英美文学选读考点中英文对照大串联 从美国文学开始 一 - 复制
英美文学选读考点中英文对照大串联从美国文学开始
首先是学习方法：教你投机取巧过英美文学(转贴)https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c10821037.html,/thread-1128.html
美文学这门科目庞大之极，堪称英语本科自考之最。自己一个人看那么厚的一本书，不用说能不能看下来，能记住多少实在不好说！
我在复习的时候，总结了一些规律，与大家分享，望对你有用，帮你顺利通过！
1.题型分析：
一般来讲，肯定是这种类型：a.单项选择题（40道，40分）b.引文简析（无非就是问问作者是谁，出自哪个作品，主题意象什么的，4道，16分）c.简答题（4道，24分）d.论述题（无非就是分析加读后感，20分）
经验：你应该可以看出来了，重点当然是单选了，分数大，又好得分，实在不行还可以蒙。建议尽可能把书看一遍，但不要看作者生平，那肯定不会考。有个印象就可以了，不用去背，如果你汉语文学功底好，可以省去不少时间。
2.比例分析
据本人统计，历年来英美文学的国考试卷中英国文学占52%，美国文学占48%。（2003年4月例外，其中英国部分58%）其中，可以看出
单选题：前22题肯定为英国部分，其余为美国部分。
大题部分：基本上是一人一半，各占50%
经验：书上共652页，英国411页，美国241页。英国作家共38位，美国15位。其中，美国部分中，诗歌作品也比较少，比较好确认。
结论：死学美国，顺带英国。
3.内容分析
历年命题的趋势逐渐由课文内容向选读作品转移，选读的比重越来越大。
经验：课文内容作到大体了解，但要特别重视作家艺术特色。选读部分加大力度，多注意书上的注释及选文大意和某些细节，尽量作到能用英语复述。实在不行，也至少作到能用汉语复述。
4.真题解析及预测
自学考试的一大特点就是重复率高，所以历年试题是必备的复习材料，不可缺少。有人说：“一套真题等于3套模拟题！”这话绝对没错。所以要花大力气在上面。记得我考那回就有一道10分大题和前一年的一模一样。
注：马克吐温的《哈克贝里费恩历险记》的分析在2000~2002年中，连续考了三次。
经验：注意历年真题，尤其是去年的。去年的10分大题大致如下：
a.《傲慢与偏见》中的三种婚姻
b.《白鲸》选文作品复述几分析象征意义。
既然死学美国，顺带英国。那我们就从美国文学开始总结，每日更新。预计月底前完成美国文学部分。
American Literature
Chapter one The romantic period浪漫主义时期
（一）浪漫主义时期概述
1.识记：
（1）时期界定：From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国的文艺复兴”）
（2）历史文化背景Its social historical and cultural background：The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically，economically and culturally independent country. Historically，it was the time of westward expansion in America economically，the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically，democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation，and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government，the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression，to make known its new experience that other nations did not have：the early Puritan settlement，the confrontation with the Indians，the frontiersmen's life，and the wild west. Besides，the nations literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus，with a strong sense of optimism，a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century.美国社会的发展哺育了“一个巨大的文学国家”。美国在政治上，经济上和文化上方面成长为一个独立的国家。这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期，整个国家经历着工业的变革。政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历：早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。此外，这个年轻国家的文学富有想象，也已为浪漫主义运动作好了准备。形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。
2.领会：浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点。
In most of the American writings in the period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural. The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in American. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. The literary use of the more colorful aspects of the past was also to be found in Freneau's use of the "ruins of empire" theme, in Bryant's fascination by the Mound Builders, in Irving's effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, American
Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.
Although foreign influences were strong, the great works that demonstrate what American Romantic writings were are typically American. The revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. 这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向,几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色,布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜,欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青,库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说,美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统,下开美国文学之风。
虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响,但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。（二）该时期的主要作家
Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文
He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.
他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。
With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.
欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的国际荣誉。
Irving’s relationship with The Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.
欧文的文学成就赢得国内外的声誉是与他利用欧洲文学传统分不开的。
A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.
