题。 4.请了解这一点对我们至关重要。 5.我不得不提出一些可能比较尴尬的问题。 B. Chinese to English 1.If I were you, I would not waste my time pursuing that. 2.If you insist, I will comply with your request. 3.Would you care to answer my question on the warranty? 4.Could you please explain the proofs of your argument in more detail? 5.It will help me understand the main points you are trying to make. Text A 谈判中人的因素可以助你一臂之力,但也可能带来灾难。达成协议的过程可以使双方在心理上支持他们满意的结果。通过一段时间再相互信任、理解、尊重和友谊基础上建立的工作关系,可以使每次谈判进行得较为顺利,也较有成效。人们追求美好的自我感觉,注意别人如何看待自己,这常常使他们对谈判对手的利益更为敏感。 人们普遍认为,鉴于东亚在经济和科技发展上的巨大进步,在未来的几十年里,经济面临的挑战和机遇将集中在太平洋周边国家地区,尤其是东亚。北美、西欧和东亚在文化和价值观方面的差距很大。因此,西方商人在和他们的东亚伙伴进行商务谈判时,应采取和以前截然不同的态度和角度。 与东亚人谈判成功的技巧主要有6点: ●对外国伙伴的产品或服务的称赞; ●耐心; ●尊重文化差异; ●建立和培育关系的需要; ●对这个市场的长期承诺; ●理解当地的制度并在其规定下行事的需要。 Text B Jin: Welcome to our company. My name is Jeff Kim. I’m in charge of the export department. Let me give you my business card. Smith: 这是我的名片。 Jin: How was your flight?

经济博弈论

1、纳什均衡的概念。 对于任一个博弈游戏来讲,一定存在这么一组策略,使得其对于任一个局中人而言都是最好的,如果其它的所有局中人不改变他们的策略的话。 2、非合作博弈与合作博弈的区别。形成合作博弈的两个条件: (1)对联盟来说,整体收益大于其每个成员单独经营时的收益之和。 (2)对联盟内部而言,应存在具有帕累托改进性质的分配规则,即每个成员都能获得比不加入联盟时多一些的收益。 如何保证实现和满足这些条件,这是由合作博弈的本质特点决定的。也就是说,联盟内部成员之问的信息是可以互相交换的,所达成的协议必须强制执行。这些与非合作的策略型博弈中的每个局中人独立决策、没有义务去执行某种共同协议等特点形成了鲜明的对比。因此可以说:形成合作博弈的原因是在某种制度约束下的集体理性战胜了个人理性。 3、解释下列概念:纯策略、混合策略、策略组合、纳什均衡、贝叶斯均衡、反应函数 在完全信息博弈中,如果在每个给定信息下,只能选择一种特定策略,这个策略为纯策略。纯策略是混合策略的特例。 按照一定的概率,从一套“纯策略”中随机选取实际的对策,称为混合策略。混合策略是纯策略在空间上的概率分布,纯策略是混合策略的特例。 策略组合指参与者可能采取的所有行动方案的集合。策略集合必须有两个以上元素,否则,无所谓对策,只是独自决策。 所谓贝叶斯纳什均衡是指这样一组策略组合:在给定自己的特征和其他局中人特征的概率分布的情况下,每个局中人选择策略使自己的期望支付达到最大化,也就是说,没有人有积极性选择其他策略 反应函数,在无限策略的古诺博弈模型中,博弈方的策略有无限多种,因此各个博弈方的最佳对策也有无限种,它们之间往往构成一种连续函数的关系,把这个连续函数称为反应函数。4、解释下列概念:博弈、静态博弈和动态博弈、完全信息博弈和不完全信息博 弈、完美信息动态博弈和不完美信息动态博弈 博弈是指在一定的游戏规则约束下,基于直接相互作用的环境条件,各参与人依靠所掌握的信息,选择各自策略(行动),以实现利益最大化和风险成本最小化的过程。简单说就是人与人之间为了谋取利益而竞争。 静态博弈是指博弈中参与者同时采取行动,或者尽管参与者行动的采取有先后顺序,但后行动的人不知道先采取行动的人采取的是什么行动。 动态博弈是指参与人的行动有先后顺序,而且行动在后者可以观察到行动在先者的选择,并据此作出相应的选择。 完全信息博弈:是指每一参与者都拥有所有其他参与者的特征、策略集及得益函数等方面的准确信息的博弈。 不完全信息博弈,也称贝叶斯博弈,是指对其他参与人的特征、策略空间及收益函数信息了解的不够准确、或者不是对所有参与人的特征、策略空间及收益函数都有准确的信息,在这种情况下进行的博弈就是不完全信息博弈。博弈参与者对于对手的收益函数没有完全信息。 完全信息动态博弈,是指博弈中信息是完全的,即双方都掌握参与者对他参与人的战略空间和战略组合下的支付函数有完全的了解,但行动是有先后顺序的,后动者可以观察到前者的行动,了解前者行动的所有信息,而且一般都会持续一个较长时期。 不完美信息动态博弈,在动态博弈中,在不完全信息条件下,至少有一个局中人对其他某些局中人的收益不清楚。由于行动有先后顺序,后行动者可以通过观察先行动者的行为,获得有关先行动者的信息,从而证实或修正自己对先行动者的行动。 6、在公司制企业中,股东、经理、债券人、顾客、供货商等都被称为利益相关者。试分析不同

