Interpretation

Interpretation

口译中需要强记的词组

[ 2008-04-23 18:21 ]

give the floor to 请…发言

It is a great pleasure for me to 我很荣幸…

relevant issues 相关问题

latest research results 最新的调查结果

attach importance to 对…给予重视

leading technologies 领先技术

Minister Counselor 公使

natural heritage 自然遗产

shared concern 共同关心的问题

well-deserved reputation 良好的信誉

express sincere gratitude to 对…表示衷心的感谢

Let's welcome sb. to give a speech 请…讲话

bilateral conference 双边会议

propose the warmest applause to 以掌声对…表示的最热烈的欢迎sponsor 主办单位

the Award Ceremony 颁奖仪式

greeting speech 贺词

Let's invite sb. to present the award 请…颁奖

achieve complete success 取得圆满成功

global celebration ceremony 全球庆典

declare the closing of 宣布…结束

Please rise for the national anthem. 请全体起立，奏国歌competitive job market 竞争激烈的就业市场

financial institutions 金融机构

forward-looking 进取

meet the challenges 迎接挑战

urban residents 城市居民

place as the priority 把…列为重要内容

never neglect the work 不放松工作

water conservation 节约用水

extend our sincere congratulations on 对…表示衷心祝贺

model city of water conservation 节约用水先进城市

attain the results expected 使…取得预期效果

confer honorable awards on 授予…光荣称号

strive for 为…而奋斗

a city of severe water shortage 严重缺水城市

units concerned 有关单位

compared with sth., there is still some way to go 与…比有差距

wish a complete success 预祝…圆满成功

broaden sources of income and reduce expenditure 开源与节流并重merrily gather 欢聚一堂

vigorous economic region 活跃的经济带

solid foundation 基础雄厚

May you have a most pleasant impression. 留下最美好的印象

wish a pleasant stay 祝愿在停留愉快

Spring is very much in the air. 春意盎然

forest coverage 森林覆盖率

global warming 全球变暖

“吃不了兜着走”的表达

[ 2008-02-20 14:06 ]

吃喜酒attend the wedding banquet

吃药take medicine

（下棋）吃掉一个子take a piece

吃掉敌人一个团annihilate an enemy regiment

连吃败仗suffer one defeat after another

推上吃了一枪get shot in the leg

吃闭门羹be denied entrance at the door ; be refused admission as an unwelcome guest be left out in the cold

吃醋be jealous

吃官司be sued / involve in a legal action

吃耳光get a slap in the face

吃回扣get commission

这种纸不吃墨水。This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink.

茄子很吃油。Eggplant calls for a lot of oil in cooking.

我可不吃这一套。I won’t take all this lying down.

他不务正业，专吃白食。He does not do any honest work and lives off others.

你这老一套现在可吃不开了。Your old way of doing things won’t work now.

这件事你如果说出去，我叫你吃不了兜着走。If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it.

走这么多的路，恐怕你吃不消。It may be too much for you to walk such a long way.

吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only those who endure the most become the highest.

再重的卡车，这座桥也吃得住。This bridge can bear the weight of the heaviest lorry.

你别想吃她豆腐。Don’t try to flirt with her.

他要请我们吃馆子。He is going to invite us out to dinner.

你要先考虑清楚，免得吃后悔药。Think it over before you go so

that you won’t regret it later.

形势吃紧。The situation was critical.

他那坚强的毅力使人吃惊。His will power is amazing.

他工作努力，能吃苦。He was hard-working and unafraid of hardships.

他跑得不快，踢足球吃亏。He can’t run fast and that puts him at a disadvantage as a footballer.

我跑了一天路，感到吃力。After a long day’s journey, I left exhausted.

只要技术好，到哪儿都吃得开。 A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere.

吃一堑，长一智。 A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.

春节词汇Spring Festival Words

[ 2008-02-05 09:19 ]

节日名Greeting season

春节The Spring Festival

农历lunar calendar

正月lunar January; the first month by lunar calendar

除夕New Year's Eve; eve of lunar New Year

初一the beginning of New Year

元宵节The Lantern Festival

习俗Customs

过年Guo-nian; have the Spring Festival

对联poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry

春联Spring Festival couplets

剪纸paper-cuts

年画New Year paintings

买年货special purchases for the Spring Festival ; do Spring Festival shopping

敬酒propose a toast

灯笼lantern: a portable light

烟花fireworks

爆竹firecrackers (People scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)

舞狮lion dance (The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)

舞龙dragon dance (to expect good weather and good harvests)

戏曲traditional opera

杂耍variety show; vaudeville

灯谜riddles written on lanterns

灯会exhibit of lanterns

守岁staying-up

拜年pay New Year's call; give New Year's greetings; New Year's visit

禁忌taboo

去晦气get rid of the ill- fortune

祭祖宗offer sacrifices to one's ancestors

压岁钱gift money; money given to children as a lunar New Year gift

Culture Note: In the old days, New Year's money was given in the form of one hundred copper coins strung together on a red string and symbolized the hope that one would live to be a hundred years old. Today, money is placed inside red envelopes in denominations considered auspicious and given to represent luck and wealth

辞旧岁bid farewell to the old year

扫房spring cleaning; general house-cleaning

祝福语Blessings

金玉满堂Treasures fill the home

生意兴隆Business flourishes

岁岁平安Peace all year round

恭喜发财Wishing you prosperity

和气生财Harmony brings wealth

心想事成May all your wishes come true

吉祥如意Everything goes well

国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace

招财进宝Money and treasures will be plentiful

一帆风顺Wishing you every success

步步高升Promoting to a higher position

出入平安Safe trip wherever you go

祝您新的一年快乐幸福！Wish you happiness and prosperity in the coming year!

祝您事业成功，家庭美满Wish you success in your career and happiness of your family!

