高级综合英语教程1

Unit 4

I. Background to Text 1

Sleep is a state of reduced awareness and activity that occurs at regular intervals in most mammals and birds, though there is considerable variation in the amount of time spent sleeping. Sleep differs from hibernation in that it occurs daily rather than seasonally, and involves less drastic reductions in metabolism. The function of sleep is unclear. People deprived of sleep become irritable, uncoordinated, forgetful, hallucinatory, and even psychotic.

In humans, sleep is linked with hormone levels and specific brain electrical activity, including delta waves, quite different from the brain’s waking activity.

REM (rapid eye movement) phases, associated with dreams, occur at regular intervals during sleep, when the eyes move rapidly below closed lids. In some species sleep may make animals inconspicuous at times when they might be vulnerable to predators.

Research on sleep has been going on for years to find the following questions: Why humans of different ages need different length of time sleeping? How long does a human really need to sleep without negative effect? Why can some people cope with fairly little sleep whereas others seem never to have enough sleep? Is it necessary to have a little sleep during the day? Can one change his/her patterns of sleep? What is the relationship between sleep and dream? To find answers to such questions, scientists have conducted a great variety of experiments. The texts chosen for this unit describe some of the findings.

II. Detailed study of the text

1. optimum (L.2) adj.: the best and most favourable, e.g. optimum environment for

that rare species of animal

2. compensate for (L.11): make up for (the disadvantage, loss, etc.)

3. highlight (L.13) vt.: draw attention to; emphasise

4. …as this is the time that the body’s natural rhythms dip. (L.22)

…as in the afternoon, the body’s physiological movement drops below the normal level.

dip vi.: drop below the surface or level; slope downwards

5. anticipate (L.25) vt.: expect; look forward to

6. If we have seven hours’ sleep and still feel dreadful, it is probably because of

the quality of our sleep rather than the quantity. (L.28)

If we have slept for seven hours but still feel very sleepy or tired, it may not be that the time for sleep is not long enough but that the sleep is not sound and peaceful.

7. “There is a natural distribution of good and poor sleepers, in the same way

that there is a variation in height,”… (L.30)

Just as there are tall persons and short ones, so there are naturally good sleepers

and poor sleepers.

n atural distribution: the state of being naturally arranged or spread out

8. …it is possible for teenagers to reduce their nightly sleep to six hours before

there are any signs of fatigue. (L.33)

…it is possible to reduce teenagers’ sleep to six hours a night before they show any signs of feeling tired.

9. Sleep quality is severely affected by alcohol. (L.35)

Drinking too much alcohol causes a person to sleep badly.

10. refreshing (L.37) adj.: (appreciative) producing a feeling of comfort; giving new

strength, energy and enthusiasm

11. disturbed (L.40) adj.: (used here to mean) interrupted or restless; often used to

describe a person who is emotionally upset or confused

12. There is little that can be done to ensure a night’s sleep that is truly

refreshing, except to suit yourself. (L.41)

People can do hardly anything to make sure that the sleep at night is refreshing.

What they can do is to sleep as they feel comfortable.

13. …and if you end up overtired, adjust the goalposts. (L.42)

…if in the end you find yourself feeling too tired, adjust your amount of sleeping time.

end up:find oneself …eventually; become…in the end

goalpost n.: each of the two upright posts forming the goal in some sports; move the goalposts (idiom) change t he accepted rules or aims in its course to suit one’s conditions

14. There are no golden rules. (L.43)

There are no rules which are entirely good and applicable to all.

15. …the body is happiest sleeping in a conditioned way—in other words, in the

way you were brought up to sleep. (L.44)

…you feel best if you sleep in the habit you formed as you grew up.

16. Mediterranean people s tick with a fiesta, while Inuit respond to daylight, …

(L.45)

Mediterranean people’s sleep pattern is affected by a fiesta whereas Inuit’s amount of time for sleep varies according to the length of daylight.

1) stick with: remain in touch with or faithful to

2) fiesta: (especially in Spain or Latin America) a religious festival with

dancing and singing, etc.

