语篇的衔接与翻译

语篇的衔接与翻译

In the last 20 years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, (however,) have at the same time grown faster. (And so) The standard of living hasn’t improved. (What’s more) The increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. (As a result,) There has been no gain in the productivity of land labor.

Most of those who have watched enviously from the sidelines sense that gravity will assert itself sooner of later. Many of the online gamblers who have earned a fortune in paper profits betting their savings on shares in Yahoo. Amazon and the rest will never get their money out. For the very features that have led to a near-vertical climb of internet share prices also favor its precipitous collapse.

In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position.

Credit cards enable their holders to obtain goods and services on credits. They are issued by retail stores, banks, credit card companies to approved clients. The bank or credit card company settles the client’s bill, invoicing him monthly and charging interest on any outstanding debts. Their profit comes from the high rate of interest charged, the card-holder’s subscriptions, and the fees paid by some organizations that accept cards.

According to an Asian woman’s website poll, more than half of the respondents suggested that the new economy dress code should be comfortable. Even employers agree with that.

In future trade, the key development to watch is the relationship between the industrial…and the developing nations.

Historical evidence shows that birth… and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial age.

He wants the maximum responsibility and …the maximum reward; he does not mind the risk.

This is the year, they predict, that Web-enabled phones will take off, both here and in Europe. If you don’t already have one, you’ll probably find one under the Chri stmas tree.

Under all the measures of industrial promise, a key one must be investment in upgrading plant, machinery and skills.

Venture capitalists generally do not run companies; managements do. Thus, the success of any venture capital investment is dependent, in large part, on the strength of the related management team.

Is a quiet revolution under way in the nations shopping habits? Are we gradually allowing an increasingly select number of large companies to take care of all our basic requirements? The supermarket chains certainly hope so.

The truth of course is that you have to pay a professional to do it for you. This should be looked at as another investment: you have to spend money in short term to save money in the long term.

Now some observers say that supermarket chains risk damaging their brands by moving into a sector which they have no experience of. How do you react to that?

All the figures were correct, they had been checked. Yet the total came out wrong.

First of all, I would like to apologize for your order not being delivered on the date we agreed in our contract and also for the difficulties you have had in trying to reach me. As you may have heard in the news, we have experienced a major industrial dispute. The dispute involved all employees and as a result, all production came to a complete standstill. Secretarial and administrative staff were also involved; this is why it has been so difficult for you to reach me.

I am pleased to inform you that the dispute has now been settled and we should be back to normal production within a few days. Nevertheless, as you can imagine, we are now faced with a sizeable backlog of orders. I have spoken to our production Manager this morning, and he informs me that it will take at least ten days to clear this.

If you want to succeed in business, you need to know about financial management. No matter how skilled you are at developing a new product, providing a service, or marketing your wares, the money you earn will slip between your fingers if you do not know how to collect it, keep track of it, save it and spend or invest it wisely. A poor financial management is one of the main reasons why business fails. In many cases, failure could have been avoided against if the owners had applied sound financial principles to all their dealings and decisions. So what is the best way of making sure that you are handling your money correct.

Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-produce it, and this made it available to the ordinary man. Many automobiles were being built by hand at the turn of the century and were much too expensive for all but the wealthy.

Economist Sees a Deeper Slump than Predicted

The long-awaited recession has apparently arrived and many economists are now saying that the downturn in the nation’s economic activity will be deeper and longer than previously forecast.

Four months before election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversized calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning, the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn.

The seller shall pay all the custom duties and tariffs for export of the equipment.

Any Crown Servant…solicits or accepts any advantages shall be guilty of an offense.

Many third world nations with high unemployment and low wages have seen an emigration of workers to the developed nations. Western Europe has received millions of such worker from Mediterranean countries. The developing nations profit when these workers bring their savings and their acquired technical skills back home. Many developing nations benefit when Western nations establish manufacturing in their countries to take advantage of cheap labor.