食品Food

年糕Nian-gao; rise cake; New Year cake

团圆饭family reunion dinner

年夜饭the dinner on New Year's Eve

饺子Jiao-zi; Chinese meat ravioli

汤圆Tang-yuan; dumplings made of sweet rice, rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings

糖果盘candy tray

什锦糖assorted candies - sweet and fortune

蜜冬瓜candied winter melon - growth and good health

金桔cumquat - prosperity

糖莲子candied lotus seed - many descendents to come

糖藕candied lotus root - fulfilling love relationship

红枣red dates - prosperity

花生糖peanut candy - sweet

表示能力与智慧的短语

[ 2007-12-19 15:29 ]

1. 海量have a hollow leg

Want to drink him under the table? Well…you can never do. He got a hollow leg, you know.

你想灌醉他？他可是海量，从来没有醉过。

2.略胜一筹be a notch above

In oil painting, Mr.Zhang paints better than Mr.Li.But when it comes to water colors, Mr.Liu appears to be a notch above Mr.Zhang.

论油画，张先生比刘先生画得好。但是，谈到水彩画，刘先生可就比张先生略胜一筹了。

3.有头脑be a brain

He's a brain, who wouldn't be fooled into believing your babbling.

他可是个有头脑的人，决不会相信你的那一套。

4.很能干to have a lot on the ball

I know Li Ming has a lot on the ball. But I'm not sure if he likes to work here.

我知道李明很能干，但我怀疑他是否真的愿意到我们这儿来工作。

5.有名无实a poor apology

The man you've just mentioned is but a poor apology for a writer. His writings are tedious.

你刚才提到的那个作家不过是个有名无实的人。他的作品太没意思了。

6.绞尽脑汁to rack one's brain

He had racked his brain, but hadn't been able to work out the answer to the problem.

他已经绞尽脑汁了，可是仍未找到问题的答案。

7.没骨气have no guts

I'm surprised to learn that she had married the man who had once done her father in. She really has no guts.

真没想到她那么没骨气，竟然嫁给了坑害过她父亲的人。

8.真了不起really something

He overwhelmed so many of his opponents alone. He's really something.

他真了不起，竟然一个人对付了那么多的对手。

9.昙花一现a flash in the pan

That singer was only a flash in the pan. He disappeared into the air after having made one or two records.

那个歌星也只是昙花一现，出了几张唱片就销声匿迹了。

10.寡不敌众be outnumbered

The girl was brave enough, but as being outnumbered, she was finally knocked into the middle of next week by the gang.

她很勇敢，但终因寡不敌众，被那帮人打晕过去。

11.单枪匹马play a lone hand

When investing in a business, he always likes to play a lone hand.

在投资时，他总喜欢单枪匹马的去干。

12.出师不利get off one the wrong foot

His idea was good, but he got off on the wrong foot when he started doing it.

他的主意不错，可一开始就出师不利。

13.口才the gift of gab

Seldom have I met a girl who's had such a gift of gab like Lee Lee's.

我几乎没见过像莉莉这样有口才的女孩子。

14.还嫩点儿still wet behind the ears

Attempt to do me in? You are still wet behind the ears.

想陷害我？你还嫩点儿！

15.糊涂虫a nitwit

You're a real nitwit. Why should you badmouth his girlfriend in his face?

你真是个糊涂虫，怎么能当他的面讲他女朋友的坏话那？

16.饭量小eat like a bird

She eats like a bird. A small piece of bread will be enough for her.

她的饭量特别小，吃一小块面包就够了。

17.痛失良机Let something slip through one's fingers.

You can't be more stupid! How could you let such a golden opportunity to make big money slip through your fingers? It was an opportunity that comes once in a blue moon.

你真蠢！这样一个发大财的机会千载难逢，你怎能眼睁睁的让他跑掉那？

18.抓住机会jump at the chance

You should have jump at such a good chance.

这样的好机会，你应该抓住。

19.嘴硬never say uncle

That boy never says uncle. He wouldn't admit he's wrong for the life of him.

那个孩子的嘴特别硬，打死他都不肯认错。

20.有门道have the means of

Mr.Zhang has always had the means of making money.

在挣钱方面，张先生可有门道了。

天气词汇Weather Terms

[ 2008-01-31 14:59 ]

1月中旬以来，中国南方大部分地区以及西北地区东部遭遇历史上罕见的持续大范围低温、雨雪和冰冻天气。在广播和电视节目中，我们经常听到关于暴雪、冻雨、冰雪等恶劣天气的报道。小编搜集整理了跟雨雪有关的天气词汇，仅供大家参考，欢迎补充。

blizzard 大风雪

blowing snow 高吹雪

drifting snow 低吹雪

snowstorm 暴风雪

snow showers 阵雪

flurries/light snow 小雪

heavy snow 大雪

snowfall 降雪

sleet 雨夹雪

snowflake 雪花

showers/rain showers 阵雨

heavy showers 强阵雨

occasional showers, scattered showers零星阵雨

isolated showers 局地阵雨（空间分布上比scattered showers范围更小的阵雨）thunderstorms 雷暴

thundershowers 雷阵雨

storm 风暴

lightning 闪电

light showers 小阵雨

ice rain 冻雨

downpour 倾盆大雨

storm 暴风雨

drizzle 毛毛雨

light rain 小雨

meteorology 气象学

atmosphere 大气

climate 气候

temperature 气温、温度

global warming 全球变暖

El Nino phenomenon厄尔尼诺现象La Nina phenomenon拉尼娜现象

frost 霜

hail 冰雹

thunder 雷

lightning 闪电

mist 雾

fog 浓雾

cloud 云

haze 霾

dew 露水

wind 风

land wind 陆风

hurricane 飓风

cyclone 旋风

typhoon 台风

whirlwind 龙卷风

gale 季节风

gust of wind 阵风

breeze 微风

waterspout 海上龙卷风

Sandstorm, duststorm, sand, dust 浮尘，扬沙，沙尘暴等沙尘天气

sunny interval, no rain, clearing多云间晴

sunny period, partly cloudy, partly bright, 晴间多云

cloudy, mostly cloudy 多云

bright, sunny, fair 晴（尤指白天）

fine, clear 晴

overcast 阴

wet, humid潮湿

drought 干旱

dry干燥

freezing冰冻

hot炎热

cold寒冷

warm暖和；升温

cool凉爽；降温

dew point 露点（点在此温度时，空气饱和并产生露珠）

humidity 湿度

visibility 能见度

生病相关表达-睡眠、呼吸篇

[ 2007-11-14 17:40 ]