16. T he amount of sle ep we need decreases with age, in proportion to the body’s

energy needs. (L.48)

As we get old, our body needs less energy and so we need less amount of sleep.

in proportion to: in relation to; in correspondence with; at the same rate, e.g. The unemployment decreases in proportion to the growth of the country’s economy. 17. This need declines in old age, until in your eighties when 5 hours a night is

the norm… (L.51)

A person’s need for sleep decreases with age. People in their eighties normally

need only 5 hours’ sleep.

18. …Thatcher’s enviable 4 hours a night, put in the context of a 70-year-old,

seems less remarkable. (L.53)

Thatcher sleeps 4 hours a night, which is envied by people. But compared with the amount of sleep that a 70-year-old person needs, 4 hours does not seem to be that amazing.

context n.: circumstances, conditions, setting

19. mortality (L.65) n.: death

20.follow-up (L.68) adj.: of anything that follows up; subsequent

21.Contributory factors were not discounted,… (L.68)

Although no action was t aken to exclude the positive effect of other factors,…

1) contribtory adj.: helping to bring about a result; having partial responsibility

2) discount vt.: reduce the effect of by previous action; disregard entirely; set

aside as inaccurate or irrelevant

22. “Shift working abuses the system, and severe shift workers are at a greater

risk of cracking up physically and mentally in middle age.” (L.71)

Working by shift disturbs/has a bad effect on a person’s physical system. Workers of severe shifts face greater danger of collapsing physically and breaking down mentally in middle age.

1) abuse vt.: use (one’s position, power, etc,) in the wrong way; treat wrongly,

maltreat

2) crack up: collapse under strain; suffer an emotional breakdown

23. jaded (L.75) adj.: tire and worn-out

24. As sleep deprivation continues, then the symptoms worsen and functioning

deteriorates. (L.81)

If one continues to be prevented from sleep, then the symptoms get worse and the body’s function changes from bad to worse.

1) deprivation n.:the state of being deprived from sth.; the state of being

prevented from using or enjoying

2) deteriorate vi.: grow worse

25. hallucination (L.83) n.: (the experience of seeing or feeling) something that is

not actual present or real (often caused by mental disorder, drug, etc.)

26. …the effect of oversleep is to leave you sluggish. (L.85)

…sleeping too much make one feel lazy and inactive.

sluggish adj.: unenergetic; lazy; inactive

27. …the effect can last several hours and be self-perpetuating on a longer term

basis. (L.87)

this kind of feeling (feeling miserable) can last for several hours and can continue longer by itself if one keeps on oversleeping over a longer period of time.

1) self-perpetuating adj.: of a kind that causes sth. or sb. to continue

indefinitely without external force

2) on a longer term basis: over a longer period of time; on a …basis =on the

basis of;

28. Research is still in its infancy. (L.89)

Research on this has just started.

29. Sleep is one of the last frontiers… (L.89)

Sleep is one of the last areas which are fully investigated and known…

frontier n.: the limits of attainment or knowledge in a subject

30. make sense of (L.90): understand; get to know

31. synthesise (L.94) vt.: create by the chemical process (of putting parts together to

form a complex)

III. Answers for Text 1

Skills Development

Pre-reading

3.1) F 2) T 3) F

4) T 5) T 6) T

7) F 8) F 9) T

Reading

2

4. 1) Most surveys (British).

2) People represented by the author

3) American scientists

4) Not clear. Probably British surveys.

5) Not clear. Represented by the author.

6)British experts represented by Dr. Chris Alford.

7)Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California.

Reporting is based on facts and information gathered by the author. Direct quotation indicates a definite source whereas indirect quotation is deliberately made vague, as often the author’s opinion is mixed with what is quoted, and sometimes the author thinks that there is no need to make the source accurate or it is too difficult to do so.

Post-reading

1. C.

2. It is open. Because opinions may vary depending on stude nts’ own experiences.

3. The Chinese saying based on time-tested observations justifies the scientific

findings that humans need more sleep when they are young. But this need decreases with age. Adults after the age of thirty need much less sleep than adolescents. Elderly people need so little sleep that they often find it difficult to fall asleep.

4. Refer the students to Activity 2, which specifies a number of factors which affect

sleep.

