英美概况括考前知识点总结

英国概况

英国名称：The Uni ted Kin gdom of Great Britai n and Northern Irela nd)

地理位置： Great Brita in is the largest isla nd of the British

Isles, the

largest isla nd in Europe and the eighth-largest isla nd

in the world. It lies to the n orthwest of Con ti nen

tal Euro pe, with Irela nd to the west, and makes up the

largest part of the territory of the state known as the

United

Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is

surrounded by over 1,000[citation needed] smaller

islands and islets.或者回答 British mainiand western

Europe from Great Britain and Ireland, north-east and

many nearby islands, She east by the North Sea, the

Atla ntic Ocea n to the west, up to the North Atla ntic

off

Iceland, Yugoslavia and the European continent,

sep arated only by a stri p of water, the En glish

Channel

4, 组成部分：En gla nd, Scotla nd, Wales and Northern Irela nd 5, 民族：England Welsh Scotch Irish

6, 英国国旗：the Union Flag 英国国歌：God Save The Queen 天 佑女

7, 三次外族入侵：I Roma n Conq uest 43AD, the roma n empire

1, 2, 3, 英国首都：London

n Anglo-Saxon Conquest ; the late 8th

century,

Scandinavia, created a certain cultural divide

between northerners and southerners in England

n Norman Con quest ; 1066, Norma ns, William

took the English throne, and became William

the First

4,英国主要河流：River Thames 泰晤士河 River Severn 塞文河 8，政府组成部分： Monarch ，Parliament ，Cabinet 君主制时间： 5th

century AD

君主的职能： Presided over the opening of parliament , Order in Council approved the signed of an Act of Parliament and meet the Prime

Minister and the Queen stands for the British in the world . Such as receiving foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, receiving visiting heads of state, and and accessing overseas countries , the United

Kingdom and other countries to support diplomatic and economic rerelations. 君主现处地位：

皇宫： Buckingham Palace

Queen\King ,house of lords , house of commons

如何成为两院的议员： To be house of lords: appointed by the Queen\King

To be house of commons: general election

现代君主： Elizabeth II

9，议会历史： Magna Carta

组成部分：

主要职能：pass the law 10，内阁首脑：Minister

成员：the members of parliament

职能：to persuade parliament to pass laws and vote for

taxes\carry out the functions of policy-making 11，英国普选

对象：voters and candidates

选举人：候选人：成为首相的人选：the leader of the governing party

主要执政党派：the conservation party \the labour party

现任英国的执政党：the labour party

如何成为执政党：The party wins the majority seats in the house of commons 12，英国经济

工业革命之父：瓦特(James Watt)发明：蒸汽机(steam engine) 13，英国的教育 3 个阶段：primary education ，secondary education ，higher education 2 大分支：public education ，private education

大学教育中的学位：bachelors degree，doctor degree ，master degree

14，英国文学：1．英语发展的三个阶段: ① Old

English(6th—11th):the

anglo-saxon language

② Middle English(11th--15th):the combination of English and

French

③ Modern En glish(15th—now)

2.英国最早的一部作品及内容：Beowulf

3.英国第一个诗人及其代表作：

诗人：Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟).

代表作：The Can terbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）

4.伊丽莎白时期的作家及其代表作

① William Shakespeare:悲剧Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth,

Romeo and Juliet

喜剧Twelfth Night, The Tempest,

A Midsummer Night ' s Dream,

The Taming Of The Shrew

② Christ op her Marlowe : The Tragical History of DR Faustu

5.弥尔顿的三部曲：Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained, Samson

Agonistes

15，英国媒体

最早的报纸：The Observer

报纸分为那两类：broadsheets(quality press)\tabloid(gutter press)

BBC的含义：The British Broadcasting Corporation 16，英国的节日

圣诞节的含义：to commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ

感恩节的含义：to commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection

of Jesus

Christ

美国概

况：

1，名称：the United States of America

2，地理位置(geographical position)：The country is situated mostly in

central North America , and lies between the Pacific and Atlantic

Ocean , bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.

4，临国(neighboring countries): Canada, Mexico.

5，主要河流(major rivers)：The Mississippi River ,the Colorado River ,the

Columbia River , the Yukon River ,the Missouri

River

6, 五大湖(Great Lakes) Lake Superior 丄ake Michigan 丄ake Huron 丄ake

Erie ,Lake

Ontario.

7，首都：Washington

8，独立战争 ( American Revolutionary War/American War of Independence)：

1、双方：It began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain

and

thirteen British colonies in North America , and ended in a global war

between several European great powers.

2、领导者：George Washington.

3、起止时间：Sep 19,1775---Sep 3,1783

9，独立宣言( United States Declaration of Independence)：1、起

草者(drafter)：Thomas Jefferson

2、时间：July 4,1776 3，被通过的时间：4th July,1776 4，主要内容：We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of

Happiness.

10，美国的政治体制

三权分立：

Legislative Branchis made up of elected representatives from

all

of the states, and is only branch that can make federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect. 立法机构所属机构为参议院( the

Senate) 和众议院(the House of Representative ;

the Executive branch 的所属机构有president, vice-president, cabinet and 13 departments.

The Judicial branchis headed by the Supreme Court, which is

the

only court specifically created by the Constitution.

职能：Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising

out of

the Constitution; laws and treaties of the United States ; maritime

cases; issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases

in which the federal government itself is a party.

三权分立的核心：checks and balances

联邦条款：Articles of Confederation.这是1777年11月国会通过的

美国第一部宪法性文件，规定了联合新独立的13 个州松散的邦联政府的职能。1787年美国制订联邦宪法，邦联制随之终止。

美国宪法 (Constitution)

制定的会议名称：Constitutional Convention.;

地点：Philadelphia; the president of the Convention was George

Washington;

时间：；联邦制的含义： A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.

权利法案的含义及内容：《权利法案》：adopted in :This consists

of 10 very short paragraphs which guaranteed freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government. Each paragraph is an Amendment to the original Constitution.

美国的两大政党名，起源，象征物：美国的两大政党：Democratic

Party and Republican Party; the Democratic Party ,which evolved out of

Thomas Jefferson'sparty, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is donkey. The Republican Party , which was formed in the 1850s. the symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.

现任总统，现任执政党：Obama\Democratic Party

美国第一任总统：George Washington, elected in 1789-1797,8 years

制宪会议：

时间，May 1787

地点，philadelphia

目的，to formulate United States Constitution

11，美国经济：20世纪30年代美国经济遇到什么问题，哪一总统采取什么措施解决了这一问题The crazy speculation cause financial crisis triggered the great depression .President Roosevelt's New Deal known as“ one hundred days New Dea”l .（on March 9th,1933 to June 16th）

12，美国社会现存的三大宗教：

P rotesta ntism清教）

Catholicism（天主教）

Judaism （犹太教）

13，文学

Washington Irving:Rip Van Winkle

Thoreau:Walden

Hawthrone :Scarlet Letter

Melvill：Moby Dick

Whitman :Leaves of Grass

Mark Twain:Hucklebery Finn

Tom's Cabin

美国文学史上杰作，最伟大的小说是哪一部Moby-Dick written by Herman Melville 14，美国教育

三个阶段：There are three stages in the US education.

They are elementary education ,secondary education and higher education.

两大分支：public education & private education

北美洲建立的第一所大学：Harvard University (1636,Charles River

Massachusetts)

建校目的：In the early 17th century, the first English settlers arrived in North America, where they exploited their own "Eden" - New there were more than 100 Puritan immigrants who received classical higher education in Oxford and Cambridge University. They established this university in order that their descendants will be able to receive the same education like their in this new homeland.