手脚不适

His both hands and feet ache all over. (他手脚酸痛。)

He has pain on the sole of his feet. (他脚底板很痛。)

There is a wart-like lump on the sole of right foot. (我右脚底有个像肉疣般的硬块。)

His ankles look puffy and they pit when he presses them with his finger. (他的脚踝好像肿了，用手一按，就有个小坑。)

The pain in his left foot is accompanied by redness and swelling. (他左脚酸痛，并有红肿。)

He has numbness and tingling in his hands and fingers. (他的手和手指发麻，并有刺痛感。)

His knee is misshapen or unable to move. (他的膝盖有点畸形，也不能动。)

There are some swellings in his armpit. (他的腋窝有些肿块。)

He is troubled with painful muscles and joints. (他肌肉和关节酸痛。)

She is troubled by the pains in the back and shoulders. (她后背和肩膀疼痛。)

睡眠问题

He is sleeping poorly.（他睡眠不好。）

He wakes during the night or early morning and finds it difficult to fall asleep again.（他夜里或清早醒来后，就很难再睡着。）

He has nightmares occasionally.（他有时做噩梦。）

呼吸问题

His breathing has become increasingly difficult.（他呼吸越来越困难。）

He has to breathe through his mouth.（他不得不用嘴呼吸。）

He is short of breath, even when he has not been exercising, he is breathless.（他总是呼吸短促。即使不运动，也是气喘吁吁的。）

His cough is more like wheezing.（他咳嗽时有呼哧呼哧的响声。）

His cough is dry, producing no phlegm.（他是干咳，没有痰。）

He has coughed up blood.（他咳嗽带血。）

His nose stuffed up when he had a cold.（他感冒时鼻子就不通。）

He has a feeling of tightness in the chest or a feeling that he is suffocating.（他觉得胸口闷闷，透不过气来。）

“生病”相关表达－感冒篇

[ 2007-11-08 11:45 ]

He feels headache, nausea and vomiting. (他觉得头痛、恶心、想吐。)

He is under the weather. (他不大舒服。)

He feels light-headed. (他觉得头晕。)

She has been shut-in for a few days. (她生病在家好几天了。)

Her head is pounding. (她头痛。)

His symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss,excessive fatigue, fever and chills. (他的症状包括没食欲、体重减轻、乏力、发烧、发冷。)

He feels exhausted or fatigued most of the time. (他经常感到乏力。)

He feels drowsy, dizzy and nauseated. (他觉得昏昏欲睡、头晕目眩、恶心。) He feels as though everything around him is spinning. (他觉得天旋地转。) He has noticed some loss of hearing. (他觉得自己的听力变差了。)

She has some pains and itching around her eyes. (她眼睛四周又痛又痒。)

He has been coughing up rusty or greenish-yellow phlegm. (他咳嗽带有绿黄色的痰。)

His eyes feel itchy and he has been sneezing. (他眼睛发痒，而且一直打喷嚏。)

He has a fever, aching muscles and hacking cough. (他发烧、浑身酸痛，并伴有干咳。)

He gets a cold with a deep hacking cough. (他伤风感冒，还伴有剧烈的干咳。) He has a persistent cough. (他不停地咳嗽。)

He has bouts of uncontrollable coughing. (他一阵阵咳嗽，控制不住。)

He has a sore throat and a stuffy nose. (他嗓子疼，鼻子不通。)

His breathing is harsh and wheezy. (他呼吸声很重，还呼哧呼哧的。)

He has a runny nose, sneezing or a scratchy throat. (他打喷嚏、流鼻涕，喉咙沙哑。)

五花八门的“card”

[ 2007-10-10 08:00 ]

birthday card 生日卡

Christmas card 圣诞卡

New-Year card 贺年卡

post card 明信片

identity card 身份证

credit card 信用卡

VIP card 贵宾卡

preferential card 优惠卡

expense card 消费卡

get-well card 慰问卡

record card 登记卡

score card 记分卡

playing cards 扑克牌

bank card 银行卡

debit card 借记卡

membership card 会员卡

intelligence card（IC）智能卡

entry card 入境卡

phone card 电话卡

student's card 学生证

name card 名片

greeting card 贺卡

cardholder 持卡人

shop card 营业证

与“穿着”有关的谚语

[ 2007-09-26 14:23 ]

在汉语中，我们常常使用一些服装衣着名词来表示某一特定事物，如用“裙衩”指代女子，“拜倒在某某石榴裙下”便是此意；“纨绔”指代富豪家子弟；“勒紧裤带”过日子意味着节衣缩食；“囊中羞涩”暗指贫穷等等。类似的用法不胜枚举。

有趣的是，英语中，同样有好些衣着名词被广泛用于习语中。这些衣着名词的用法，大多属于比喻用法。熟练地掌握这些成语的用法和意义，有助于英语学习者对说英语国家文化背景的了解，增加学习英语的兴趣，提高学习效果。

1）Hat 帽子

I never thought that he was such a bad hat.（坏蛋，不老实、不道德的人）

He was talking through his hat. He was even not there when it happened.(说大话，说蠢话)

