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第一讲 句子成分及句子结构

第一讲 句子成分及句子结构
第一讲 句子成分及句子结构

第1讲:句子成分和句子结构

(一)句子成分

定义:组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,句子必须有主语和谓语)。

1.主语

主语是句子陈述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如:

(1) 代词作主语 We work in a big factory.

(2) 名词作主语 The classroom is very big.

(3) 数词作主语 Three are enough. 三个就够了

(4)不定式作主语

To learn English well is important.学好英语很重要。(不定式做主语常用it来代替)

It is important to learn English well.

(5)动名词作主语

Watching TV is bad for your eyes.看电视对眼睛有害。

(6)从句作主语

That the earth goes around the sun is true.地球绕着太阳转是事实。(常用It来代替)。

It is true that the earth goes around the sun.

What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.

(7)在“There be ”句型中,主语在there be 之后。如:

There are some bottles of milk in the box.

There is a desk and four chairs in the room

(8)在倒装结构中,主语在动词后。

On the wall hang two pictures .墙上挂着两幅图画。

In front of the building stands a tall tree.楼前有一棵大树。

2.谓语

谓语是用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”的,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致(即主谓一致)。如:

He is very generous.(慷慨的)(该句子是主系表结构,不是主谓宾结构,即 is

不叫谓语,叫系动词)

She looks very smart and cool(looks是半系动词,所以该句子也是主系表结构,不是主谓宾结构)

We have finished the job.

He can speak German.(情态动词无人称和数量的变化)

注意:动词的分类:实义动词(及物动词和不及物动词)、助动词、情态动词和系动词。并不是所有这些动词都可以单独使用做谓语。3.宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词的后面。

注意:及物动词和介词后必须有宾语(即平常所说的动宾和介宾)。不及物动词+介词再跟宾语

(1)名词作宾语

He never forgives the boy for his mistakes.

(2)代词做宾语

He often helps me.

(3)不定式作宾语

He likes to sleep in the open air.

(4)动名词作宾语

The Americans enjoyed living in China.

You can’t escape being punished.

(5)从句做宾语

I believe that they can finish the work in time.

Chairman Mao said China would become a powerful country.

▲直接宾语和间接宾语

有些及物动词后跟双宾语语意才完整,其基本模式是“动词+人+物”,指人的叫间接宾语,

指物的叫直接宾语。常用动词是show, tell, teach, give, offer, buy, bring, lend, wish,

pass, ask等(背诵这些动词),如:

We brought them some food.

主谓间宾直宾

I teach you English

Please show me the way to the hospital.

He told me that he had been to Beijing twice.

间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for。

He gave me a pen.== He gave a pen to me.

He bought me a bike= He bought a bike for me.

4.宾语的补足语

在英语中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:

(1)名词作宾补

We made Lilei our monitor.

(2)形容词作宾补

We must keep our classroom clean.

(3) 副词作宾补

We found Li Ming out when we arrived.

(4)介词短语作宾补

Make yourself at home.

(5) 带to的不定式作宾补

He asked us to finish our homework on time.

(6)省略to的不定式作宾补

I saw a girl go into the building.

(7) 现在分词作宾补

The boss had them working all day.

I heard Jim singing an English song.

(8)过去分词作宾补

Yesterday he got his leg broken.

I found my bike gone.

You should speak aloud to make yourself heard.

注意:学会区别双宾语和复合宾语:

5.表语

表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词或半系动词后面。

(1)形容词作表语

You look younger than before.

The music sounds nice.

(2)名词作表语

My father is a teacher.

(3)副词作表语

Everyone is here.

(4)介词短语作表语

They are at the theatre.

(5)不定式作表语

My wish is to become a scientist.

(6)动名词作表语

Her job is teaching you English.

(7)从句作表语

My suggestion is that you should work hard at you poor subjects.

That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.

注意:日常积累一些半系动词:

1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态,只有be一词

2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 3)表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look,

4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste

5)变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实是","结果是"之意

6.定语

定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如:

(1)形容词作定语

The black bike is mine.

(2)代词作定语

What’s your name?

(3)名词作定语

They made some paper flowers.

(4)介词短语作定语

The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.

(5) 不定式作短语

I have much homework to do.

(6) 从句作定语 (定语从句)

The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.

This is the book I borrowed from Mr. Wang.

▲在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语”。

(1) 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something的定语必须后置。如:

I have something important to tell you.