Language Development

1. average = normal compensate for = catch up

show = indicate interrupted = disturbed

decrease = decline miserable = dreadful

important = crucial worsen = deteriorate

need = require

2. this = seven and half hours’ sleep

you = reader

the benefit = gained extra hour or two

it = formal, refer ring to “to have a 10 minutes catnap in the afternoon.

The dispute = American vs. British

we = British team

we = reader/people

this = the time—afternoon

that = relative pronoun to introduce the object clause

This need = need for sleep

it = the finding of the study that people who slept fewer than 6 hours a night or more than 10 had a significantly increased risk of death in a five-year follow-up period

it = cis 910-octadececenoamide

3.pick up—dip

refreshing—jaded/sluggish

sleepiness—insomnia

4.

1) The re exist naturally good sleepers and poor sleepers among people…

2)…if in the end you find yourself feeling too tired, adjust your amount of

sleeping time.

3)As we get old, our body needs less energy and so we need less amount of

sleep.

4)Lady Thatcher sleeps 4 hours a night, which is envied by people. But

compared with the amount of sleep that a 70-year-old person needs, 4 hours’ sleep a night does not seem to be that amazing.

5)Research has just started.

5.

1) The optimum situation for language learning is when the learners are using the

language without conscious attention to its form.

2)The time needed for the tasks is in proportion to their difficulty.

3)The world situation is changing so fast that no one is able to anticipate what’ll

happen in the years to come.

4)The grand conservation project has been designed on a twenty-year basis.

5)After the new Governor took office the economic situation deteriorated.

6)He realized that he had only two options: either fighting his way out or staying

and being tortured to death.

7)T he actor’s demonstration of emotion induced similar emotion in the audience. 6.

1）随着年龄的增长，人体需要的能量逐步减少，因此我们需要的睡眠相对减少。新生儿每天需要的睡眠时间高达20小时，5岁的儿童需要11小时，10岁的孩子需要睡

9至10小时才会变得乖戾不安，普通成年人需要睡7至8小时。睡眠的需求随着

年龄的增长而下降，到了80岁高龄，每晚睡5小时是正常的。因此，撤切尔每晚

4小时睡眠令人羡慕，然而，放到70岁的老人身上，似乎就不足为怪了。

2）研究才刚刚起步。休姆说，“睡眠是研究最前沿的领域之一。尽管如此，研究人员已逐步了解睡眠的结构、节奏和目的。去年，加州拉霍亚地区斯克里普斯研究院的

科学家们在骨髓中提取了一种化学品，取名顺式910-八葵烯酰胺，他们认为该化

学品能催眠，并希望能够将其研制成治疗失眠的药物，推上市场。

7．1) In this lecture, the teacher made a survey of the important English writers, highlighting the contribution of Shakespeare to world literature.

2)Some scientists anticipate an increase in global temperature due to continuing

air pollution, which will end up in a rise in the sea level.

3) A person is richer in proportion to the number of things he can leave without

concern.

4) Father cracked up in the end under incessant economic and mental pressure.

5) Many people obtain Bachelor’s Degree on a self-taught basis each year.

6) Though few people can make much sense of the poem, many quote it on

various occasions.

7) Given the same conditions and treatment, some women can work just as well

as or even better than men.

IV. Background to Text 2

Dream is another topic that fascinates many a scientist. In our life, we have all experienced dreams? In some nights we have many dreams and in others we have none? Why is that so? In what way is dreaming related to sleep? Are dreams harmful to health? This text gives some answers.

Words and expressions

intermittently adj.: in a manner of occurring at intervals

dart vi.: move suddenly and quickly

at the onset: at the beginning (of sth. bad)

cerebral adj.: of the brain

reverse n.: the opposite of contrary of sth.

deviation n.: a noticeable difference (from a standard or sth. expected)

premature adj.: occurring before the expected time or too early

hypothesis n.: a proposition made as a basis for reasoning without proof; an idea made as a starting point for further investigation from facts

tick over: (of a motor engine) continue working at the slowest possible speed but without moving the vehicle

collate vt.: check and arrange together ready for fastening

file away: put into a file

fire off: send off; discharge

V. Answers for Text 2

1. It is open. It is deigned to rouse students’ interest.

2. 1) Distinct patterns of sleep: Stages 1-4 (successively deeper sleep) are known

as non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and the fifth stage known as rapid eye

movement (REM).

