专业英语重点段落翻译
专业英语重点段落翻译
Unit 4 回转壳体的薄膜应力
A shell of revolution is回转壳体是由一条直线或曲线绕一根旋转形成的（一个回转实体是由一个面绕一根轴旋转而成的）。
Most process vessels are made up 大多数过程容器是由回转壳体组成的：圆柱形和圆锥形部件；半球形，椭圆形和准球形的封头；图.1.13。
The walls of thin vessels can be 薄的容器壁被称为“薄膜”；承受载荷不引起严重的弯曲和过大的剪切应力；就象气球的外壁一样。
The analysis of the membrane对受内压回转壳的薄膜应力分析为确定容器壳体最小壁厚奠定了基础。实际的厚度要求同样取决于容器所承受的载荷所产生的应力。Consider the shell of revolution假设大致形状如图1.14的回转壳体在载荷作用下做对称的旋转；在壳体单位面积上所受的载荷（压力）在周向方向是一致的，但是从顶部到底部并不是一模一样的。
Unit 5 机械振动
Vibrations are sometimes used to produce desirable effects. For example, vibrators are used to compact concrete in the forms and to separate the grain from the chaff in threshing machines. Instruments which function properly on an airplane with a conventional engine may tend to stick when used in gliders or jet-powered planes because of the
lack of vibration. In such instances, a vibrator is sometimes installed on the
instrument panel.
有时候振动也能产生有益的效果。比如，振动可以压实物体，用脱粒机将谷粒与谷壳分离。那些在具有常规发动机的飞机上可正常运行的仪器，当用于滑翔机或喷气机时，因为缺乏振动，可能会趋于粘滞。在这种情况下，就需在仪器的仪表板上安装振动器。
Mechanical vibrations which are maintained by elastic , and sometimes gravity，forces are called free vibrations. Once started, a free vibration, frequently called a natural vibration, continues to oscillate at its natural frequency. A forced vibration is produced and maintained by a periodic exciting force external to the system, and it takes place at the frequency of the exciting force. If the system is nearly frictionless and contains no dissipative elements, the amplitude of the forced oscillation will become very large when the frequency of the exciting force is close to the natural frequency of the system. Thus, although the frequency of a forced vibration is independent
of the natural frequency of the elastic system, the resulting amplitude is affected by both frequencies. Vibrations are also classified as damped or undamped. When friction, air resistance，viscous damping, and all other resisting forces are negligible the vibration is undamped. When any of these effects is appreciable the body has damped vibrations. In practice there is always a frictional damping force which will eventually stop a free vibration, even though it may be neglected for many purposes.
机械振动是通过弹力保持的，有时是重力，这些力被称为自由振动。自由振动通常称为固有振动，一旦开始，就将以固有频率持续振动。强迫振动由系统外的周期性激荡力产生并保持，它以激荡力的频率发生。如果系统近乎无摩擦和无耗散，那么，当激荡力的固有频率与系统固有频率接近时，强迫振动的振幅就会变得非常大。因此，尽管强迫振动的频率与弹性系统的固有频率无关，但是，所产生的振幅会受到两个频率的影响。振动也被分为阻尼振动和无阻尼振动。当摩擦力，空气阻力，粘性阻尼和其他所有阻力都忽略时，振
动就是无阻尼的。当考虑这些因素时，物体就发生阻尼振动。在实际应用中，尽管由于各种原因，摩擦阻尼力可能被忽略，但是，它最终会阻碍自由振动。
Unit 6 金属
About three-quarters of the elements available can be classified as metals, and about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance. Although the word metal, by strict definition, is limited to the pure metal elements, common usage gives it wider scope to include metal alloys. While pure metallic elements have a broad range of properties, they are quite limited in commercial use. Metal alloys, which are combinations of two or more elements, are far more versatile and for this reason are the form in which most metals are used by industry.
大约现有元素中的四分之三可归类为金属；而大约一半金属
元素都有一定的工业或商业上的重要性。尽管严格定义的金
属只局限于纯金属，但是普遍的用法是把它扩展到更广范围
的金属合金。尽管纯金属有很多特性，他们在商业中的应用
也很局限。金属合金由两种或两种以上的元素组成，用途非
常广泛，正是由于这种结构上的原因，很多金属被用于工业上。
Metallic materials are crystalline solids. Individual crystals are composed of unit cells repeated in a regular pattern to form a three-dimensional crystal-lattice structure.