《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。
Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who “perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced”.
欧文是完善了“美国古典文学主义风格”的作家。
Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.
他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。
We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.
特色：他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。
He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.
在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的金匠”。
“Rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.
“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。
选读作品：Rip Van Winkle瑞普.凡.温克尔
故事梗概：选读前的斜体字
The story of Rip Van Winkle: Rip, an indolent懒惰的good-natured Dutch-American, lives with his shrewish泼妇似的，爱骂人的；刻薄的wife in a village on the Hudson during the years before the Revolution. One day while hunting in the Catskills with his dog Wolf, he meets a dwarflike侏儒stranger dressed in the ancient Dutch fashion. He helps him to carry a keg小桶, and with him joins a party silently playing a game of ninepins九柱戏或其木柱. After drinking of the liquor酒精饮料they provide, Rip falls into a sleep which lasts 20 years, during which the Revolutionary War takes place. He awakes as an old man and returns to his home village that has greatly altered改变. Upon entering the village, he is greeted by his old dog, which dies of the excitement and then learns that his wife has long been dead. Rip is almost forgotten but he goes to live with his daughter, now the mother of a family, and is soon befriended with his generosity 宽大and cheerfulness.
This excerpt below is taken from the story, describing for us Rip's difficulties at home, which he often escapes by going to the local inn to spend his time with his friends and sometimes by going hunting in the woods with his dog, and then focusing on Rip's return from his 20 years' sleep to his greatly altered home village. Here, Irving's pervasive普遍深入的theme of nostalgia怀旧之情for the unrecoverable无法挽回的past is at once made unforgettable.
主题The theme:
Irving's taste was essentially conservative保守and always exalted a disappearing past. This social conservatism保守主义and literary preference for the past is revealed显示, to some
extent, in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for
Rip's 20-year sleep, set against the background of the inevitably不可避免changing America. Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it. The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better. The revolution upset
颠覆,the natural order of things. In the story Irving skillfully presents to us parallel对比
just appositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip's 20 years' sleep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains, and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era, lrving describes Rip's response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator讲述者and Irving agree on the prefer ability 更好的of the past to the present, and the prefer ability of a dream-like world to the real one. Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic民主America.
作家特点The artistic features:
"Rip Van Winkle" is not only well-known for Rip's 20-year sleep but also considered a model 典范of perfect English in American Literature and in the English language as well. Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced." He has a clear, easy style.
(a) We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality音乐性in almost every line of his prose.
(b) We seldom 很少learn a moral道德lesson because he wants us amused娱乐性and relaxed. So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated透过with a dreaming quality. He uses genial 亲切的humor to exaggerate 夸大the seriousness of situation. He uses dignified words to produce a half-mocking半嘲讽的effect.
?The Gothic哥特式的elements and the supernatural atmosphere氛围are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic 异国情调的,place.( Rip Van Winkle was overwhelmed by the magic power of the drink and fell into sleep for 20 years.)
(d)Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship技巧.
美国文学名词解释
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
英语四级_翻译考点总结
英语比较结构具体考点： 特殊结构A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B. 难点结构：as+adj.+n.+as分句和as much/many + 名词+ as 分句 The work is not as difficult as you think. This book is twice as thick as that one. George is as efficient worker as Jack. = George is a worker(who is) as efficient as Jack. I don’t want as expensive a car as this = I don’t want a car as expensive as this I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this=I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this. He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother( has). 特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)；more and more （越来越） This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对
象为彼此独立的人或事物) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含义) The city is becoming more and more beautiful. superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world. The youngest member of the family is most successful. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。 The medicine is more effective than is expected.
自考英美文学选读要点总结第一章
Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.