(2)介词短语作定语时要后置。如:

Do you know the boy behind the tree?

The students in the room are all my friends.

The picture on the left is better than the one on the right.

(3)动词不定式作定语时要后置

I have some clothes to wash.

I have no time to travel to China.

Can you think of some ways to solve this problem?

7.状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。如:

He did it carefully.( carefully 修饰 did 做方式状语)

They missed me very much.(very much修饰missed做程度状语)

Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.(条件状语)

To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(目的状语)

I met a friend in the street yesterday afternoon.(先写地点状语,再写时间状语) (地点状语) (时间状语)

When I was young, I could swim well.(时间状语从句)

巩固性练习:划分下列句子成分。

1.I am a senior high student.

_____________________________________

2.He likes to play basketball.

______________________________________

3.We must keep our classroom clean.

_________________________________________

4.He studies hard and comes to school early every day.

______________________________________________________

5.He has a lot of homework to do.

____________________________________

6.He looks happy and he looks at the blackboard happily.

__________________________________________________________

7.Please pass me the cup.

__________________________________

8.I often find him doing his homework in the classroom.

___________________________________________________________

9. He has bought a green car.

________________________________________

(二)简单句的六种基本句型

(一)主语+系动词+表语

此句型中的动词为系动词,作表语成分的有形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式介词短语等。常见的系动词有be, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, seem, appear,get(变),become(变),turn(变) stay, remain, prove, turn out, come, go等。

1)The story sounds interesting. 那个故事听起来很有趣。

2) Her dream has come true. 她的梦想实现了。

3)My books are on the desk. 我的书在书桌上。

4)The food has gone bad. 这食物已变质。

练习:翻译句子。

1. 李甜甜是个聪明的女孩。_____________________________________________

2. 冬季白天变短,夜晚变长。______________________________________________

3. 这些花闻起来很香(fragrant)。

_________________________________________________

(二) 主语+不及物动词(主谓)

在此句型中,谓语动词是不及物动词,其后没有宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等,经常带状语来修饰动词。如:1)My head aches seriously. 我头疼的厉害。

2 ) The students are listening carefully.学生们正在认真听讲。

3) We study hard. 我们努力学习。

4) The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

主语和不及物动词(短语)是组成本句型不可缺少的必要成分。在实际运用中,不及物动词往往与副词、介词及其它相关成分有相对稳定的搭配关系。

如look at, look after, look for, listen to, arrive at, get up, come up with, stand for,belong to 等

练习:翻译句子。

1. 我们的英语老师教得很好。________________________________________

2. 雨在五点钟停了。______________________________________

3. 他们步行来的。 ___________________________________________

(三) 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)

该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.

1) We love China. 我们爱中国。

2) I finished reading the book. 我读完了这本书。

3) He decided to buy a computer.他决定买一台电脑。

4)He said that all the students worked hard。他说所有的学生都努力学习。

注:不及物动词与介词连用时,其后也可跟宾语。例如:

Ann is waiting for Kate at school gate.安正在校门口等凯特。

He listened to English songs. 他听过英语歌。

练习:翻译句子。

1. 她每天晚上看电视。 _______________________________________

2.大多数人很喜欢音乐。_______________________________________

3. 我们学习语文和数学。_________________________________________________

(四) 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(主谓宾宾)

英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。能跟双宾语的动词常有

ask, bring, take, buy, cost, fetch, give, hand, pass, lend, offer, pay, read, save, send, show, teach, tell, write等。有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后,此时间接宾语前需加介词for或to。

1) Could you pass me some salt? (= Could you pass some salt to me?) 请你把盐给我好吗?

2) Zhou Nan lent me some money.(...some money to me.) 周楠借给我一些钱。

3) Mother bought me a new dress. (...a new dress for me.) 妈妈给我买了一件新衣服。

4) The book cost her forty dollars. 这本书花了她四十美元。

注:1.间接宾语后置与for连用的动词有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。例如:

Uncle Li bought me a birthday present.(=Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me.) 李叔叔给我买了一件生日礼物。

2.间接宾语后置与to连用的动词有give, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。例如:Please pass him a cup of tea.(=Please pass a cup of tea to him.) 请递给他一杯茶。

练习:翻译句子。

1. 刘江给了我一朵红花。_____________________________________________

2. 她借给我了100元钱。______________________________________________

3. 吴老师教我们英语。______________________________________________

(五)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主谓宾宾补)

英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。

本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的"间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。

