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第8章词汇教学

8.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. The role of vocabulary uncertainty

词汇的不确定性因素

2. About knowing a word

学习词汇应该包含的内容

3. Understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning; 理解其外延意义和内涵意义

4. Understanding the sense relations among words

理解词汇间的语义关系

5. Receptive and productive vocabulary

接受性词汇和产出性词汇

6. Ways of presenting vocabulary

讲授词汇的方法

7. Things a teacher does after presentation

教师讲完词汇后应该做什么

8. Ways of consolidating vocabulary

巩固词汇的方法

9. Developing vocabulary learning strategies

发展词汇学习策略

本章考点：

理解词汇和词汇学习；词汇的不确定性因素；学习词汇应该包含的内容；词汇的学习；接受性词汇和产出性词汇；讲授词汇的方法；教师讲完词汇后应该做什么；巩固词汇的方法；词汇学习的策略。

本章内容索引：

Ⅰ. Understanding vocabulary and vocabulary learning

Ⅱ. About knowing a word

1. Knowing a word

2. Vocabulary learning

Ⅲ. Ways of presenting vocabulary

1. The methods to present and explain vocabulary

2. Things a teacher does after presentation

Ⅳ. Ways of consolidating vocabulary

Ⅴ. Developing vocabulary learning strategies

1. Review regularly

2. Guess meaning from context

3. Organize vocabulary effectively

4. Use a dictionary

5. Manage strategy use

Ⅵ. Conclusion

Ⅰ. Understanding vocabulary and vocabulary learning （理解词汇和词汇学习）【考点：理解词汇和词汇学习；词汇的不确定性因素】

The role of vocabulary seems to have received more consistent understanding.

大家对词汇的角色的认识基本上是一致的。

The role of vocabulary uncertainty still remains regarding （about）

但是词汇的不确定性因素仍然存在，如：

①What constitutes a vocabulary item,

词汇项是由什么组成的；

②Which vocabulary items should be taught and learned, and

应该教授和学习什么词汇；

③How vocabulary can be taught and learned most effectively.

如何才能更有效率地教授和学习词汇。

Ⅱ. About knowing a word（关于学习词汇）

【考点：学习词汇应该包含的内容；词汇的学习；接受性词汇和产出性词汇】

1. Knowing a word （了解一个词）

①knowing its pronunciation and stress;

了解它的发音和重音；

②knowing its spelling and grammatical properties;

了解它的拼写和语法特征；

③knowing its meaning;

了解它的意思；

④knowing how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.

了解如何和何时用它来表达特定的意思。

2. Vocabulary learning （词汇的学习）

Vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning:

词汇的学习包含至少两个方面的意思：

（1）The understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning（理解其外延意义和内涵意义）

①Denotative meaning: denotative meaning of a word or a lexical item refers to

those words that we use to label things as regards real objects.

外延意义：单词或词汇项目的外延意义指的是一种语言基本的概念性的意义。

②Connotative meaning: connotative meaning of a word refers to ‘the

attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or reader’s interpretation of the word.

These words may express a positive or negative attitude or subtle feelings toward something.

内涵意义：指与外延意义相关的情感意义的总和（文化、感情、态度和信仰等方面）。

选词时流露出的情感和态度会影响对方对该词的理解。这些词会表达对事物或积极或消极的态度，以及微妙的情感。

（2）Understanding the sense relations among words （理解词汇间的语义关系）The second aspect of meaning regarding vocabulary learning involves the understanding of sense relations among words. Lexical items of this kind include word collocations, synonyms, antonyms, and hyponyms.

Collocations（搭配关系）

Collocations refer to words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words. It is believed that teaching word collocations is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at a time.

这种类型的语义关系包含单词搭配、同义词、反义词和下义词。搭配是指共同出现频率高和单词使用方式已被广泛接受的单词。普遍认为，在讲单词时，单词的搭配方式的教学比只讲单个单词的教学方式要有效的多。

Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms（同义词、反义词和下义词）

Synonyms refer to items that mean the same, or nearly the same.