美国文学史复习提纲 名词解释
I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or（American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.） 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It
美国文学名词解释
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
大学英语四级翻译常见考点
大学英语四级翻译常见考点 常见语法考点 （一）虚拟语气 应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式： 1．由“ if ”引导的虚拟句子 （1）与现在的事实相反：(If ... + were/did...,...+ would do...) If I were you, I would marry him. 如果我是你，就会嫁给他。 （2）与过去的事实相反：(If ... + had done..., ... +would have done...) If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习，就会通过考试了。（3）与将来的事实可能相反：(If ...+ should do...,...+ would do...) If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 如果明天下雨，你怎么办? 2．用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中 从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在美语中should常省去）。类似用法的动词有：insist（坚持），suggest（建议），order（命令），propose（建议），demand（要求），command （命令），advise（建议），desire（要求、请求），request（请求），require（需要、要求），ask（要求），prefer（宁愿），recommend（推荐），arrange（安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain（坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。 3．用在“It + be + important (necessary, natural, essential, strange, absur d, amazing, annoying, desirable, surprising, vital, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, imperative, eager, fitting, possible, impossible, improper, obligatory, probable, preferable, strange, urgent等，以及insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, arranged, recommended等) + that ...”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中。 4．用在It is time that ... 结构中，表示“该干某事了”，含建议的意思，用动词过去式。It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。 注意: time 前可加about（表示“大约”）或high（表示“强调”）等。 5．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望：用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望：若用would则表示请求或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等。If only的用法和I wish等基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。 6．as if／as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
自考英语本科英美文学选读教你投机取巧过英美文学整理加强版
美文学这门科目庞大之极，堪称英本自考之最。自己一个人看那么厚的一本书，不用说能不能看下来，能记住多少实在不好说！ 我在复习的时候，总结了一些规律，与大家分享，望对你有用，帮你顺利通过！ 1.题型分析： 一般来讲，肯定是这种类型：a.单项选择题（40道，40分） b.引文简析（无非就是问问作者是谁，出自哪个作品，主题意象什么的，4道，16分）c.简答题（4道，24分）d.论述题（无非就是分析加读后感，20分） 经验：你应该可以看出来了，重点当然是单选了，分数大，又好得分，实在不行还可以蒙。建议尽可能把书看一遍，但不要看作者生平，那肯定不会考。有个印象就可以了，不用去背，如果你汉语文学功底好，可以省去不少时间。 2.比例分析 据本人统计，历年来英美文学的国考试卷中英国文学占52%，美国文学占48%。（2003年4月例外，其中英国部分58%）其中，可以看出 单选题：前22题肯定为英国部分，其余为美国部分。 大题部分：基本上是一人一半，各占50% 经验：书上共652页，英国411页，美国241页。英国作家共38位，美国15位。其中，美国部分中，诗歌作品也比较少，比较好确认。结论：死学美国，顺带英国。 3.内容分析 历年命题的趋势逐渐由课文内容向选读作品转移，选读的比重越来越大。 经验：课文内容作到大体了解，但要特别重视作家艺术特色。选读部分加大力度，多注意书上的注释及选文大意和某些细节，尽量作到能用英语复述。实在不行，也至少作到能用汉语复述。 4.真题解析及预测 自学考试的一大特点就是重复率高，所以历年试题是必惫的复习材料，不可缺少。有人说：“一套真题等于3套模拟题！”这话绝对没错。所以要花大力气在上面。记得我考那回就有一道10分大题和前一年的一模一样。 注：马克吐温的《哈克贝里费恩历险记》的分析在2000~2002年中，连续考了三次。 经验：注意历年真题，尤其是去年的。去年的10分大题大致如下： a.《傲慢与偏见》中的三种婚姻 b.《白鲸》选文作品复述几分析象征意义。 ================================================ 4月14日]投机取巧教你过英美文学[压题篇] 本文是投机取巧过英美文学的最后一篇，收录北京市2004年4月10日英美文学考试的试题(除选择题外)，是我在北京自考论坛处网友处所得，特此对提供帮助的朋友表示感谢。 二、1、Thomas Gray：Elegy in the Country Churchyard的第一段 2、Yeats的Down by the sallen garden，考的是他俩站在河边，那个女孩*在他肩头，他觉得自己年轻懵懂，而且泪流满面。 3、Emyly Bronte的Whuthering Heights里面Hethcliff在他lover临死之前的那段表现，还问了narrator 是谁 4、Emlily Dikinson的I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I died，问那个blue Buzz是什么意思