人教版初二英语下册Unit-10-学习笔记

一、课文学习。

二、语法学习：现在完成时。

1. Concept

表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态，或开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态。

常和for, since引导的表示一段时间的时间状语连用，如“for+时间段”、“since+过去时间点”、“since+过去时的从句”、“since+一段时间+ago”，且for与since引导的时间状语可以相互转换。谓语动词多用延续性动词。

2. Structure: S+have/has+P.P+...

◎deformation

a. 否定式: haven't, hasn't

b. 一般疑问句: ——Have/Has+S+P.P+...?

—Yes, S have/has.

No, S haven't/hasn't.

c. 特殊疑问句: 疑问词+have/has+S+P.P+...

How long have you had this phone?

你的手机用多久了？

3. for & since

(1)Sentence Patterns

a. It is/has been+时间段+since+the adverbial of time/clause

b. This is the first (second...) time that+clause

*that从句通常使用现在完成时

It is four days since last Friday.

从上周五到现在已经四天了。

This is the first time that Jenny has been to China.

这是珍妮第一次来中国。

(2)Similarities between for and since

a. or与since都能与现在完成时连用

b. 二者可转换：for+一段时间=since+一段时间+ago

He has been here for five years.

=He has been here since five years ago.

他到这儿已经有五年了。

c. 均须与延续性动词连用，也可以与非延续性动词的否定式连用

I haven't bought anything for two months.

=I haven't bought anything since two months ago.

我已经2个月没买东西了。

I have learnt English for ten years.

=I have learnt English since ten years ago.

我学了10年英语了。

d. 二者引出的时间状语往往用how long提问

—How long have you had this book?

—For two weeks./Since two weeks ago.

——这本书你买多久了?——买两周了。

(3)Differences between for and since

a. for+时间段

for其后只能接表示“一段时间”的名词性短语，可用于多种时态，表示动作或状态持续时间段长短。

He usually sleeps for ten hours every day.

他通常每天睡10个小时。

I have lived in this city for five years.

我在这座城市居住了5年了。

b. since+时间点

接表“时间点”的短语或从句（过去时）；接“一段时间+ago”，用于完成时态；用于句型“It is+时间段+since+一般过去时”，表过去某个时间发生并持续到说话时的动作或状态。

He has studied English since he was seven.

他从上初中开始学英语。

She has worked here for five years.

=She has worked here since five years ago.

她在这工作5年了。

It is two years since I came to China.

c. since能引导时间状语从句(主句现在完成时，从句一般过去时)，而for则不能。

He has taught here since he came to China.

自从他来到中国就在这儿教书。

We have been friends since we met in school.

我们从在学校见面起就成为了好朋友。

自从我到中国以来已经两年了。

4. Transition between Non-durative Verb and Durative Verb

由于现在完成时谓语动词多用延续性动词，也有用非延续性动词的否定式，故通常需要将非延续性动词（Non-durative Verb）转化为延续性动词（Durative Verb）。

(1)现在完成时，转换为相应的延续性动词

arrive—have/has been in/at

begin/start—have/has been on

come/go—have/has been in/at

die—have/has been dead

finish/stop—have/has been over

fall asleep—have/has been asleep

get to know—know

get to sleep—sleep

join—have/has been in

have/has been a member of

leave—have/has been away

(2)转化为“be+adj./adv./prep./n.”

get up—be up

get to/arrive/reach—be (in)

close—be closed open—be open

come/go—be+...(come back—be back, come here—be here, go there—be there) finish—be over fall sleep—be asleep

fall ill—be ill leave—be away (from)

Practice

Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks with for or since.

1. We haven't seen each other ___ a long time.

2. I have been here ____ five months ago.

3. The film has been on ____ 20 minutes.

4. Andrew has worked here ____ he came to China.

5. His grandparents have been dead ____ several years.

6. It's five years ____ we met last time

Ⅱ. Choose the best answer from the given choices.

1. My father ___ home for nearly three weeks.

A. has gone away from

B. has left

C. has been away from

D. went away

2. Mr. Green has ___ in China for a week.

A. been

B. got

C. arrived

D. reached

3. The old man ___ on the chair all this morning.

A. has been sat

B. have sat

C. sat

D. has been sitting

4. How long ___ Tom ___ stamps?

A. did, collecting

B. has, collecting

C. have, collected

D. has, collected

5. Tom, don't watch TV any more. You ___ it for three hours.

A. have watched

B. have watching

C. watch

D. watched

6. Sanya is a beautiful city. I ___ there twice.

A. have gone

B. have been

C. have gone to

D. have been to

Ⅲ. Complete the following sentences.

1. They have been here since 2000.(对划线部分提问)

____ ____ have they been here?

2. The old man ____ last year. He ___ ____ ____ for a year.(die)

3. This factory opened 20 years ago.(同义句转换)

This factory ___ ____ _____ for 20 years.