语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯

山东外语教学 Shandong Fore ign Language Teaching Jour nal 2004年第3期( 总第100期)　语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯 刘庆元 (湖南理工学院外语系,湖南岳阳　414006) 收稿时间:2003-12-01 作者简介:刘庆元(1962-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:话语翻译。 摘要:语篇翻译中,衔接与连贯虽属两个不同的概念,但两者在构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。由于每一种语言都有其特定的表达习惯,因此,译者在翻译过程中要根据目的语的要求采取不同的策略,对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到语义上的连贯。关键词:语篇翻译;衔接;连贯 中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-2643(2004)03-0095-05 1.0引言 语篇是翻译的对象和基本单位,作为一种交际活动,它具有七项标准:衔接性,连贯性,意向性,可接受性,语境性,信息性和互文性,“如果其中的任何一项标准没有达到,语篇就失去了交际性”(Beaugrande &Dressler ,1981:3)。语篇的衔接性与连贯性虽属两个不同的概念,但两者构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。“衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,是语篇的有形网络;连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。”(方梦之,2002:326)在语篇翻译中,译者要考虑用适合目的语读者的语言把原文信息重新表达出来。重新表达不仅需要词汇方面的转换,还需采取一些相应的策略对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到译文的连贯。 本文拟就衔接与连贯在译文中的表现方式及转换手段进行讨论,是把语篇分析理论运用于翻译研究的一种尝试。2.0译文的衔接 衔接(cohesion )或称词语连接,是指一段话中各部分在语法或词汇方面有联系或两方面都有联系。这种联系可能存在于不同的句子之间,也可能存在于一个句子的几个部分之间。衔接是语段、篇章的重要特征,是语篇研究的核心。语言学界普遍认为韩礼德和哈桑的Cohesion in English 是衔接理论创立的标志。他们认为,衔接是产生语篇的必要(尽管不足)的条件。在他们看来,有了衔接不一定产生语篇,但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。他们将衔接分为五大类:照应(reference ),替代(substitution ),省略(ellipsis ),连接(conjunction )及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion )。(Halliday &Hason ,2001:6)其中前四类属于语法衔接手段,后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接是语篇具有的典型特征之一。在语篇翻译 中,语篇特征原则可用来解释如何获得原文和译文在语篇层面上的对等。衔接的优劣,关系到译文是否被接受者理解和接受。因此,译文要根据目的语的语篇特征,借助恰当的衔接手段,将句子与句子、语段与语段逻辑地粘连起来,构成一个完整或相对完整的语义单位。下面我们从语篇翻译的角度对汉英语法衔接手段中的照应及连接的特征和译文中的转换策略进行讨论。2.1语法衔接2.1.1照应的增减 无论是严复的“信、达、雅”,还是刘重德教授的“信、达、切”,以及奈达的“等值翻译”,都强调了译文必须忠实于原文,做不到这一点就不能视为翻译。最大限度的意义和形式对等是语篇翻译的终极目标。然而,由于源语和目的语的个性,衔接手段上会存在一定的差异性,这种差异性处理得是否得当直接影响到翻译质量。就英汉语而言,“现代英语在语句衔接方式上来说多用形合方法(hypataxis ),即用连接词语将句子衔接起来;而汉语既用形合方法,又用意合方法(parataxis ),但重意合法”(胡曙中,1993:601)。鉴于汉语衔接的“意合”性,语篇构建时少用照应手段,转换成英语时,应根据“形合”的特点予以补充。下面分别举例说明: (1)昨奉大函,诵悉一是。尊稿极佳,唯篇幅甚长,本志地位有限,故不克刊登,良用歉然。 I received your letter yesterday .Your article is very good ,but I am sorry that owing to pressure of space ,I find it too long to be published . 例(1)的源语中,没有一个代词,是汉语中典型的“意合”照应方式。但是,为了符合英文的“形合”粘连原则,译文用

网络流行语翻译大全

网络流行语翻译大全 Document serial number【KKGB-LBS98YT-BS8CB-BSUT-BST108】

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语篇翻译——衔接与连贯

Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。 语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。 衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence) 衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。 衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。 衔接(Cohesion) 7.2.1 定义 衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。 . Paris I’ve always wanted to go there. 7.2.2 分类 衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。 7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异 1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。 2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。 3.对英汉互译的启示。 7.2.4指称/照应(reference) 指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。 . Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it. .Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it. . Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.

网络流行语的英语翻译.

