英语语言学树型图详细讲解
树形图详细讲解
1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a) The old lady suddenly left.
Det A N Qual V
b) The car stopped at the end of the road.
Det N V P Det N P Det N
c) The snow might have blocked the road.
Det N Aux Aux V Det N
d) He never appears quite mature.
N Qual V Deg A
2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.
a) full of people
AP
A P N
full of people
b) a story about a sentimental girl
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det A N
a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories
VP
Qual V NP
A N
often read detective stories
d) the argument against the proposals
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
the argument against the proposals
e) move towards the window
VP
V PP
P Det N
move towards the window
3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.
a) The jet landed.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N Pst V
The jet landed
b) Mary became very ill.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst V AP
Deg A Mary became very ill
c) What will you talk about
CP
NP C S
N Infl NP Infl VP
VP NP
V P N
What will you e talk about e
d) The apple might hit the man.
S
NP VP
Det N Aux V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
e) He often reads detective stories.
S
NP VP
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Pres
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.
a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V NP
Det A N
A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane
b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det A N
A huge moon hung in the black sky
c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det N
An unusual event occurred before the meeting d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A NP Pst V PP
A N P NP
Det A N
A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill
5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.
v1.0 可编辑可修改
a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.
InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Aux V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
OR
InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.
S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pres VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.
S
S CON S
NP VP NP VP
Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv
The detective went out and the mysterious man came in
e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.
S
NP VP
CP
S CON S
NP VP NP VP
N Aux V Det N Aux V Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt
6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.
a) You know that I hate war.
S
NP VP
CP
N V C S
NP VP
N V NP N
You know that I hate war
OR CP
C InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
CP
N Pres V C S
NP VP
N V NP
N
You know that I hate war
b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.
S
NP VP
CP
N V C S
NP VP
CP
N V C S
NP VP
Det N VL A
He said that Tom asked whether the class was over
c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.
S
NP VP
N VP NP
CP
Aux Neg V NP C S
Det N NP VP
N V NP