A piece of metal is an aggregate of many thousands of interlocking crystals (grains) immersed in a cloud of negative valence electrons detached from the c rystals’ atoms. These loose electrons serve to hold the crystal structures together because of their electrostatic attraction to the positively charged metal atoms (ions). The bonding forces, being large because of the close-packed nature of metallic crystal structures, account for the generally good mechanical properties of metals. Also, the electron cloud makes most
metals good conductors of heat and electricity.
金属材料是晶状固体。单个晶体是由单元晶粒按有规则模式重复而形成的三维晶格。一块金属则是成千上万相联晶体的集合体，而这些晶粒都沉浸在从晶体原子中脱离出来的带负电的价电子云中。由于这些自由电子对带正电的金属原子或离子有静电吸引力，因此可以将晶体结构紧凑的结合在一起。而由于金属结晶结构致密本质导致的这种很大的结合力是造成金属一般都具有良好机械性质的原因。同样，电子云使大多数金属有很好的导电性和导热性。
Metals are often identified by the method used to produce the forms in which they are used. When a metal has been formed or shaped in the solid, plastic state, it is referred to as a wrought metal. Metal shapes that have been produced by pouring liquid metal into a mold are referred to as cast metals.
在大多数情况下，根据生产金属的模板来辨认金属。当金属已经以固体的形式存在或形成时，并且是塑性的，被称为可锻金属。将液体金属倾倒入模型形成的金属称为浇铸金属。
There are two families of metallic materials: ferrous and nonferrous. The basic ingredient of all ferrous metals is the element iron. These metals range from cast irons and carbon steels, which 90% iron, to specialty iron alloys, containing a variety of other elements that add up to nearly half the total composition.
金属材料分为两类：黑色金属和有色金属。所有黑色金属的基本成分都是铁元素。这些金属涉及的范围从含碳90%以上的铸铁和碳钢到特种铁合金，在这些铁合金中，各种其他元素的总和几乎占总成分一半。
Zinc, tin, lead, and antimony, with melting points below 800 F (427 C), are often classified as low-melting-point alloys. Zinc, whose major structural use is in die castings, ranks third to aluminum and copper in total consumption. Lead and tin are rather limited to applications where their low melting points and other special properties are required.
由于锌、锡、铅和锑的熔点都低于800F（427C），因此把它们归类为低熔点合金。锌的主要结构用途是拉模铸
造，它的消耗量仅次于铝和铜，排名第三。铅和锡在应用中是非常局限的，仅适用于需要熔点低和其他特性的场合。
Unit 8 Manufacturing Engineering Processes The die cavity, in the型腔模处于闭合位臵时与它所需的几何形状相符。压制成型的机器同时包含机械和液体的压力。产量在每分钟6到100个元件之间。
Unit 9 Internal Structure of Steel
An examination of metals, however, even under 一项关于金属的检测，即使是在最强大的显微镜下，也不会显示出原子或者空间晶格；所有能被看到的都是单独的颗粒或者晶体。
In order to be able to see为了能够看清铁或者钢中的原子的晶体晶格排列，有必要把一个经过抛光、浸蚀的金属表面放大至裸眼下看到的三千五百万倍大小。从而可以发现，在显微镜下被观察的最小颗粒是由大量原子组成的。
Unit 10 金属的腐蚀
What is corrosion? Corrosion is the damage to metal caused by reaction with its environment.