微博Microblog,山寨copycat,异地恋long-distance relationship 剩女3S lady(single,seventies,stuck/left girls,熟女cougar (源自电影Cougar Club,裸婚naked wedding,炫富flaunt wealth,团购group buying,人肉搜索flesh search,潮人:trendsetter,发烧友:fancier,骨感美女:boney beauty 卡奴:card slave,下午茶 high tea,愤青young cynic,性感妈妈yummy mummy,亚健康sub-health,灵魂伴侣soul mate,小白脸toy boy,精神出轨soul infidelity,钻石王老五diamond bachelor,时尚达人fashion icon,御宅otaku,橙色预警orange signal warning,预约券reservation ticket,上相的,上镜头的photogenic,80后: 80's generation,百搭:all-match,限时抢购:flash sale,合租: flat-share,荧光纹身:glow tattoo,泡泡袜:loose socks,裸妆: nude look,黄牛票:scalped ticket,扫货:shopping spree,烟熏妆: smokey-eye make-up,水货:smuggled goods,纳米技术: nanotechnology 正妹hotty,对某人念念不忘get the hots for,草莓族Strawberry generation,草根总统grassroots president笨手笨脚have two left feet,拼车car-pooling,解除好友关系unfriend v. ;暴走go ballistic,海外代购overseas purchasing,跳槽jump ship 闪婚flash marriage,闪电约会speeddating,闪电恋爱whirlwind romance 刻不容缓,紧要关头 crunch time,乐活族LOHAS(Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability一夜情one-night stand 偶像派idol type,脑残体leetspeak,挑食者picky-eater,伪球迷fake fans 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy,奉子成婚shotgun marriage 婚前性行为premarital sex,开博 to open a blog,房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out,万事通know-it-all,赌球soccer gambling,桑拿天sauna weather,假发票fake invoice,二房东middleman landlord,笑料 laughing stock,泰国香米

lecture 16 语篇衔接与连贯及翻译

●英语与汉语在指代衔接手段的运用方面确实存在差异。英语中，为了实现衔接，在某 一意义名词出现后，除非是要达到某种修辞效果，一般尽量采用代词指代。这样，一方面避免语篇的累赘，繁复；同时也可以使语篇主题鲜明，读起来逻辑清晰。 ●相比之下，汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”（胡壮麟1994： 64-66），省略主语。请看下例： 幻灯片9 ● A green caterpillar was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge) 幻灯片10 ●[参考译文1] 一条绿色蠕虫正慢慢地从生菜下面爬出来，很大，很肥，显然吃得 很好。它在旅途中停下来以观察周围的环境，亨利气得脸色发紫，话都差点说不出来。 ●或者重复前面的名词，将其译为： ●[参考译文2] 一条绿虫子正慢吞吞地从生菜底下爬出来。那虫子又大又肥，显然吃 得很好，在途中还停下来审视周围的环境。亨利此时气得脸色发青，话都差点说不出来了。 幻灯片11 ●为了更加清楚地看出英汉两种语言在行文上的差异，我们再看两个汉译英的例子： ● 1. 朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座房子时，孩子们还上着学，如今都成家立业了。 ●My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. ● 2. 杨志取路，不数日，来到东京。入得城来，选个客店，安歇下。 ●Yang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capital and he came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to rest. 幻灯片12 ●由此可见，代词是现代英语语篇中的重要衔接手段，在某一意义名词出现后，英语中 一般使用代词指代前面出现的名词。 ●汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者省略主语。 ●因而，在英汉互译中我们要注意两种语言在衔接手段使用上的差异，使译文更加符合 译入语语篇的行文习惯。 幻灯片13 7.1.2省略 ●省略指某结构中未出现的词语可从语篇的其他小句或句子中找回（胡壮麟，1994）。 ●一般来说，省略的内容可以从篇章语境中推知，这就要求在翻译时要考虑全文框架， 把握具体语境。 ●根据韩礼德和哈桑（1976）的解释，这种省略也可以认为是“零式指称”（zero

网络流行语大全及翻译

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网络流行语翻译

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语篇的衔接与翻译

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网络流行语翻译大全

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语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯

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网络流行语翻译大全

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15.至于你信不信，反正我是信了。Whether you believe it or not, I am convinced. 16.拼爹daddy-is-the-key; parents privilege competition 17.做人呢，最重要是开心。Happiness is the way. 18.卖萌act cute 19.腹黑scheming 20.折翼的天使an angel with broken wings 21.淡定calm;unruffled 22.羡慕嫉妒恨envious,jealous and hateful 23.团购group purchasing 24.微博Microblog 25.富二代rich second generation 26.蜗居dwelling narrowness; a bedsitter 27.人肉搜索human flesh search engine/cyber manhunt 28.微博控twuilt (来自于twitter和guilt两个字，表示不发微博心里就内疚)