同义词指的是有同样的或相似意思的单词。

Antonyms refer to items that mean the opposite of a word.

反义词指单词的意思相反。

Hyponyms refer to words which can be grouped together under the same superordinate concept.

下义词是指具有相同上坐标词，可以划分为一类的词。

（3）Receptive and productive vocabulary（接受性词汇和产出性词汇）Distinction between receptive/passive and productive/active vocabulary:

接受性/被动词汇与产出性/主动词汇的区别

Receptive/passive vocabulary接受性词汇：

Receptive/passive vocabulary refers to words that one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing.

指的是学习者在阅读和听力中能认识和理解词汇，却不能在口语和写作中自动的使用的词汇。

Productive/active vocabulary产出性词汇：

Those words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in speech and writing are considered as one’s productive/active vocabulary.

指的是学习者不仅能够识别的也能在口语和写作中使用所谓词汇。

At the beginning of language learning, all the words which are taught must be acquired for active use, later; at intermediate and advanced levels, most of the words students meet will only be needed for passive use.

在语言学习的起初阶段，所有教授的词汇都是学生积极使用的词汇，在中级和高级水平阶段，大部分单词都是消极使用的单词。

Ⅲ. Ways of presenting vocabulary（讲解词汇的方法）

【考点：讲授词汇的方法；教师讲完词汇后应该做什么；何时学习词汇更有趣、更有效】1. The methods to present and explain vocabulary（老师讲解词汇的方法）

（Ways to present and explain vocabulary）:

①Using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures;

使用图片、照片、视频，模仿或动作；

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王蔷主编的《英语教学法教程》第二版-Unit-1

王蔷主编的《英语教学法教程》第二版-Unit-1

Unit 1 Language and Language Learning Aims of the unit In this unit we will discuss some general matters about language learning and teaching. We are going to discuss five questions on particular: 1.How do we learn language? 2.What are the common views on language? 3.What are the common views on language learning? 4.What are the qualities of a good language teacher? 5.How can one become a good language teacher? 1.1How do we learn languages? Mach of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in foreign language teaching. Before we discuss language learning theories, let us first reflect on our own language learning experience. Task 1 Below is a list of interview questions on how people learn a foreign language. In the first column, write down your own responses. Then interview three other students in your class and enter their responses in the other columns. Discuss From the above task, you may have found that 1) people started learning a foreign language at different ages; 2) people have different experiences in learning a foreign language, some find it easy, some find it difficult; 3) people learn languages for different reasons; 4) people learn languages in different ways; 5) people have different understandings about language learning; 6) people have

王蔷《英语教学法教程》知识点单元重点归纳

Unit 1 Knowledge:sth that can be learned Skills:sth that only can be gained through practice or training, Language skills:listening, speaking, reading and writing Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication。 Views on language： 1、Structural view （language competence） —The founder：Saussure —The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems：1、the sound system（phonology）2、sound combinations（morphology） 3、meaning for communication（syntax） —Learning the language is to learn the structural items，study the inner structure and rule of language，ignore the social functions of the language。 2 、Functional view —Representative：Johnson、marrow、swain canal (the core: grammar) —The function view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things —Learners learn a language in order to be able to doing things with it Use the linguistic structure to express functions 3、Interactional view （communicative competence） —Emphasis：appropriateness —Language is a communicative tool，which main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people —Learners need to know the rules for using the language in certain context —The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary Language teacher qualifications： 1、a good command of spoken and written language 2、formulate theory presupposition 3、language background and experience 4、know how languages are learnt 5、the ability to use methods in various situations 6、deep understanding of cultural background 7、understanding the principles of teaching These elements can be categorized into three groups：ethic devotion，professional qualities and personal styles View on language learning 1. Psycholinguistic: the relationship between language and thinking. 1)Thinking in language 2)Language is necessary for thought. 3)Language acquisition(语言习得) 4)Learners in their earlier years acquire control over essential structure of their language without special teaching and learning in a effortless and almost an unconscious way (like the formation of a habit) people prefer first language acquisition to first language learning.