Ⅲ. Complete the following sentences.

1. They have been here since 2000.(对划线部分提问)

____ ____ have they been here?

2. The old man ____ last year. He ___ ____ ____ for a year.(die)

3. This factory opened 20 years ago.(同义句转换)

This factory ___ ____ _____ for 20 years.

4. Miss Gao left an hour ago.(同义句转换)

Miss Gao ___ ____ ____ an hour ago.

5. The Green family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)

__ __ two years _____ the Green family moved to France.

三、写作。

My favorite thing from childhood is a toy puppet. I have had it for more than ten years. My father gave it to me as my fifth birthday's gift.

I like the puppet so much because it was made by my father by hand, so it conveyed care and love. It's special to me because I regarded it as my friend and shared happiness and time with it together.

The toy puppet has given me many memories. I enjoyed myself with it in my spare time. Now I can remember when I was down, or lonely, or scared it would always be my loyal companion. My forever love, my unforgettable memory!

四、练习题。

Exercise

1. —___ have you been married?

—For twenty years.

A. How far

B. How often

C. How long

D. How soon

2. If you sit in a chair ___ a long time, your back may begin to hurt.

A. at

B. in

C. on

D. for

3. —I often have hamburgers for lunch.

—Y ou'd better not. It's bad for you ___ too

much junk food.

A. eat

B. to eat

C. eating

D. ate

4. The house has a small ____(院子).

5. All these facts were stored (储存) in his ______

(记忆).

6. Put your ____(玩具) away now—it's time for bed.

Exercise

Ⅰ. Choose the best answer from the given choices.

1. —Jim is a(n) ___ young man.

—That's true. He always tells the truth.

A. friendly

B. shy

C. honest

D. lively

2. —Look! Some people are running the red lights.

—We should wait ___ others are breaking

the rule.

A. if

B. unless

C. although

D. because

Ⅱ. Complete the blanks according to the tips.

1. Dad was _______(清洁) up in the kitchen.

2. The cinema is ________(不再) used.

3. To be ________(separate) from him even for two days made her sad.

4. For ______(某种) reasons I will be unable to attend the meeting.

5. I only stayed for a short _____(一会儿).

Ⅲ. Complete the following sentences.

1. 我好长时间没见到他了。

I haven't seen him _________.

2. 至于你，你应该感到惭愧。

_________, you ought to be ashamed of yourself.

3. 说实话，我认为我们没有获胜的可能。

___________, I don't think we have a chance of winning. Exercise

1. 尽管在下雨，他还是出去了。

He went out ______________________.

2. 花园里万紫千红。

The garden _______ colourful flowers.

3. 安全的问题怎么办?

__________ the question of security?

4. 我妈妈不会让我去酒吧的。

My mother wouldn't __________ the bar.

5. 修理你的汽车至少要100美元。

Repairing your car will cost ______ $100.

Exercise

1. His grade in the exam put him ___ the top students in his class.

A. between

B. over

C. among

D. above

2. The city of Harbin is beautiful all the year around, ___ in winter. Ice lanterns decorate streets and attract plenty of tourists.

A. especially

B. generally

C. probably

D. mainly

3. —I don't know where to go this summer holiday.

—Why not ___ visiting Xi'an? There are many

places of interest here.

A. suggest

B. wonder

C. consider

D. regard

4. 据约翰说，你上星期去旅游了。

___________ John, you went to travel last week.

5. 真遗憾你明天就得回美国了。

______________ you have to go back to US tomorrow.

六、重点知识。

1. —How long have you had that bike there?

—I have had it for three years.

——你拥有那边那辆自行车多长时间了？

——我已经拥有它三年了！

(1)how long为疑问副词，意为“多长时间”，用来对for或since引导的时间状语提问。

—How long have you lived in Beijing?

—For two years.

——你在北京住了多长时间了？

——两年。

(2)for后跟一段时间, 谓语动词是延续性动词, 常用于完成时中。

I have lived here for ten years.

我已经住在这里十年了。

◎Extention: for & since

Anna has worked in the factory for two years.

安娜在这家工厂工作两年了。（时段）

There have been many changes since the war.

自从战争以来发生了许多变化。（时点）

We have been friends since we came here.

自从我们来这里我们就已经是朋友了。（句）

(1)How long多久；多长(时间)。对时间段提问：for+时间段；since+过去的时间点。

—How long have you worked in Beijing?

—For five years.

——你在北京工作多久了？——5年了。

(2)How soon多久以后。对“in+时间段”提问，常用于一般将来时，其答语常用“in+时间段”。

—How soon will Mr. Lee be back?

—In a week.

——李先生多久以后会回来？——一周内。

(3)How often多久一次。对频率提问，其答语

为once/twice/...+时间段, always, usually等。

—How often do you exercise?