语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯

山东外语教学Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal 2004 年第3 期( 总第100 期) 语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯刘庆元( 湖南理工学院外语系,湖南岳阳414006) 1. 0 引言语篇是翻译的对象和基本单位, 作为一种交际活动, 它具有七项标准: 衔接性, 连贯性, 意向性, 可接受性, 语境性, 信息性和互文性“如果其中的任何一项标准没有达到,语篇, ( 就失去了交际性”Beaugrande & Dressler ,1981 :3) 。语篇的衔接性与连贯性虽属两个不同的概念,但两者构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。“衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上, 是语篇的有形网络; 连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。( 方”梦之,2002 :326) 在语篇翻译中,译者要考虑用适合目的语读者的语言把原文信息重新表达出来。重新表达不仅需要词汇方面的转换,还需采取一些相应的策略对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到译文的连贯。本文拟就衔接与连贯在译文中的表现方式及转换手段进行讨论,是把语篇分析理论运用于翻译研究的一种尝试。2. 0 译文的衔接衔接( cohesion) 或称词语连接,是指一段话中各部分在语法或词汇方面有联系或两方面都有联系。这种联系可能存在于不同的句子之间,也可能存在于一个句子的几个部分之间。衔接是语段、篇章的重要特征, 是语篇研究的核心。语言学界普遍认为韩礼德和哈桑的Cohesion in English 是衔接理论创立的标志。他们认为, 衔接是产生语篇的必要( 尽管不足) 的条件。在他们看来,有了衔接不一定产生语篇,但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。他们将衔接分为五大类: 照应( reference ) , 替代( substitution ) , 省略( ellipsis ) , 连接( conjunction) 及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion) 。( Halliday & Hason , 2001 :6) 其中前四类属于语法衔接手段,后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接是语篇具有的典型特征之一。在语篇翻译收稿时间:2003212201 作者简介: 刘庆元(1962 - ) ,男,硕士,副教授。研究方向: 话语翻译。摘要: 语篇翻译中,衔接与连贯虽属两个不同的概念,但两者在构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。由于每一种语言都有其特定的表达习惯,因此,译者在翻译过程中要根据目的语的要求采取不同的策略,对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到语义上的连贯。关键词: 语篇翻译; 衔接; 连贯中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100222643 (2004) 0320095205 ? 1994-2006 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4e18376220.html, 中,语篇特征原则可用来解释如何获得原文和译文在语篇层面上的对等。衔接的优劣,关系到译文是否被接受者理解和接受。因此,译文要根据目的语的语篇特征, 借助恰当的衔接手段,将句子与句子、语段与语段逻辑地粘连起来,构成一个完整或相对完整的语义单位。下面我们从语篇翻译的角度对汉英语法衔接手段中的照应及连接的特征和译文中的转换策略进行讨论。 2. 1 语法衔接2. 1. 1 照应的增减无论是严复的、、, 还是刘重德教授的、、“信达雅”“信达切”以及奈达的, “等值翻译”都强调了译文必须忠实于原, 文,做不到这一点就不能视为翻译。最大限度的意义和形式对等是语篇翻译的终极目标。然而,由于源语和目的语的个性,衔接手段上会存在一定的差异性, 这种差异性处理得是否得当直接影响到翻译质量。就英汉语而言“现代英语在, ( hypataxis) , 即用连接词语句衔接方式上来说多用形合方法语将句子衔接起来; 而汉语既用形合方法, 又用意合方法(parataxis) ,但重意合法”胡曙中,1993 :601) 。鉴于汉语衔接( 的“意合”,语篇构建时少用照应手段, 转换成英语时, 应性根据“形合”的特点予以补充。下面分别举例说明: (1) 昨奉大函,诵悉一是。尊稿极佳,唯篇幅甚长,本志地位有限,故不克刊登,良用歉然。I received your letter yesterday. Y article is very good , but our I am sorry that owing to pressure of space , I find it too long to be published. 例(1) 的源语中,没有一个代词,是汉语中典型的“意合”照应方式。但是, 为了符合英文的“形合”粘连原则, 译文用95 了三个I ,两个your 和一个it 。增补六个代词是完全必要的。反之,英译汉时,可以适度地减少照应手段, 来满足汉语“意合”的粘连特点,避免冗余信息的产生。例