1) We elected Liu Lei monitor. 我们选刘磊当班长。(elect, choose, appoint, make, call,

name等词后面跟表示职位或称呼的名词做宾语补足语时,职位名词前不要冠词)

2) The news made him unhappy. 这个消息使他很不愉快。

3) I had the bike repaired. 我找人把自行车修好了。

4) Please keep the classroom clean. 请保持教室清洁。

5) She asked me to call him again. 她让我再给他打个电话。

注意:动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况:

(1)后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, wish, order,force,

encourage expect, persuade, 等。例如:

He told us to keep quiet in the hospital.他告诉我们在医院里要保持安静。

(2)后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为:

口诀:吾看三厅两室一感觉(五看,三使,两听,一感觉)

五看look, see, watch, notice, observe

三使make, let, have 两听,listen, hear 一感觉feel

I saw him go upstairs. 我看到李老师上楼了。

I often hear her sing in the next room.我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。

Let me try again.让我再试试。

感官动词后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补,也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束,后者表示动作正在发生。试比较:

1.He saw a girl get on the bus. 他看见一个女孩上车了(上车的动作已经结束)。

2.He saw a girl getting on the bus. 他看见一个女孩在上车(上车的动作正在进行)。

注意:他们在主动语态中省略to,但在被动语态中to 要还原。如,

I made Jim water the flowers. (主动语态)

Jim was made to water the flowers.(被动语态)

(3) help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如:

My father often helps me(to) study English.我父亲经常帮我学习英语。(六)、句型6:There be + 主语+ 其它

这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be 之后。值得关注的是,当句中有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致:

1) There are two girls and a boy running on the playground.有两个女孩和一个男孩正

在操场上跑。

2)There is a cat behind the tree. 树后面有一只猫。

当堂达标训练

给下列句子划分句子成分,弄清是哪种句子结构

1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。

2) The little girl cried even harder. 小女孩哭得更厉害了。

3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。

4) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。

5) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。

6)Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。

7)The tree has grown much taller than before. 这棵树比以前长得高多了。

8)He took his bag and left. 他拿着书包离开了。

9) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.

当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。

10) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式)

她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。

11) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。

12) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.

她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。

13)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.

老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。

14)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词)

15) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。

16) His father told him not to play in the street. (不定式) 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

句子结构与成分易错大盘点

外研版英语句子结构与成分易错大盘点 一、句子结构与成分 1.You may know all the words on the right, but which of the following carries meaning? A. A friend self is a second. B. A second is self a friend. C. A friend is a second self. D. Self a second is a friend. 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意:你可能知道右面所有的单词,但是下列哪个句子是有意义的?second,第二个;friend,朋友;self,你自己;a,不定冠词表示数量一;C为正确选项,意为:朋友是另一个自己。故选C。 【点评】考查连词成句。先确定句意,根据语法知识将词连接成句。 2.Which of the following sentences is correct? A. He came in and sat down. B. We all like . C. When we met. He didn't say hello. D. We went out, headed for the bus stop. 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意:下面那个句子是正确的。A是简单句,came和sat是并列谓语,都是一般过去式,所以A正确。B中的符号不符合英语习惯,在英语中没有书名号,表示书名时通常用斜体字形式。C句的标点符号是错误的,把met后的句号改为逗号才符合复合句的定义。D句中headed前应加上and或者将headed改为heading构成伴随状语。因此选A。 【点评】考查句法知识。 3.John calls his dog Eddie. The structure of the sentence is _______. A. S+V+O B. S+V+P C. S+V+IO+DO D. S+V+DO+OC 【答案】D 【解析】【分析】句意:约翰叫他的狗Eddie.这个句子的结构是_____________.根据句子可知这个句子的结构是:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。故答案为D。 【点评】考查句子成分。牢记句子成分。 4.Choose the correct structure(结构) of this sentence "He lent me a book." A. S+V+O B. S+V+IO+DO C. S+V+P D. S+V+DO+OC 【答案】B

句子成分与结构

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不定式) The question is whether they will come.(表语从句) 常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(摸起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝、吃起来),remain(保持,仍是),feel(感觉) …. It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. 三、宾语: 1)动作的承受者——动宾 I like China.(名词) He hates you.(代词) How many do you need? We need two. (数词) We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. (动名词) I hope to see you again. (不定式) Did you write down what he said?(宾语从句) 2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾 Are you afraid of the snake?

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英语句子成分和句子结 构分析 Company Document number:WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT

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