2)Dreams can be remembered when dreamers wake up during REM sleep.

Some people do not remember the dreams because they do not wake up during REM sleep.

3)We dream during REM sleep.

4)Based on the pattern of NREM and REM sleep, scientists gain new insights

into sleep problems, and also into the importance of sleep in the development of the brain, from deviations in this pattern.

5)Everyone dreams. Dreams can be influenced by things that happen to the

sleeper. Problems and ideas as well as physical stimuli can become incorporated in dreams.

6)This is testified in experiments: When researchers sprayed a little cold water

on to the back of the subject, he dreamed water dripped on his back. In another experiment, some students solved in dreams mathematical problems they had failed to solve before sleep.

3 1) b 6) j

2) f 7) k

3)g 8) h

4) a 9) l

5) c

VI. Answers for Further Development

Language

1. 1) admirable amusing retired

avoidable protective collapsed disposable

attractive forgettable

expanded recommendable active

dreamlike creamy problematic

accidental monthly sentimental

foolish revolutionary sensitive

complementary shameful adorable

atomic philosophical wintry

poorish snobbish virtuous

humourous motherly delightful

cowardly excessive criminal

statesmanlike womanly

2) All the words are correct in spelling.

Rules:

(1) A final e is removed before adding -able, except when it occurs after a c

or g.

(2) A final y after a consonant is replaced by I before adding -able.

(3) A final ate is replaced by -able.

(4) A final s is followed by -ible instead of -able.

(5) A final e is replaced by -ible.

(6) A final d or de is replaced by s before adding -ible.

(7) A final it is replaced by iss before adding -ible.

3) classic 经典的classical 古典的

economic 经济学的economical 节约的/经济的

historic 有历史意义的historical 历史上的

electric 电的/电动的electrical 电力的

politic 精明的political 政治的

comic 喜剧的/滑稽的comical 滑稽的

2. 1) a black 黑人 a liberal 自由主义者/自由党党员

a native 本土人 a wet 保守党温和分子

a natural 天生好手 a red 共产党党员/左派

valuables 贵重物品necessaries必需品

specifics 细节druggies 吸毒分子

newly-weds新婚夫妇new-borns新生儿

unemployed 失业人员 a drunk 醉鬼

unknowns 未知数offerings 贡品

2) a Republican women’s finals nobles

the wounded savings the accused

a daily a bimonthly regulars

edibles drinkable a dear

3) a. 不要虚度光阴。

b. 长江从西向东流，穿过中国大陆注入东海。

c. 战士们冒着严寒从河水中救起了所有的旅客。

d. 我们一定要做到不冤枉一个好人

e. 孩子们很容易弄脏衣服。

f. 珍妮决定过完圣诞后开始减肥。

g. 来吧，到火边来暖暖身子。

h. 纸年久变黄。

3. 1) Absolute constructions are formal by nature. They are appropriate for

written language or for more formal contexts. All the sentences given here

are formal to an extent. If these absolute constructions are changed into

adverbial clauses, they will be more informal.

2) a. The school is located in a scenic spot with a river flowing in front of it.

b.With production going up, the company needs an urgent supply of raw

materials.

c.She felt embarrassed with the whole class staring at her.

d.With this year’s budget severely cut, the project has to be discontinued.

e.With his work finished, he packed his tools and left for home.

Tips for Teachers

1. 1) It is not well set. The context aims at the practice of the choice of verbs similar

in meaning. Therefore, all the four choices should be different verbs. But the example combines verbs and tenses. Improved version:

A. take

B. fetch

C. bring

D. carry

2) This question aims at practicing verb forms after suggest. But the example

distract students’ attention to negative like never or not. Improved version:

A. not telling

B. telling not

C. not tell

D. not to tell

3) This question aims at practicing predicate form. The subject is too obvious.

Improved version:

A. hasn’t she

B. has not she

C. isn’t she

D. is not she

2. It is open.

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