什么是腐蚀？腐蚀是金属由于和环境反应而产生的破坏。
Damage is specifies purposely to exclude 破坏的规定是不包括工艺在内的，比如化学药品的研磨、铝的阳极反应，和钢的发蓝，这些都是有意识的去改善金属。
All sorts of chemical所有种类的化学和电化学过程在工业上被用做和金属发生化学反应，但是它们被设计出来是用于改善金属而不是去破坏它。因此这些过程不认为是腐蚀。
Metal is mentioned in the definition 金属在腐蚀的定义中被涉及到，但是任何一种材料都能被它的环境破坏：塑料在溶剂中膨胀，混凝土在污水中的溶解，木头的腐烂，等等。这些结果都是不同机理产生的严重问题。但是在这个定义中它们不被包括。
Metals, whether they are attacked uniformly 金属，他们是否在腐蚀中被侵袭的均匀或者有纹孔或者开裂，被腐蚀都是通过相同的基本机理，它们不同与其他的材料。这些试验集中在金属上。
Corrosion is a natural process 腐蚀对于金属来说是个自然过程，因为它们与环境反应生成更稳定的化合物。即使是在一个材料选择总是正确的、设备设计没有任何缺陷并且操作也没有任何错误的理想世界中，腐蚀仍将发生，只不过是可以接受的腐蚀速率罢了。
The cost of corrosion腐蚀的代价。看看真实的腐蚀是怎样的，许多国家的政府在1970年和1980年委托研究，得到了许多数据说明腐蚀的确是大多数的主要问题。
The study in the United States美国的研究估计腐蚀的直接损失是工业产值的 4.9%对于工业化国家来说。这4.9%中，大概1%到2%是可以通过现在的技术避免的，大概是每人每年200美元的浪费。
Unit 13传热原理
Conduction 传导
If a temperature gradient如果一个连续的实体中
存在着温度变化，热量可能流动不伴随物质的任何运动。热量的这种流动叫做传导。在金属体中，热传递的结果来自自由电子的运动，所以热传递和电的传导率很相似。
In solids, thermal conduction results from 在电的传导率低的实体中，在大多数的液体中，热传导的结果伴随着温度变化的分子运动的动量。
In gases conduction occurs by气体的传导发生在任意的运动的分子，所以热是一种扩散从高温地区传导低温地区。区普通的传导的例子就是热在不透明的物体中流动，就像火炉里的砖墙或是管子的金属壁。
Unit 16 压力容器及其部件
Pressure vessels are leakproof containers.压力容器是不泄露的容器。它们有各种尺寸。最小的直径不到一英寸，最大的直径能达到150英尺甚至更大。
Some are buried in the ground or deep in the ocean某些是埋在地下或海洋深处，多数是安放在地上或支撑在平台上，还有一些实际上是在航天飞行器中的贮槽和液压装臵中。
The internal pressure to which 由于内部压力，容器被设计成各种形状和尺寸。
Internal pressure may be内部的压力可能低到1英寸，水的表面压力可能达到300000多磅。
The usual range of pressure普通的单层表面建筑压力是15到5000磅，虽然有很多容器的设计压力高出或低于这个范围。ASME锅炉和压力标准中第八卷第一节指定一个范围从15磅在底部到上限，然而，内部压力在3000磅以上，ASME标准，第八卷第一节，指出考虑特殊设计的情况是必要的。
压力容器的典型部件描述如下：
Cylindrical Shell圆柱壳体 Cylindrical shell is very在石化工业中对于结构压力容器圆柱壳体是经常被用到的，它是很容易制造、安装并且维修很经济。虽然在一些场合应用载荷和外压控制，要求的厚度通常由内压决定。其他因素如热应力和不连续压力可能有要求厚度决定。
Formed Heads成型的封头 A large variety of end许多的端封头和过度部分有设计工程师选择。用一种结构相对另一种依靠很多因素，如成型方法、材料成本、和空间限。一些经常应用的成型封头是：
Flanged Heads带凸缘的封头 These heads are normally这些封头通常在较低压力的压力设备中，例如汽油罐和锅炉。有些也应用在较高压力的但是较小直径的设备中。设计和结构的许多细节在ASME标准，第八卷第一节中
给出。
Hemispherical Heads半球形封头 Generally, the requires thickness of hemispherical通常，在一个给定温度和压力下半球形的要求厚度是相同直径和材料圆柱壳体的一半。假如我们用镍和钛昂贵的合金建造实心或覆盖形半球形封头，这样是很经济的。假如使用碳钢，然而，由于这高价的制造费用就不比凸缘形和碟形的封头经济。
Unit 17 压力容器的设计
Materials’ Specificatio ns材料的说明书
All codes and standards have materials’ specifications and requirements 所有的标准都有材料的详细说明书和要求用于描述哪种材料是允许的。Those materials that are permitted被允许的这些材料特殊的标准被列出或被限制在被允许的应力值范围内。
Depending upon the code根据这个章程和标准，对于一个特殊进程的容器的许用材料是被规定的。例如，仅SA 与SB的标准材料可能用在ASME锅炉和压力容器制造中。
Factors of Safety 安全因素
In order to provide a margin of为了提供一个设计与实际公式的差距，那个被建立在复杂的理论与不同失效模式下，实际的设计公式应用在减小厚度和压力水准，一种安全因素被应用在多种材料性能，这种性能决定着许用应力。