2）Veil 面纱Let us draw a veil over what followed. （隐瞒，避而不谈）

3）Collar 衣领Ah，you are in the collar now. You know marriage has its obligation.（受到约束）

4）Shirt 衬衣

We should keep our shirt on no matter what they would say.（保持冷静，不要冲动）

In a business like this you can make a lot of money, but you can also lose your shirt.（倾家荡产）

5)Sleeve 衣袖

He knew he could win him, but he kept that card up his sleeve.（别有妙计；留着一手）

Janny’s never made her own decision. She always hangs on her mother’s sleeve.（依赖某人；同从某人）

Tom’s confident attitude makes me bel ieve that he has something up his sleeve. (胸有成竹；已有应急计划)

Hearing the news, the boy laughed in his sleeves.（窃笑；暗自高兴）

He rolled up his sleeves when he came to know he had fallen behind his classmates.（准备大干一场）

6）Pocket 口袋

As soon as he gets a dollar, it begins to burn a hole in his pocket.（滥用钱）

When you get a family you get a lot chances to dip into your pocket.（付钱，花钱）

We haven’t signed the contract yet, but we have the deal in our pocket. (实际占有；在某人控制下)

Since then, he had the girl in his pocket.（任意支配某人）

Under those circumstances, I had to put my pride in my pocket.（忍辱负重）

7）Gloves 手套

It is interesting to watch the couple fighting with the gloves on.（温文尔雅地争论）

The blouse fits me like a glove.（完全适合）

She is one of those who have an iron hand in a velvet glove.（外柔内刚；笑里藏刀）

8）Cuff 袖口

Only when he spoke off the cuff did he establish rapport with his audience.（即席发言）

He is quite familiar with the storekeeper, and always has foods on the cuff.（赊账；分期付款）

9)Button（纽扣）The old man's words are just on the button.（准确无误，中肯）

10)Coat 大衣You must cut your coat according to your cloth and buy the cheap house that you can afford.（量入为出）

11）Belt 腰带When the food ran out we had to pull in our belt.（勒紧裤带；忍饥挨饿）

12）Linen 内衣I don't want to wash my dirty linen in the public.（家丑外扬；揭人隐私）

13) Pants 短裤Peter was a typical fancy pant at the time.（有女人气的男子；纨绔子弟）

14）Skirts裙子The only shortcoming of Sam is that he likes a bit of skirt.（喜欢和妇女作伴）

15）Trousers（男）长裤

When her husband was out she wore the trousers.（掌权；当家）

Don't believe any trousers.（相信男人）

16）Socks 短袜If he is hoping to gain promotion he will have to pull his socks up.（鼓劲；下更大决心）

17）Stockings 长袜She is a total blue stocking, and she sticks to books all day and all night.（才女，女学究）

18）Boots 靴子When he was late for work he got the boot from the boss. (被开除；被解雇)

19）Shoe 鞋子

The scholar is common as an old shoe.（平易近人；虚怀若谷）

It’s difficult to find someone to fill in the old king’s shoes.（胜任地接替某人的职务）名不副实的"Jack"

[ 2007-09-05 11:24 ]

英语中有很多“Jack-” 短语，这些“Jack”意义多多，既可指人、也可指物。

every man Jack 每人；人人

All the workers want a pay increase, every man Jack of them.

全体工人都要求加工资。

Jack of all trades and master of none 万事皆通而一无所长的人；“三脚猫”

Jack-of-a ll trades “万事通”

Jack on/of both sides 模棱两可，两面派

Jack at a pinch 临时拉来帮忙/凑数的人

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

谚语：只工作不玩，聪明的孩子也会变傻。

All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill.

谚语：有情人终成着属。

ball the jack 孤注一掷

before one can say Jack Robinson [口]马上, 突然; 一会儿

play the jack with sb. 欺骗(某人); 开(某人)玩笑

Jack and Jill 男男女女

Jack among the maids 向女人献殷勤的男子

Jack in the water 码头打杂工

cheep Jack 卖廉价货物的小贩

Jack in office 自命不凡的小官吏，官僚

Jack is as good as his master.

谚语：伙计不必老板差。

Yellow Jack 指医学上的“黄热病”

the Union Jack 英联合王国国旗

Jack of straw 稻草人

Jacks 可指“英镑”

jack 千斤顶

lumberjack 伐木工人

Jack-a-dandy 花花公子

jackpot 意外的成功；发外财

make one's jack 发财

[ 2007-08-15 16:41 ]

我们平常所走的道路各种各样，在英语里，不同种类的道路也有

其专门的说法，下面汇总的一些词汇供大家参考。

1. by-pass 旁道

2. ring road/beltway 环路；环形公路

3. traffic-free/pedestrians street 步行街

4. riverside boulevard 滨江道

5. feeder road 专用线；分路支线

6. accommodation road 专用道路

7. makeshift road 临时道路

8. eyesight-disability/disadvantage-friendly track 盲道

9. diagonal/cater-cornered street 斜街

10. tarred/asphalt road 柏油路

11. cobble-stone/cobbled street 鹅卵石路

12. elevated highroad 高架公路

13. single carriageway 单行道

14. dual carriageway 双行道

15. overtaking lane 超车道

16. clearway 畅行道（用于改善繁忙时间内的交通状况）

17. fast traffic/outside lane 快车道

18. slow traffic/inside lane 慢车道

19. road junction 交叉路口

20. T-junction 丁字路口

21. bottleneck 易堵塞的路口

与婚礼有关词汇

[ 2007-08-08 16:14 ]