—Once a day.

——你多久锻炼一次？——每天。

(4)How far多远。对距离提问，其答语是表距离的内容。

—How far is it from here to your school?

—Three kilometers.

——从这到学校多远？——3km。

Exercise

1. —___ have you stayed in New York?

—For about two weeks.

A. How soon

B. How often

C. How long

D. How far

2. I have had the bike ___ I was 15 years old.

A. for

B. since

C. in

D. on

2. Jeff's family is having a yard sale.

sale n.出售，销售

on sale出售；上市

for sale待售；供出售（尤指从主人手里出售）

Chickens are on sale in the market.

小鸡在市场上出售。

I'm sorry, it's not for sale.

抱歉，它不出售。

3. Because I don't read it anymore.

因为我不再看它了。

anymore adv.亦可写作any more，常用于否定句的末尾，意思是“再（不）；(不）再”。

not...anymore=not...any longer

You can have it, for I don't need it anymore.=

You can have it, for I don't need it longer.

你可以把它拿走，因为我不再需要它了。

The doctor told me not to play computer games anymore.

大夫叫我别再玩电脑游戏了。

4. I've had this magazine for a couple of months.

这本杂志我买了几个月了。

a couple of：表具体的数量“两个”，指两个相同的人或物体；表数量不定的“少数几个”（虚指），具体意思视上下文和具体的语境而决定。

You have to wait for a couple of hours for the clothes to dry completely.

你得等上一两个小时让这些衣服完全干燥。

Look! There are a couple of boys waiting for

you at the door.

瞧!门口有两三个男孩正在等你。

5. The stories inside may be a bit old, but they're still interesting.里面的故事有点旧但仍很有意思。

a bit=a little/a bit of+u.n.一点儿；稍微。修饰adj./adv.。

not a bit=not at all一点也不

not a little=very非常

There is a bit of/a little water in the bottle.

瓶子里有点儿水。

She is not a bit happy.

她一点儿也不快乐。

He is not a little tired.=He is very tired.

他非常累。

6. And check out these soft toys and board games for younger kids.

请检查一下这些送给孩子们的玩具和棋盘。

check vt.检查；审查n.支票；账单

check out查看；观察

If you finish it, check it by yourself first.

如果你完成了，就自己先检查一下。

Check out all the books for children.

查看一下所有的儿童书籍。

7. We have decided to each sell five things that we no longer use.

我们已经决定每人卖掉不再使用的五种物品。

no longer“不再；不复”，位于系动词之后，实义动词之前，相当于not...any longer，常用来修饰表示状态的持续性动词。

Alice no longer lives here.

◎Practice

1. 她的父亲去世了, 此后她就不再上学了。

Her father died, and after that she ____ ____ went to school.

2. 现在她再也不害怕了。

Now she ____ afraid ____ ____.

2. —Will you give this message to Mike, please?

—Sorry, I can't. He ___.

A. doesn't any more work here

B. doesn't any longer work here

C. doesn't work any more here

D. doesn't work here any longer

8. My daughter is 16 and my boy is already in junior high school.

high school=secondary school中学（英国）

*在美、加尤指senior high school高中

junior high/junior high school初中

senior high/senior high school高中

start school入学；上学

finish school结束学业；毕业

9. My daughter was more understanding, although she also felt sad to part with certain toys.

我女儿更能理解我，虽然她对送走某些玩具也很伤心。

(1)although和though同义，一般情况下可互用。但though较普遍，常用于非正式的口语或书面语中，而although则较为正式。另外although语气比though重，常用以强调“让步”。

(2)part with不情愿地与……分手；将之送给或卖给他人

part v.分离；离开

He gave me the letter and we parted.

他给了我那封信，我们就告别了。

Don't part with your dream.不要放弃你的梦想。

(3)certain1 adj.某种；某事；某人。通常作定语，后接名词。

certain2 adj.确实的；无疑的

◎Extention

be certain to do sth.一定或肯定要做某事

be certain of/about (doing) sth.

对（做）某事确定或有把握

be certain of doing sth.有把握做某事

be certain+that确信……

Practice

1. Amy is certain ___ _____(come) on time. Don't worry.

2. It is certain that he can pass the exam.(改为同义句)

He is certain ___ _______ the exam.

10. As for me, I did not want to give up my football shirts, but, to be honest, I have not played for a while now.

于我而言，我不想放弃我的球衣。但是，说实在的，现在我已经有段时间没玩了。

(1)as for至于；关于

And as for us, we are fortunate.