The factors of safety are directly related to 安全因素直接与理论和失败模型、没中规定的特殊设计要求和被确定和估计的多种真实压力水准的程度有关。Throughout the world, various factors of safety are applied to 纵观世界，多种安全因素被用在材料的寿命上去建立锅炉、压力容器和管子的设计许用压力。
For the temperature range to that对于这个温度变化到建立许用压力的缓慢破坏的温度，这所有建立的许用压力是在屈服强度的基础上的。
In some countries, a factor is applied to在许多国家，一种因素被应用在经过许多次试验而建立起来的一系列数据上。
In others,在其他国家，数据是由低的屈服强度和高的屈服强度决定的。
In still other countries, the actual在另外的一些国家，对于设计部件这真正的数据是由多次测试而确定的。部分的设计归因于设计的公式。并不是所有国家用极限抗拉强度作为确定许用应力的标准。
Unit 19 换热器的种类
Heat exchangers are equipment primarily 换热器起初是为了在热流和冷流中传热。对两种冷热流体一般有单独的通道，一般是连续性操作。
The most versatile and widely used exchangers最通用的换热器是壳管式换热器。但是不同种类板式和其他形式是有价值的和经济竞争能力。虽然一些其他形式也被讨论，但是接下来大部分都在讨论壳管式的, 是因为它们的重要性也是因他们在文献中由较完整的记载。
因此以以一种适当过程的准确标准被设计。其他类型的基本上市带有专利性的，并且多数必须有他们的制造厂来进行工艺设计。
板框式换热器
Plate-and-frame exchangers are assemblies of 板框式换热器是在一个结构上压紧波纹板的装配体。围在边缘的够槽中密封垫片含有液体，并且控制板间液体的流入与流出空间。
Close spacing and the presence of the corrugations紧密的缝隙和波纹的板框换热器，在两侧的上部达到了管壳式换热器的几倍，而且板框式换热器的污垢系数较小。
The accessibility of the heat exchange surface 热表面对于清扫的容易性德尔板框式换热器特别适用于污垢设备，也适用于卫生要求较高的行业，比如制药和食品工业，受到可能的垫圈式的密封材料性能的影响，一般最高压力值为300 psig，最高温度为400 F0.。
Since plate-and-frame exchanges are由于较少气液制造板框式换热器，大多数关于板框式换热器的工艺设计资料到有专利性，但也许提供给负责的工程师。
Friction factors and 摩擦因素传递系数碎着班的空间和波纹的种类变化。泵花费的每个热传递单元比壳管式设备低。用纯钢制造板框式换热器的费用是管壳式的50~70%。
螺旋型换热器
In spiral heat exchangers, the hot fluid 在螺旋形换热设备中，热流进入螺旋单元的中心，并且流到边缘。冷流体是逆流的。在边缘进入并在中心位臵流出。
Heat transfer coefficients are high in both sides在两边热传递系数较高。由于真正的逆流形式没有原来形式的温差，这些因素可能导致表面要求20%或更小的壳管式换热器。螺线形式对于中等压力的高粘性流体比较适合。
翘片式换热器
Compact exchangers are used primarily翘片式换热器首先被应用在油气设备中。典型的翘片式换热器在单位体积上有1200平方米的表面积，翘片高度3.8～11.8 mm，翘片的厚度是0. 2～0. 6 mm,片的密度是230～700片每米。在单位体积上翘片式换热器是壳管式换热器的4倍。
Units have been designed for pressures up to 80atm or so翘片式换热器的操作压力设计为80atm。因为翘片式换热器之间的间距小，所以不适合易堵塞的设备。
Commercially, compact exchangers are used 从商业上说，翘片式换热器适用于低温设备，也是用于与汽轮机相关的高温恢复设备。对于动力设备来说，比如在有发动机的交通工具中，翘片式换热器有结构紧凑和质量轻的优点。错流和逆流的任何排列形式都是可行的，并且在同一设备中可以安排三种或三种以上的流束，压力下降、热交换关系的设计其他方面被很好的记载。
CRPo
翻译期末作业
浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。
自动化专业英语课文重点句子翻译(精)
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。
土木专业英语翻译作业
桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译 姓名：马凤志 专业：土木应用 班级：10级9班 学号：3100510939
原文
中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
专业英语大作业
专业英语大作业 一：英译汉 翻译范围TCP/IP Illustrated, V olume 1: The Protocols 5.1~5.5 15.1~15.2 第5章RARP：逆地址解析协议 5.1简介 5.2 RARP报文格式 5.3 RARP示例 5.4 RARP服务的设计 5.5小结 练习 5.1简介 一个拥有本地磁盘的系统通常是从磁盘文件读取配置文件中获取其IP地址。但一个没有磁盘的系统，如X终端或无盘工作站，需要一些其它方式去获得其IP地址。 每个系统在网络上都有一个唯一的硬件地址，由网络接口的制造商分配。 RARP的原则是无盘系统从接口卡上读取其独特的硬件地址，并发送RARP请求（网络上的广播帧）要求别人对无盘系统的IP地址（使用RARP回应）进行应答。 虽然这个概念很简单，执行往往比ARP更难，在本章后面会描述其原因。 RARP的正式规范是RFC 903。 5.2 RARP报文格式 RARP报文的格式几乎与ARP报文是相同的（图4.3）。唯一的区别是，RARP 的请求或应答帧类型为0×8035，并且在操作层RARP请求值为3、RARP应答值为4。 图4-3 ARP在网络上请求与应答报文的格式 与ARP一样，RARP服务器请求是广播和RARP应答通常是单播。 5.3 RARP示例 在我们的网络，我们可以强制sun主机从网络引导，而不是它的本地磁盘。 如果我们在主机bsdi上运行RARP服务器和tcpdump，我们得到如图5.1所示的输出。我们使用-e参数去标记tcpdump的打印硬件地址：