Det A N
Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam
d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.
S
NP VP
CP
NP VP
Det N V NP NP
N Det N
Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce
e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.
S
NP VP
CP
Det N VP C S
V P NP VP
N V NP
N
The children argued over whether bats had wings
英语语言学树形图举例
树形图详细讲解 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP
e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man
语言学树形图课后问题详解Word版
树形图详细讲解 网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两 点： 1. 短语和中心词在一竖线上 2. 含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N
full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories
英语语言学树形图举例word精品
树形图详细讲解 1. In dicate the category of each word in the follow ing senten ces. a) The old lady sudde nly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He n ever appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. b) a story about a sen time ntal girl NP Det A N a story about a sen time ntal girl c) ofte n read detective stories Qual V NP ofte n read detective stories d) the argume nt aga inst the proposals NP NP a) full of people AP full of people NP PP VP Det N
八 Det N the argume nt aga inst the proposals
事故树分析程序(正式)
编订：__________________ 单位：__________________ 时间：__________________ 事故树分析程序(正式) Standardize The Management Mechanism To Make The Personnel In The Organization Operate According To The Established Standards And Reach The Expected Level. Word格式 / 完整 / 可编辑
文件编号：KG-AO-8023-30 事故树分析程序(正式) 使用备注：本文档可用在日常工作场景，通过对管理机制、管理原则、管理方法以及管理机构进行设置固定的规范，从而使得组织内人员按照既定标准、规范的要求进行操作，使日常工作或活动达到预期的水平。下载后就可自由编辑。 事故树分析虽然根据对象系统的性质、分析目的的不同，分析的程序也不同。但是，一般都有下面的十个基本程序。有时，使用者还可根据实际需要和要求，来确定分析程序。 熟悉系统。要求要确实了解系统情况，包括工作程序、各种重要参数、作业情况。必要时画出工艺流程图和布置图。 调查事故。要求在过去事故实例、有关事故统计基础上，尽量广泛地调查所能预想到的事故，即包括已发生的事故和可能发生的事故。 确定顶上事件。所谓顶上事件，就是我们所要分
析的对象事件。分析系统发生事故的损失和频率大小，从中找出后果严重，且较容易发生的事故，作为分析的顶上事件。 确定目标。根据以往的事故记录和同类系统的事故资料，进行统计分析，求出事故发生的概率(或频率)，然后根据这一事故的严重程度，确定我们要控制的事故发生概率的目标值。 调查原因事件。调查与事故有关的所有原因事件和各种因素，包括设备故障、机械故障、操作者的失误、管理和指挥错误、环境因素等等，尽量详细查清原因和影响。 画出事故树。根据上述资料，从顶上事件起进行演绎分析，一级一级地找出所有直接原因事件，直到所要分析的深度，按照其逻辑关系，画出事故树。
教你如何画语言学树型图
树形图详细讲解 1、 Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP
语言学第四单元课后问题详解syntax树状图thesrule
syntax 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP
Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N
事故树分析范例
事故树分析案例 起重作业事故树分析 一、概述 在工矿企业发生的各种类型的工伤事故中，起重伤害所占的比例是比较高的,所以,起重设备被列为特种设备,每二年需强制检测一次。本工程在施工安装、生产检修中使用起重设备。伤害事故的因素很多，在众多的因素中,找出问题的关键,采取最有效的安全技术措施来防止此类事故的发生,最好的方法是对起重机事故采取事故树分析方法,现对“起吊物坠落伤人”进行事故树分析。 二、起重作业事故树分析 1、事故树图 图６－2起吊物坠落伤人事故树 Ｔ——起重物坠落伤人; A1——人与起吊物位置不当；???A2——起吊物坠落； B1——人在起吊物下方; ????B2——人距离起吊物太近; B３——吊索物的挂吊部位缺陷; ??Ｂ４——吊索、吊具断裂；
B5——起吊物的挂吊部位缺陷；??Ｂ6——司机、挂吊工配合缺陷；B7——起升机构失效;????B8——起升绳断裂; Ｂ9——吊钩断裂； C１——吊索有滑出吊钩的趋势;??C2——吊索、吊具损坏; Ｃ3——司机误解挂吊工手势; D1——挂吊不符合要求；??Ｄ２——起吊中起吊物受严重碰撞；X1——起吊物从人头经过；?X2——人从起吊下方经过； X3——挂吊工未离开就起吊;????X4——起吊物靠近人经过； X5——吊钩无防吊索脱出装置；?X６——捆绑缺陷； Ｘ7——挂吊不对称；??X8——挂吊物不对; X9——运行位置太低;????Ｘ10——没有走规定的通道； X11——斜吊; ???Ｘ12——运行时没有鸣铃； X1３——司机操作技能缺陷；?Ｘ1４——制动器间隙调整不当; X15——吊索吊具超载；????Ｘ16——起吊物的尖锐处无衬垫； X１7——吊索没有夹紧；????X18——起吊物的挂吊部位脱落； X19——挂吊部位结构缺陷；???X20——挂吊工看错指挥手势； X２1——司机操作错误；??Ｘ２２——行车工看错指挥手势；Ｘ23——现场环境照明不良;???Ｘ２4——制动器失效; Ｘ25——卷筒机构故障；???Ｘ２6——钢丝磨损; X２7——超载;???X28——吊钩有裂纹; X２9——超载 ２、计算事故树的最小割集、最小径集,该事故树的结构函数为： T=A１A2式(1)