wedding ceremony 结婚典礼

wedding reception 婚宴

register office 结婚登记处

trousseau 嫁妆

usher 引宾员

vows 婚誓

say one's vows 立下婚誓

wedding day 举行婚礼的日子

wedding anniversary 结婚周年纪念日

bride新娘

bridegroom or groom 新郎

officiator 主婚人

pastor 牧师

groomsman 伴郎

bridesmaid 伴娘

honeymoon 蜜月

wedding dress 婚纱、结婚礼服

wed in a civil ceremony 登记结婚marriage certificate 结婚证

guest 来宾

marriage after divorce 再婚wedding march 婚礼进行曲

mixed marriage 涉外婚姻；跨国婚姻

结婚周年表达

Paper wedding 纸婚一周年

Tin wedding 锡婚两周年

Crystal wedding 水晶婚15周年China wedding 搪瓷婚20周年Silver wedding 银婚25周年

Pearl wedding 珍珠婚30周年

Ruby wedding 红宝石婚40周年Sapphire wedding 蓝宝石婚45周年Golden wedding--金婚50周年Emerald wedding--翠玉婚55周年Diamond wedding--钻石婚60-70周年

IATF16949-2016解释 Sanctioned-Interpretations SI 1-15

IATF - International Automotive Task Force IATF 16949:2016 --- Sanctioned Interpretations (SIs) IATF - International Automotive Task Force IATF 16949:2016 –Sanctioned Interpretations IATF 16949 1st Edition was published in October 2016 and was effective 1 January 2017. The following Sanctioned Interpretations were determined and approved by the IATF. Unless otherwise indicated, Sanctioned Interpretations are applicable upon publication. Revised text is shown in blue. A Sanctioned Interpretation changes the interpretation of a rule or a requirement which itself then becomes the basis for a nonconformity. SI 1-9 issued in October 2017, effective October 2017. SI 10-11 issued in April 2018, effective June 2018. SI 8 revised and reissued in June 2018, effective July 2018. SI 10 revised and reissued in June 2018, effective July 2018. SI 12-13 issued in June 2018, effective July 2018. SI 14-15 issued in November 2018, effective January 2019.

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2. Interpretation. Unless the context otherwise requires: a. words singular and plural in number shall be deemed to include the other; b. all references to include a reference to any measures amending, supplementing or repealing any relevant from time to time; c. the terms “XYZ” shall be being at all times construed as unless the content specially indicates otherwise, whether or not the words “XYZ” are expressly stated in any particular instance in this Agreement; …. 3. XXX Meaning. Words not otherwise defined herein that have well known and generally accepted adj. meanings are used herein in accordance with such recognized meanings. Unless otherwise agreed to by the Parties, all units of measurement shall be stated in the system. 4. Headings; Sections References. Section headings are for convenience of reference only, do not form part of this Agreement, and shall not be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the provisions hereof. 5. Precedence. In case of express conflict between provisions of the of this Agreement, the order of precedence in construction and interpretation of such provisions shall be as follows: a. ; and b. . Subject to the foregoing, if any requirements specified in any 1 conflict with those of any other 2 , or if any requirement specified in any 1 conflict with any other requirements in such 2 , the requirements shall prevail. Notwithstanding the above, the provisions of this Agreement, including all Schedules, shall be wherever possible construed as complementary rather than conflicting. 例： 1. Definition. In this Agreement the following terms shall have the following meaning

Against Interpretation

Against Interpretation by Susan Sontag “Content is a glimpse of something, an encounter like a flash. It’s very tiny - very tiny, content.” - Willem De Kooning, in an interview “It is only shallo w people who do not judge by appearances. The mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible.” - Oscar Wilde, in a letter 1 The earliest experience of art must have been that it was incantatory, magical; art was an instrument of ritual. (Cf. the paintings in the caves at Lascaux, Altamira, Niaux, La Pasiega, etc.) The earliest theory of art, that of the Greek philosophers, proposed that art was mimesis, imitation of reality. It is at this point that the peculiar question of the value of art arose. For the mimetic theory, by its very terms, challenges art to justify itself. Plato, who proposed the theory, seems to have done so in order to rule that the value of art is dubious. Since he considered ordinary material things as themselves mimetic objects, imitations of transcendent forms or structures, even the best painting of a bed would be only an “imitation of an imitation.” For Plato, art is neither particularly useful (the painting of a bed is no good to sleep on), nor, in the strict sense, true. And Aristotle’s arguments in defense of art do not really challenge Plato’s view that all