图5.1 RARP请求和应答。 该RARP请求是广播（1号线）的，第2行的RARP应答是单播的。第2行的输出，“at sun”,意味着RARP应答包含了主机sun（140.252.13.33）的IP地址。 在第3行，我们看到，一旦sun接收其IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP读请求（RRQ）的文件8CFCOD21.SUN4C。（TFTP是简单文件传输协议，我们在第15章进行详细描述）。在文件名中的8个十六进制数字是sun主机的IP地址140.252.13.33的十六进制表示形式。这是在RARP应答中返回的IP地址。该文件名的其余部分，后缀SUN4C表示系统正在引导的类型。 Tcpdump表示第3行是一个长度为65的IP数据报，而不是一个UDP数据报（实际上它确实是），因为我们运行tcpdump命令使用-e参数，看硬件级别的地址。另一点，在图5.1要注意的是在第2行的以太网帧的长度似乎比最小较短（我们所说的是在4.5节60字节）。原因是我们的系统，该系统上运行的tcpdump 发送该以太网帧（BSDI）。该应用程序rarpd，写42字节到BSD分组过滤器装置（14字节的以太网报头和28字节的RARP应答），这是什么的tcpdump收到的副本。但以太网设备驱动程序垫这个短帧的最小尺寸为传输（60 ）。如果我们在另一个系统上已经运行的tcpdump ，长度会是60。 我们可以看到在这个例子，当这种无盘系统接收在RARP应答它的IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP请求来读取一个引导映像。在这一点上，我们不会进入其他详细介绍无盘系统是如何引导自己。（第16章介绍了使用RARP ，BOOTP和TFTP无盘X终端的引导顺序。） 图5.2表示出了如果有在网络上没有RARP服务器所得到的数据包。每个数据包的目的地址为以太网的广播地址。以太网地址跟随的是目标硬件地址，并按照发送端的硬件地址发送。
《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
研究生专业英语第一到第六单元句子翻译修改版
Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.
电子商务专业英语作业翻译
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used. 电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。 E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall 网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店 As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6a15686852.html,, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6a15686852.html,, and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6a15686852.html, continues to grow. 作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。一些企业已报告了相当大的成功。早在1997年年中，戴尔电脑报告的订单一百万美元一天。1999年初，预计的电子商务业务收入都在数十亿美元的股票和公司认为最善于电子商务暴涨。虽然许多所谓的互联网零售商消失在经济衰退2000，网上零售网站如https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6a15686852.html,，https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6a15686852.html,，和https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6a15686852.html,继续增长 Market Research 市场研究 In early 1999, it was widely recognized that because of the interactive nature of the Internet, companies could gather data about prospects and customers in unprecedented amounts -through site registration, questionnaires, and as part of taking orders. The issue of whether data was being collected with the knowledge and permission of market subjects had been raised. (Microsoft referred to its policy of data collection as "profiling" and a proposed standard has been developed that allows Internet users to decide who can have what personal information.) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)