可对我们来说，我们是幸运的。

(2)give up/give in放弃；让步

give up指行为者碰到某种困难或原因而自己主动放弃；give in指行为者屈于某种压力而被迫按别人的要求去做，侧重于屈服。

(3)to be honest说实话；说实在的。常用于句首，单独使用，作插入语。

honest adj.诚实的dishonest adj.不诚实的

to tell the truth老实说；说实话

to be frank坦率地说

*honest的首字母h不发音，因此其开头音素为元音音素。故冠词用an。

An honest man does not tell lies.

诚实的人不会说谎。

Bob is an honest boy.

鲍勃是一个诚实的男孩。

To be perfectly frank, I think that's a crazy idea.

坦白相告，我认为那是个荒唐的主意。

(4)while1 n.一段时间；一会儿

while2 conj.“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句，从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。

They chattered away happily for a while.

他们高兴地闲扯了一会儿。

He kept in touch with us while he was on vacation.

他在度假期间仍与我们保持联系。

Practice

1. 说实在的, 你是一位非常好的老师。

___ ___ ______, you are a very good teacher.

2. Peter is ___ honest boy and a good friend of mine.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. /

11. Among these is Zhang Wei, a 46-year-old husband and father.

(1)among prep.“(其)中；……之一”用于三者或三者以上。其宾语通常是表示一个笼统数量或具有复数(集体)意义的n./pron.。

between prep.在两者之间

Tom sits among the students.

汤姆坐在学生之间。

Tom sits between Mary and Frank.

汤姆坐在玛丽和弗兰克之间。

◎Contrast

(2)a 46-year-old husband and father意为“一位46岁的丈夫和父亲”，相当于a husband and

father of 46 years old。

该类作定语的复合形容词的特点：一是数词、名词、形容词之间要用连字符连接；二是数词后的名词用单数形式。

复合形容词的结构：数词+连字符+名词；数词+名词的所有格。

a 10-year-old boy=a boy of 10 years old.

一个10岁的男孩

a two-month holiday=a two months' holiday

一个为期两个月的假期

ten-minute walk/drive/ride=ten minutes' walk/drive/ride

步行/开车/骑车10分钟的路程

Practice

1. This game is very popular ___the boys in my class.

A. between

B. over

C. among

D. above

2. The workers will build a new railroad ___ the two cities.

A. since

B. between

C. as

D. during

12. It's a shame, but l just don't have the time...

实在是遗憾，但我就是没吋间……

It's a shame.是一种常见的口语表达，表示一种不如人愿的情形（an unhappy situation), 意为“真遗憾；多可惜啊”。shame还可表示“羞愧；惭愧”。

It's a shame+to do/that...

It's a shame that you have to leave so soon.

真遗憾你这么快就要走了。

His face burned with shame.

他的脸因羞愧而发烫。

Extention

to one's shame令人感到羞愧的是

feel shame at...因……而感到羞愧

have no shame无羞耻心

in shame羞愧的

13. consider v.考虑=think about

consider doing sth.考虑做某事

consider+n./pron.(to be) adj./n.认为是

consider sb./sth. as把某人或某事当作

consider+object clauses

consider+“疑问词+不定式”

◎Notice

consider后接n./v.-ing作宾语，不接动词不定式，也不存在consider sb. to do的结构。

I am considering changing my job.

我正在考虑换份工作。

I consider her to be my best friend.

我把她当作我最要好的朋友。

Most of people consider that the government should take effective measures to control the price.

大部分群众都认为政府应该采取有效措施调控物价。

He has never considered how to talk with him.

他从未考虑过如何和他谈话。

Extention: the verbs/phrases can only be followed by v.-ing

consider考虑enjoy喜爱

practice练习keep (on)继续（一直）

mind介意finish完成

have fun高兴feel like想要

look forward to盼望can't help禁不住

give up放弃

Practice

1. 约翰考虑周末去远足。

John ________ _______hiking at the weekend.

2. 他们认为吃饭的时候出声是不礼貌的。

They ________ ___ impolite __ _____a noise while you eat.

14. Even though it's old, it's full of interesting places to see and things to do.

(1)even though和even if两者均可用于引导让步状语从句，其细微区别是：

even if引导的从句是往往是假设性的，意为“即使；纵然；就算；哪怕”。

even though引导的从句内容往往是真实的，主要用于引出不利于主句情况的信息，意为“尽管；虽然”。

*在实际语言运用中，even if与even though有时也可不加区别地混用。

although & (even) though

although和(even) though均可用于句首或从句之首。though多用于非正式文体中，较为通俗。

Although/Though/Even though we all tried our best, we lost the game.

虽然我们已尽了最大的力量，但还是输了。

We lost the game although/though/even though we tried our best.

我们输了，然而我们已尽了最大的力量。

(2)be full of=be filled with充满；装满

The bottle is filled with water.

瓶子里装满了水。

The room is filled with heavy smoke.

满屋浓烟。

Champagne is full of bubbles.

香槟酒有很多气泡。

人教版八年级初二英语期末考试习题及答案

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