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德语中Interpretation这个文体在中文里面还真没有什么对应的文体，不像议论文和书信那么好把握。Interpretation没有什么固定的形式，发挥在于个人的语言功底和对文章的把握。但是它是有一定的框架结构的。下面我们一起来了解一下。 分为三个部分，Einleitung，Hauptteil, Schluss Zur Einleitung: 1.Kurze Inhaltsangabe, aber ohne eigene Wertung 2.Titel, Autor und Thema nenen 这一部分一般很简单，只需交代故事梗概，文章标题，作者，主题就行。常见的句型，如In dieser Kurzgeschichte mit dem Titel von … Autor geht es um… Zum Hauptteil (注意：这一部分没有特定的顺序，也没有固定形式，全凭自我理解和发挥。) 1.Ersteindrücke 2.Inhaltliche Gliederung 3.Personen: Beschreibung, Charaktereigenschaften, Beziehungen zueinander 4.Formanalyse: Erz?hlperspektive, Erz?hlweise, Sprache, Stil, rethorische Figuren, Hauptmerkmale der Kurzgeschichte und Beziehungen zwischen Form und Aussage 这一部分重点在于对文章的分析，挖掘文字背后想要表达的东西，比如对人物分析，这个部分很重要，可不必对故事中每个出现的人物分析性格特征，但是如果要选取几个代表性的人物分析，必须要分析的有深度。一般除了主人公有名字，其它人物都没有名字，因为他们代表的是一类人。当然，对叙述视角（采用第几人称），叙述方式（是否插入倒叙），语言风格，修辞手法的分析也要有所提及。功夫在个人啦~ Zum Schluss: 1.Kurze Zusammenfassung dessen, was interpretiert worden ist. 2.Die Absicht des Autors erneut erhellen 3.M?glicher Zusatz: eigene Wahrnehmung, Meinung zu Text und Thema, Wirkung auf den Leser 最后一部分主要在于总结收尾，再次点明作者意图，当然也可以加上个人观点和想法，以及这篇文章对读者的影响，会给读者带来怎样的思考。 附例句： 1.In dieser Geschichte mit dem Titel… von… geht es um… 2.Die Erz?hlung scheint fl?chlich eine Kindergeschichte zu sein. Aber bei n?herem Hinsehen hat sie eine gehaltliche Tiefe, die über eine Kindergeschichte hinausgeht. 3.Der Text ist in … Sinnabschnitte gegliedert. 4.Wie ein roter Faden zieht sich … durch die ganze Geschichte. 5.Hier erfolgt eine Rückblende. 6.Mit diesem Satz erreicht die Geschichte ihren Wendepunkt/H?hepunkt. 7.Der Schluss stellte eine Pointe dar, die… 8.Die Hauptrolle dieser Geschichte ist … 9.… ist typisch/charakterischtisch/steht stellvertretend für Leute, die… 10.Die Personen in der Geschichte haben keine Namen. Das ist typisch für eine Kurzgeschichte. Es handelt sich hier nicht um Individuen, sondern um Typen. 11.Zwar wird es im Text nicht explizit ausgedrückt, doch ist es wohl keine überinterpretation

Interpretation：对“诠释”的诠释

Ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ：对“诠释”的诠释-哲学 Ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ：对“诠释”的诠释 张浩军 【摘要】哲学本质上就是诠释学。对概念的理解与解释，构成了哲学工作的核心。作为一个哲学概念，“interpretation”通常与诠释学关联在一起，有时甚至就被看作“诠释学”的同义词。然而，在哲学文献中，这个词往往是不同语词的翻译，比如“hermeneutics”、“Interpretation”、“Auffassung”或“Auslegung”。虽然作为翻译的结果，这些词都有一个统一的形式“interpretation”，但其意义或用法不尽相同，甚至完全对立。从诠释学的视角对“interpretation”这一术语的考察在一定程度上是对维特根斯坦意义理论的呼应和补充：语词的意义不仅在于其用法，也在于对其用法的理解与解释。 关键词诠释；诠释学；理解；解释 中图分类号：B01 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-7660（2016）03-0082-08 作者简介：张浩军，甘肃武威人，哲学博士，（北京102249）中国政法大学哲学系副教授。 引言 依照《哲学历史词典》，“intrepretation”是希腊语的拉丁语（interpretatio，interpres，interpretari）同义词，最初来源于罗马的商业和法律语言。①一般认为，这个词的日常意义“解释、说明”（Auslegung）、“注释、阐明”（Ausdeutung）是从作为“神圣解释者”（interpretes divum）的占卜者和释梦者那里来的。

②后来，“interpretation”被看作“文字记录的生命表达之合乎技艺的理解”（kunstmβiges Verstehen schriftlich fixierter Lebens uβerung）。 ③因此，这一“解释模型”（Interpretation-Modell）便有了对文本进行解释的含义。这一说法适用于弗朗西斯·培根，因为他把自然知识称作“对自然的解释”（interpretatio naturae）。④黑格尔通过对圣经解释传统的考察，使人们注意到，解释不应只是单纯的语词解释，而更应该是对意义的解释，因为“单纯的语词解释只能是这样的，即，对一个语词来说，我们为其划定了一个相同的思想范围。但是就解释而言，进一步的思想规定却与此关联在了一起，因为发展就是让思想更进一步，虽然从表面上看，人们还停留在原来的意义那里，但事实上，思想已经得到了进一步发展”。⑤ 依照《在线词源学词典》，“interpretation”作为一个英语词出现于14世纪中期，在13世纪晚期时用于盎格鲁法语（Anglo-French，也即诺曼时代英国所用的法语）中，其意为“被翻译的文本、翻译”。此盎格鲁法语源于古法语“interpretacion，entrepretatiun”（意为“解释”、“翻译”），而这一古法语直接源出于拉丁语名词“interpretationem”，意为“说明、揭示”。⑥作为一个哲学概念，“interpretation”往往与诠释学（hermeneutics）关联在一起，有时甚至就被看作“诠释学”的同义词。然而，在哲学文献中，这个词往往是不同语词的翻译，比如“hermeneutics”、“Interpretation”、“Auffassung”或“Auslegung”。虽然作为翻译的结果，这些词都有一个统一的形式“intrepretation”，但其意义或用法往往有差异，甚至完全不同。为此，本文试图从以下三个方面对“interpretation”这个概念进行考察，在清理其翻译和用法的同时，揭示隐藏在这些翻译和用法背后的思想差异：1）