商务现场口译答案1—18单元

商务现场口译答案1—18单元 ( 全 ) Unit1 Phrase Interpreting A 1. to recover from the jet lag 2. thoughtful arrangement 3. hospitality 4. souvenir 5. accommodations 6. to claim baggage 7. to proceed through the Customs 8. itinerary 9. farewell speech 10. to adjust to the time difference 1.倒时差 2.周到的安排 3.热情好客 4.纪念品5.食宿 6.提取行李 7.进行海关检查 8.活动安排 9.告别词 10.适应时差 B

1.为……设宴洗尘 2.向……告别 3.不远万里来到… 4.很荣幸…… 5.久仰大名 6.欢迎词 7.赞美 8.回顾过去 9.展望未来 10.美好回忆 1. to hold a banquet in honor of... 2. to bid farewell to... 3. to come all the way to... 4. to be/feel honored... 5. I have long been looking forward to meeting you. 6. a welcoming address 7. to pay tribute to 8. to look back 9. to look ahead 10. happy memory Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Thank you very much for your gracious welcoming speech. China is one of the earliest

经济博弈论

用博弈论解释需求定理 企研08 282120202001 胡雁南 摘要:经济学中需求是指消费者在某一特定的时期内,在每一价格上愿意并且能够购买的商品和劳务的数量。需求定理或称需求规律,表明了某商品的价格与其需求量之间的关系。其基本内容是:在其他条件不变的情况下,某种商品的需求量与价格之间成反方向变动,即某种商品价格上升,则其需求量减少;反之,需求量增加。 一、背景介绍 商品的交易可以理解为供给者与需求者相互之间的博弈。供给者提供商品的时候可以考虑索取高价或者低价,需求者则考虑选择购买或者不购买。需求者对商品的需求是指消费者在某一特定的时期内,在每一价格上愿意并且能够购买的商品和劳务的数量。消费者对商品的需求量是指在某一特定时期内,消费者在特定价格水平上愿意并且能够购买的商品和劳务的数量。 很多因素都可能影响商品的需求,有经济因素,也有非经济因素。其影响因素主要有:1,商品本身的价格。商品本身价格高,需求少;价格低,需求多。2,消费者的偏好。一个消费者偏好某种商品,即使这种商品的价格不变,需求量也会增加。3,消费者的收入。当消费者收入增加时,消费者对某些商品在一定价格下的需求量也会增加,对另一些商品在一定价格下的需求量则可能会减少。4,其它商品的价格。有两种情况:两种商品为替代品,如果商品的价格上升则对其替代品的需求量就会增加(如茶叶和咖啡),反之亦然;两种商品为互补品,商品的价格上升会导致对其互补品需求量的下降(如汽车和轮胎),反之亦然。 本文将利用博弈论,通过建立一个供给者与需求者之间的博弈模型,来解释价格对消费者购买行为的影响。 二、博弈模型的建立

根据需求理论可以建立起供给者与需求者(为叙述方便,下文简称卖方和买方)的博弈模型。我们作如下假设: 假设1:两个参与者——卖方,买方。参与人Ⅰ是卖方,参与人Ⅱ是买方。 假设2:卖方仅提供一种商品A ,该商品仅有一种替代品B 。商品A 的单价为 1P ,商品B 的单价为2P ,买方的总购买能力为M ,M 总是不变。 假设3: 依据以上假设,可建立博弈模型的支付矩阵如表1-1. 表1-1 卖方与买方的支付矩阵 买方 购买y 不购买(1-y ) 卖 方 低价x (111CQ Q P -,111Q P CQ -) (1CQ ,11Q P ) 高价(1-x ) (*1*1*1CQ Q P -,*1*1*1Q P CQ -) (*1CQ ,* 1*1Q P ) 其中: 1P 是卖方采取低价时商品A 的价格; 1Q 是商品A 的价格为1P 时的需求量; C 是每件商品A 的成本; 当买方购买商品A 时付出购买商品的价格11Q P ,同时得到商品的成本1CQ ,于是买方购买商品时的支付为111Q P CQ -;而卖方则得到买方付给的价格但同时交付商品的成本,于是卖方的支付为111CQ Q P -; 当买方未购买商品A 时,卖方仍然持有商品的成本1CQ ,而买方仍然保有着商品的价格11Q P 。 当商家采取更高的价格* 1P 时,同理。 x 和y 分别代表卖方出低价和买方选择购买的概率。 三、模型的分析 首先用划线法分析表1-1:

相关主题