语言学树型图
a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants OR InflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
触电事故树分析图
2）触电事故树分析 烧结系统电气设备比较多，公用工程中比较容易发生触电事故，因此运用事故树法对公用工程中触电事故进行评价。 （1）制作事故树图
(2)布尔代数计算 T3=X1A1A2=X1B1A2+X1B2A2+X1B3A2=X1X2X16+X1X2X17+X1X2X18+X1X3 X16+X1X3X17+X1X3X18+X1X4X5X16+X1X4X5X17+X1X4X5X18+X1X4X6X16+X1X X6X17+X1X4X6X18+X1X4X7X16+X1X4X7X17+X1X4X7X18+X1X8X11X16+X1X8X1 4 X17+X1X8X11X18+X1X9X11X l6+X1X9X11X l7+X1X9X11X l8+X1X10X11X16+X1X10X 1 X17+X1X10X11X18+X18X12X16+X1X8X12X17+X1X8X12X18+X1X9X12X16+X1X9X1 11 X17+X1X9X12X18+X1X10X12X16+X1X10X12X17+X1X10X12X18+X1X13X14X16+X1X 2 X14X17+X1X13X14X18+X1X13X15X16+X1X13X15X17+X1X13X15X18 13 该故障树共有最小割集39个(上式每一加项是一个最小割集)。 成功树分析计算： T3’=X1’+B1’B2’B3’+X16’X17’X18’=X1’+X2’X3’X4’X8’X9’X10’X13’+X2’X3’X ’X8’X9’X10’X14’X15’+X2’X3’X5’X6’X7’X8’X9’X l0’X13’+X2’X3’X5’X6’X7’X11’4 X12’X14’X15’+X16’X17’X18’ 该成功树共有最小径集6个(上式每一加项是一个最小径集)。 该故障树的基本原因事件的结构重要度系数关系为： Iφ(1)>Iφ(16)=Iφ(17)=Iφ(18)>Iφ(11)=Iφ(12)>Iφ(4)=Iφ(5)=Iφ(6)=Iφ(7)=I φ(13)=Iφ(1 4)=Iφ(15)Iφ(8)=Iφ(9)=Iφ(10) Iφ(2)=Iφ(3) (3)分析与措施 该公司使用的大部分是380／220V的低压交流电器线路和设备，均为低压触电事故，且多为单项触电的间接触电，应采取以下防范措施。 ①由持有效电工证人员进行电气设备，线路的安装、维修和检修。非电工人员不得从事从业。 ②严格遵照电气作业规程进行作业。作业时穿戴规定的合格的绝缘劳保护品和使用专用电工工具。 ③设备保护接零系统，所有电气设备内部结构均应进行保护接零，不
语言学重要概念梳理中英文对照版
第一节语言的本质 一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features） 1.任意性 Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式 2.双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning） 3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences） 4.移位性 Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等 5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握 二、语言的功能（Functions of Language） 1.传达信息功能 Informative：最主要功能The main function 2.人际功能 Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity 3.行事功能 performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses 4.表情功能 Emotive Function：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions 5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等 6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book 可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书” 三、语言学的分支 1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic 1)语音学 Phonetics ：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。Its main focus is on the articulation， transmission and reception of human sounds， especially isolated sounds 2)音位学Phonology：从功能的角度出发对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及其 组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支。The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns from function perspective. 3)形态学 Morphology：研究单词的内部构造the internal structure of words 4)句法学 Syntax：研究组词造句的规则the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 5)语义学 Semantics：对语言产生的意义的方法的系统研究，以研究词义和句义为主it's the systemic studies on the meaning-producing mechanism in languages, including words and sentences meaning 6)语用学 Pragmatics：从语言同使用者之间的关系出发，研究在实际交际in real-time communication contexts中影响人们语言使用的各种因素mainly in terms of the relationship between language and language-users。 2. 边缘语言学 Peripheral:
2020年中考数学专题复习：树状图(含解析)
例谈画树状图 一、显性放回 例1 现有形状、大小和颜色完全一样的三张卡片，上面分别标有数字“1”、“2”、“3”．第一次从这三张卡片中随机抽取一张，记下数字后放回；第二次再从这三张卡片中随机 抽取一张并记下数字．请用画树状图的方法表示出上述试验所有可能的结果，并求第二 次抽取的数字大于第一次抽取的数字的概率． 分析从题中文字“记下数字后放回”知本题属于“显性放回”．本题中的事件是摸 两次卡片，看卡片的数字，由此可以确定事件包括两个环节．摸第一张卡片，放回去，再摸第二张卡片，所以树状图应该画两层．第一张卡片的数字可能是1，2，3等3个中的一个，所以第一层应画3个分叉；再看第二层，由于放回，第二个乒乓球的数字可能是3个中的一个，所以第二层应接在第一层的3个分叉上，每个小分支上，再有3个分叉．画出树状图，这样共得到3x3＝9种情况，从中找出第二次抽取的数字大于第一次抽取的数字的情况，再求出概率． 解根据题意画树状图如图1． 所有可能的结果为： (1，1)，(1，2)，(1，3)，(2，1)，(2，2)，(2，3)，(3，1)，(3，2)，(3，3)． ∵有9种等可能的结果，第二次抽取的数字大于第一次抽取的数字的只有3种， ∴P(第二次抽取的数字大于第一次抽取的数字)＝1 3 ． 二、显性不放回 例2 一个不透明的布袋里装有4个大小、质地都相同的乒乓球，球面上分别标有数字1，－2，3，－4．小明先从布袋中随机摸出一个球(不放回去)，再从剩下的3个球中随机摸出第二个乒乓球． (1)共有_______种可能的结果； (2)请用画树状图的方法求两次摸出的乒乓球的数字之积为偶数的概率． 分析从文字条件“不放回去”知，本题属于“显性不放回”．本题中的事件是摸两个乒乓球，看乒乓球的数字，由此可以确定事件包括两个环节，所以树状图应该画两层．第一个乒乓球的数字可能是1，－2，3，－4等4个中的一个，所以第一层应画4个分叉；由于不放回，第二个乒乓球的数字可能是剩下的3个中的一个，所以第二层应接在第一层的4个分叉上，每个小分支上，再有3个分叉，画出树状图． 解根据题意画树状图如图2． (1)由图2可知，共有12种可能结果，分别为： (1，－2)，(1，3)．(1，－4)，(－2，1)，(－2，3)，(－2．－4)，(3，1)，(3，－2)，(3，－4)，(－4，1)，(－4，－2)，(－4，3)． 故答案为12．
事故树分析
事故树分析 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
油库静电火花造成油库火灾爆炸的事故树 上述事故树建立过程说明如下： （1）确定顶上事件——“油库静电火灾爆炸”（一层）。 （2）调查爆炸的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“静电火花”和“油气达到可燃浓度”。这两个事件不仅要同时发生，而且必须在“油气达到爆炸极限”时，爆炸事件才会发生，因此，用“条件与”门连接（二层）。 （3）调查“静电火花”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“油库静电放电”和“人体静电放电”。这两个事件只要其中一个发生，则“静电火花”事件就会发生。因此，用“或”门连接（三层）。 （4）调查“油气达到可燃浓度”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系，直接原因事件：“油气存在”和“库区内通风不良”。“油气存在”这是一个正常状态下的功能事件，因此，该事件用房形符号。“库区内通风不良”为基本事件。这两个事件只有同时发生，“油气达到可燃浓度”事件才会发生，故用“与”门连接（三层）。 （5）调查“油库静电放电”的直接原因事件、事件的性质同和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“静电积聚”和“接地不良”。这两个事件必须同时发生，才会发生静电放电，故用“与”门连接（四层）。 （6）调查“人体静电放电”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“化纤品与人体摩擦”和“作业中与导体接近”。同样，这两个事件必须同时发生，才会发生静电放电，故用“与”门连接（四层）。 （7）调查“静电积聚”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“油液流速高”、“管道内壁粗糙”、“高速抽水”、“油液冲击金属容器”、“飞溅油液与空气摩擦”、“油面有金属漂浮物”和“测量操作
语言学 第四章 树形图 句法
Chapter 4 From word to T ext (Syntax) Syntax (grammar) ?Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence struc tures. 4.1 Syntactic relations ?Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: –4.1.1 positional relation –4.1.2 relations of substitutability –4.1.3 relations of co-occurrence 4.1.1 Positional Relation ?For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. ?The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object ?Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. ?If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all. For example, The boy kicked the ball –*Boy the ball kicked the –*The ball kicked the boy ?The teacher saw the students ?The students saw the teacher ?Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure. –They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations. ?Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world. ?There are 6 possible types of language: –SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. –English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order. 4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability ?The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. –The ______ smiles. man boy girl ?It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable
事故树分析
事故树分析 标准化工作室编码[XX968T-XX89628-XJ668-XT689N]
油库静电火花造成油库火灾爆炸的事故树 上述事故树建立过程说明如下： （1）确定顶上事件——“油库静电火灾爆炸”（一层）。 （2）调查爆炸的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“静电火花”和“油气达到可燃浓度”。这两个事件不仅要同时发生，而且必须在“油气达到爆炸极限”时，爆炸事件才会发生，因此，用“条件与”门连接（二层）。 （3）调查“静电火花”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“油库静电放电”和“人体静电放电”。这两个事件只要其中一个发生，则“静电火花”事件就会发生。因此，用“或”门连接（三层）。 （4）调查“油气达到可燃浓度”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系，直接原因事件：“油气存在”和“库区内通风不良”。“油气存在”这是一个正常状态下的功能事件，因此，该事件用房形符号。“库区内通风不良”为基本事件。这两个事件只有同时发生，“油气达到可燃浓度”事件才会发生，故用“与”门连接（三层）。 （5）调查“油库静电放电”的直接原因事件、事件的性质同和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“静电积聚”和“接地不良”。这两个事件必须同时发生，才会发生静电放电，故用“与”门连接（四层）。 （6）调查“人体静电放电”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“化纤品与人体摩擦”和“作业
中与导体接近”。同样，这两个事件必须同时发生，才会发生静电放电，故用“与”门连接（四层）。 （7）调查“静电积聚”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“油液流速高”、“管道内壁粗糙”、“高速抽水”、“油液冲击金属容器”、“飞溅油液与空气摩擦”、“油面有金属漂浮物”和“测量操作失误”。这些事件只要其中一个发生，就会发生“静电积聚”。因此，用“或”门连接（五层）。 （8）调查“接地不良”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“未设防静电接地装置”、“接地电阻不符合要求”和“接地线损坏”。这3个事件只要其中1个发生，就会发生“接地不良”。因此，用“或”门连接（五层）。 （9）调查“测量操作失误”的直接原因事件、事件的性质和逻辑关系。直接原因事件：“器具不符合标准”和“静置时间不够”。这2个事件其中有1个发生，则“测量操作失误”就会发生。故用“或”门连接（六层）。 生产车间燃烧爆炸事故树模型图
语言学课后习题树形图
语言学课后习题树形图
8.（c）the argument against the proposals PP NP P NP Det N Det N the argument against the proposals (d)already above the windows PP AdvP P NP Adv Det N already above the window
9.(b) A huge moon hung in the sky.S NP Infl VP Det AP N pst V PP A P NP Det AP N A huge moon hung in the black sky (C) The man examined his car carefully yeseterday
S NP Infl VP Det N pst V NP AdvP Det N AdvP Adv Adv A man examined his car carefully yesterday 10．（b）Helen put on her clothes and went out
NP Infl VP N pst V PP Con V PP P NP P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
NP Infl VP N Pre V AP Con AP A PP A PP P P NP N Mary is fond of literature but tired of
英语语言学树型图详细讲解
树形图详细讲解 1、Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier、Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories
d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3、Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences、 a) The jet landed、 InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill、 InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill
TKK-----Jessica.Tseng语言学Syntax树形图整理
语言学-Syntax树形图整理 1.The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det Adj N b) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP Adj N often read detective stories c) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N d) move towards the window VP V PP P NP 2.Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences a ) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg Adj Mary became very ill c)The apple might hit the man. Inflp(=S ) NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N V NP Det N