翻译~`translation and interpretation

翻译与口译 对很多在学一门外语的中国学生来讲，翻译与口译的唯一的区别是一个媒介：口译在口头翻译，而翻译则在纸上做工。 翻译和口译都把对一个语言的一定成都的爱和对几种语言的掌握当做先决条件的。然而，在培训技能和才能方面的不同在翻译和口译中都是确定的、明白的。 一个很好的翻译者的关键的技能是在目标语言中通过写作能明确表达自己的能力。这就是为什么翻译专家们几乎通常只在一个方向上，即把其他语言翻译成母语的原因。甚至双语言的个体很少能用两种语言同样好的表达特定的主题。 很多优秀的翻译家都很难成为双语的—他们可能不是，而且不必在源语言（翻译成另一种语言的语言）上非常流利。他们成功的表现基于理解源语言和和那文本从中出来的文化的理解，基于好的辞典和参考资料，而且就把那些资料实用于目标语言。 另一方面，一个口译是另外一回事。不用任何辞典的情况下，他/她要有能力当场进行双向翻译。 有两种类型的口译形式：交传口译和同声传译。 在同声传译的最流行的形式中，口译者坐在公用电话亭里面，戴上耳机，向一个话筒说话。严格来说，说“同声”是用词不当。有时候，口译者在理解句子的大概意思之前，他/她不能开始翻译。口译者在听完在源语言中的一整个句子之前可能连一个单词的意思都表达不出来！ 这个应该能表现出口译者的任务真的有多难：当他/她在听和理解对方的下一句的同时他/她需要把那个句子翻译成目标语言。 即使你是一种语言的，你能经历这任务的难度：在听某人的演讲的时候，试着意译上半句，要确保你在意译前半句时能理解后半句。 同声传译的一个关键技能是要果断：时间不允许权衡各种翻译的优点或者回想起在目标语言中对应的成语。 若有任何的耽搁，你会错过演讲者说出的几个单词（可能是一种想法）。既然说话者走远了，或者甚至在另一个房间里面，这样的失去会是永恒的。 在交传口译过程中说话者会在没1-5分钟停一次（通常在每一个“段落”结束时或者一个完整的想法），口译者把所说的话译到目标语言里面。 由于很少口译者能不漏掉细节而记住整个段落，在交传口译中的一个关键性的技能是做笔记。但是一个口译者的笔记跟一个速记员的笔记大有不同。因为，当口译者要把演讲翻译成目标语言时，记下源语言里面的词语使他/她的工作更加难。 很多专业的口译者形成了自己的“染色体组型”的符号学，允许他们用语言独立的形式记下的不是单词而是说话者的想法。然后口译者的翻译变得更加符合语言使用习惯的又更少依靠源语言的表达形式。 换句话说，口译者所做的是把词语改变成意思，然后回到另一种语言的词语。所以，口译主要是意译。 另外，口译需要相当好的准确性，流利性，说话能力，完整性和时间性。所以，一个合格的口译者应该带有适当的信心的好的人格，敏感性和熟练的表达能力。 尽管在翻译和口译的技能上有很大的差别，但是除了对两种语言的深远的掌握以外，还有一个东西是他们共有的：他们要理解他们翻译着的文本或者演讲的主旨。总是要记住，从一种语言翻译到另一种语言不是把一个语言里面的单词替换到另一种语言里面的单词。 那是理解在一种语言里面所表达的想法，然后用另一种语言资源把它解释出来。就像你不能把你不完全理解的想法解释出来，没有把主旨转化出来很难能进行口译。

Definition and Interpretation(定义及解释规则翻译)

Definition and Interpretation（定义及解释规则翻译）翻译实践 1. "Affiliate" means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party, including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party. For the purpose of this Agreement, "control" shall mean either the ownership of fifty per cent (50%) or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company. 2. "Proprietary Know-how" shall mean processes, methods and manufacturing techniques, experience and other information and materials including but not limited to the Technical Information and Technical Assistance supplied or rendered by the Licensor to the Licensee hereunder which have been developed by and are known to the Licensor on the date hereof and/or which may be further developed by the Licensor or become known to it during the continuance of this Agreement excepting, however, any secret know-how acquired by the Licensor from third parties which the Licensor is precluded from disclosing to the Licensee. 3. "Proprietary Information" means the information, whether patentable or not, disclosed to the CJV by either Party or its Affiliates or disclosed by the CJV to either Party or its Affiliates during the term of this Contract, including technology, inventions, creations, know-how, formulations, recipes, specifications, designs, methods, processes, techniques, data, rights, devices, drawings, instructions, expertise, trade practices, trade secrets and such commercial, economic, financial or other information as is generally treated as confidential by the disclosing Party, its Affiliates, or the CJV, as the case may be; provided that when such information is in unwritten or intangible form, the disclosing Party, its Affiliates or the CJV shall, within one month of making the disclosure, provide the other Party

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现代汉字学名词解释（Interpretation of modern Chinese characters） The language used in the field of social communication is for the public and for others, including print, printed characters, video, screen characters, computer characters, and Street Chinese characters. 5. four: Quantitative, setting, tuning, ordering four is Chinese characters, is the main content of modern Chinese characters standardization. 1, characters - writing is the writing symbol system of recording language, and is the most important auxiliary communication tool of human beings. 2 phonemic characters that record phonemes in the language, such as English and russian. 3, syllable writing - each letter of the text records a syllable in the language, such as japanese. 4, morpheme writing - this kind of writing records the morpheme in the language, such as chinese. The smallest unit of writing 5 letters of alphabet or phonetic symbols. 6, culture - there are broad and narrow sense of two kinds of

interpretation口译

Interpretation Interpreting is a form of translation in which a one-time presentation of a text is presented in a source language and rendered in another language. There are several types of interpreting, including community interpreting, such as that in social services and health care settings, court interpreting, media interpreting and conference interpreting. A few things can be done to help improve interpreting skills. Interpretative skills are used to determine the precise meaning and significance of a message or signal, whether it is a gesture, sign, set of data, written or spoken words, diagram, icon, chart or graph. Procedures: a. Study the background of the subject you specialize in and make sure you understand the choice of vocabulary. For example, if you are interpreting in community settings, you should have a thorough knowledge of the subject as a whole, and the same goes for business knowledge and interpreting in conference settings. b. Take notes efficiently. Write them vertically instead of horizontally; leave out vowels, and use acronyms, abbr., symbols and signs where appropriate. Note properly what happens whenever numbers, names, dates are mentioned in the text you are shadowing This makes note-taking quicker and easier to understand once you are used to your system. c. Improve your proficiency in the languages you specialize in. You should have a high level of proficiency in the source language and in the target language. d. Practice interpreting from online podcasts, record your work and compare your notes with the correct interpretation to double check your accuracy. Interpreting skills short-term-memorizing, note-taking, attentive-splitting(An exercise with distractions, like extra sounds, excessive gesticulation, etc.),figure-switching, summarization, humors and idioms, use as many as you feel comfortable with. 1. listen in L1; 2. understand in L1; 3. memories the information in L1; 4. mentally translate, compress and "edit" the message from L1 into L2; 5. a) for consecutive interpreting: and finally to verbalize the message in L2; 5. b) for simultaneous interpreting: and finally to verbalize the message in L2 while listening to the new portion in L1.

英文合同的通用条款(定义与解释条款Definition-and-Interpretation)

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1. Definition. In this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meaning unless the context clearly requires otherwise: TERM 1 " means refers to shall have the (same) meaning defined in shall be construed as includes ??- In relation to means

shall have the (same) meaning defined in shall be construed as For the purpose of TERM 2 ” refers to ??- TERM 3 " means + *** which, refers to 1) 2) In connection with In respect of

Interpretation. Unless the context otherwise requires: words singular and plural in number shall be deemed to include the other; supplementing or repealing any relevant from time to time; content specially indicates otherwise, whether or not the words in any particular instance in this Agreement; 3. XXX Meaning. Words not otherwise defined herein that have well known and generally accepted adj. meanings are used herein in accordance with such recognized meanings. Unless otherwise agreed to by the Parties, all units of measurement shall be stated in the system. 4. Headings; Sections References. Section headings are for convenience of reference only, do not form part of this Agreement, and shall not be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the provisions hereof. 2. a. b. all references to include a reference to any measures amending, c. the terms XYZ" shall be being at all times construed as unless the XYZ" are expressly stated

Interpretation 范例

"Fenstertheater" von Ilse Aichinger 一 Die Geschichte …Das Fenstertheater“ von Ilse Aichinger, erschien 1949 in einer Sammlung von Erz?hlungen unter dem Titel …Der Gefesselte“ im Fischer Verlag. Der Titel verr?t schon einiges über die eigentliche Handlung. Theater kennt jeder. Zuschauer sitzen auf B?nken und Stühlen, ihnen wird eine Handlung dargeboten, die, von Drama bis Comedy, alles sein kann. Im Theater sitzt man als Zuschauer, man schaut Leuten zu, die auf der Bühne sind und sich verstellen. Sie sind nicht sie selbst, sie schlüpfen in Rollen, die für sie geschrieben wurden. Auch das Fenster im Titel weist darauf hin, dass es eine zentrale Rolle in der Geschichte spielt. Das Theater, das sonst ebenfalls in einem Rahmen stattfindet, der Bühne, verlegt sich hier auf den Schauplatz Fenster. Zwei V orh?nge rahmen die Handlung ein und erlauben keine Ver?nderung des Schauplatzes. Der Leser wird in die Kurzprosa eingeführt und erh?lt einen kurzen, wenn auch nicht sehr aussagekr?ftigen, Einblick in das Leben einer Frau. Sie lebt in einem Hochhaus, im vorletzten Stockwerk, und hat kaum eine Abwechslung. Sie scheint an die Wohnung gebunden zu sein, die Erwartung einer Sensation wird dem Leser der Geschichte sofort nahe gebracht. Die Neugier der Frau, dass nun endlich etwas vor ihrer Nase geschieht, ist unübersehbar. Sie denkt sich vielleicht, dass, wenn schon so viel in der Welt passiert, dies auch vor ihrem Fenster geschehen kann. Wieder wird dem Leser die Spannungs- und Sensationsgier der Frau nahegelegt. In der kurzen Prosa erscheint zuerst die Frau, die, aus ihrem eigenen Fenster schauend, einen alten Mann gegenüber entdeckt, der am Fenster steht, welches ge?ffnet ist. Er beginnt mit Bewegungen, deren Adresse sie nicht einordnen kann. Gelten die Bewegungen ihr? Ist sie gemeint? Der Mann lacht und zeigt Emotionen. Die Frau sieht weiter zu und reagiert auf die Bewegungen. Sie schaut genauer hin und ist v?llig in den Anblick des Mannes vertieft. Dann passiert etwas. Der Mann verschwindet pl?tzlich vom Fenster. Die Frau ruft sofort die Polizei. Diese glaubt ihr jedoch nicht und tut das Ganze als Spinnerei der Frau ab. So macht diese sich allein auf den Weg zur Wohnung gegenüber. Als sie diese gewaltsam ?ffnet, findet sie den alten Mann wieder am Fenster vor. Er spielt …Fenstertheater“ und unterh?lt einen kleinen Jungen am Fenster im obersten Stockwerk des Hauses gegenüber. Der Junge wohnt über der Frau, welche nun in der Wohnung des Mannes, erkennt, wem die Bewegungen galten und für wen der Mann Theater spielt. Erz?hlt wird die Kurzprosa von einem auktorialen Erz?hler, der über die Frau in der dritten Person spricht (…Sie“ und …die Frau“), sodass wir diese immer aus der Perspektive des Erz?hlers sehen. Wir wissen recht wenig über die Frau, nur dass sie in einem Hochhaus wohnt, wissen aber was sie denkt und bekommen dies mitgeteilt (vgl. …meint er mich?“). V on ihren Gefühlen im Laufe der Geschichte wird wenig erz?hlt. So stellen sich dem Leser einige Fragen: …Warum ruft sie die Polizei?“ und …Hat sie darauf gewartet, etwas tun zu k?nnen?“. Man wei? es nicht genau, doch kann man vermuten, dass sie, überw?ltigt von den pl?tzlich eintretenden Ereignissen, einfach nicht mehr weiter wei? und in ihrer Verzweiflung die Verantwortung an einen anderen weitergeben will.