微观经济学英文课件第二章

微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思教案资料

微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文 意思

P：价格Price Q：数量Number D：需求Demand S供给Supply E：均衡（或期望）Equilibrium 效用Utility TU：Total utility总效用 MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余 MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitution L：劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP：平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地( Land）成本（Capital） 边际效用（ Marginal utility）利润（Profit）长期（Long run）TFC：总不变成本Total fixed cost TVC：总可变成本Total variable cost TC：总成本Total cost AFC：平均不变成本Average fixed cost AVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost） AC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本（Average cost） MC：边际成本Marginal cost LTC：长期总成本Long run total cost LAC：长期平均成本Long run average cost SAC：短期平均成本Short run average cost LMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal cost SMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal cost TR：总收益Total revenue AR：平均收益Average revenue MR：边际收益Marginal revenue

最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (16)

Chapter 17 Monopolistic Competition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __. 1. Because monopolistically competitive firms produce differentiated products, each firm ( d ) a.faces a demand curve that is horizontal. b.faces a demand curve that is vertical. c.has no control over product price. d.has some control over product pric e. 2. Which of the following conditions distinguishes monopolistic competition from perfect competition? ( d ) a. Number of sellers. b. Freedom of entry and exit. c. Small size firms. d. Differentiation of product. 3. A firm in a monopolistically competitive market is similar to a monopolist in the sense that it ( b ) a.must overcome significant barriers to entry. b.faces a downward-sloping demand curve. c.there are no barriers to entry or exit. d.there is only one seller of the good. 4. If existing firms in the fast-food market, which is a monopolistically competitive market, realize sizable economic profits in the short run, the demand of existing firms will ( a ) a.decrease and become more elastic. b.decrease and become less elasti c. c.increase and become more elastic. d.increase and become less elastic.

微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照

【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增

最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (9)

Chapter 9 Application: International Trade 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __ 1. Nations would gain from trade if a(n) ________ exists. ( c ) a.absolute advantage b.specialization https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7d10871082.html,parative advantage d.infant industry 2. If Canada has a comparative advantage over Denmark in the production of wood, this implies that ( b ) a.it requires fewer resources in Canada than in Denmark to produce wood. b.the opportunity cost of producing wood in Canada is lower than in Denmark. c.Denmark does not benefit by trading with Canada. d.Canada should buy wood from Denmark. 3. Domestic producers gain from the opportunity to export goods to foreign countries because ( a ) a.the free-trade price of the good is higher than the domestic price in the absence of trade. b.producers are able to reach a wider market. c.although the free-trade price is lower than in the absence of trade, producers are able to sell a greater quantity. d.production rises, although there is no change in the price of the good compared to the no-trade situation. 4. If at the world equilibrium price the U.S. quantity demanded is greater than the U.S. quantity supplied, then ( a ) a.the United States will import the good. b.the United States will export the good. c.the world price will fall. d.the world price will ris e.

(完整版)微观经济学(英文版)名词解释.doc

微观经济名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society ’ s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Incentive : something that induces a person to act. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person ’ s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker ’ s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. Positive statements Positive statements :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. CHAPTER 4 Quantity demanded : the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Law of demand : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises. Demand schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Normal good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand. Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 1

1 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics Multiple Choice 1. The word that comes from the Greek word for "one who manages a household" is a. market. b. consumer. c. producer. d. economy. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 2. The word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos , which means a. “environment.” b. “production.” c. “one who manages a househol d.” d. “one who makes decisions.” ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 3. Resources are a. scarce for households but plentiful for economies. b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies. c. scarce for households and scarce for economies. d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Resources, Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 4. Economics deals primarily with the concept of a. scarcity. b. poverty. c. change. d. power. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Definitional 5. Which of the following questions is not answered by the decisions that every society must make? a. What determines consumer preferences? b. What goods will be produced? c. Who will produce the goods? d. Who will consume the goods? ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economies MSC: Interpretive 6. The overriding reason as to why households and societies face many decisions is that a. resources are scarce. b. goods and services are not scarce. c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles. d. people, by nature, tend to disagre e. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 7. The phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact that a. most economies’ production methods are not very good. b. in most economies, wealthy people consume disproportionate quantities of goods and services. c. governments restricts production of too many goods and services. d. resources are limited. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive

微观经济学试题英文版

Managerial Economics

Part 1: 1. The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that: a. good A is a normal good. b. good B is an inferior good. c. goods A and B are substitutes. d. goods A and B are complements. e. none of the above. Choose: d) the definition os complements 2. Joe's budget line is 15F + 45C = 900. When Joe chooses his most preferred market basket, he buys 10 units of C. therefore, he also buys : a. 10 units of F b. 30 units of F c. 50 units of F d. 60 units of F e. None of the above Choose: b) We assume that Joe will spend all his income. If C = 10, then 15F =900 – 45(10) =450, so F = 450/15 =30. 3. Kim only buys coffee and compact discs. Coffee costs $0.60 per cup, and CDs cost $12.00 each. She has $18 per week to spend on these two goods. If Kim is maximizing her utility, her marginal rate of substitution of coffee for CDs is: a. 0.05 b. 20 c. 18 d. 1.50 e. None of the above Choose: a) At Kim's most preferred market basket, her MRS equals the price ratio (Pcoffee/PCD), which equals 0.6/12 or 0.05. 4. The bandwagon effect corresponds best to which of the following? a. snob effect. b. external economy. c. negative network externality. d. positive network externality. Choose: d) 5. A Giffen good a. is always the same as an inferior good. b. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the substitution effect dominates the income effect. c. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the income effect dominates the substitution effect. d. must have a downward sloping demand curv e. Choose: c) the definition of Giffen good 6. An Engel curve for a good has a positive slope if the good is : a. an inferior good. b. a Giffen good. c. a normal goo d. d. a, b, and c are tru e. e. None of the above is true. Choose: c) Inferior and Giffen goods have negatively sloped Engel curves. 7. The price of beef and quantity of beef traded are P* and Q*, respectively. Given

英文版微观经济学复习提纲Chapter 5. Economic efficiency, government price setting and taxes

5 Economic Efficiency, Government Price Setting, and Taxes Chapter Summary Although rent controls no longer in Australia, many governments around the world, such as Malaysia and the U.S., have placed ceilings on the maximum rent some landlords can charge for some apartments and houses. Governments also impose taxes in some markets. To understand the economic impact of government in markets it is necessary to understand consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus is the dollar benefit consumers receive from buying goods and services at market prices less than the maximum prices they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus is the dollar benefit producers receive from selling goods and services at prices greater than the minimum prices they would be willing to accept. In a competitive market with no externalities the equilibrium price for a good or service occurs where the marginal cost of the last unit produced and sold is equal to the marginal benefit consumers receive from the last unit bought. At this same level of output, economic surplus, the sum of consumer and producer surplus, is maximized. Although price controls on rent no longer exist in Australia, there are many other examples of the government setting prices, such as the minimum wage in labour markets (a “floor price”). Compared to the competitive equilibrium, price ceilings and price floors reduce economic efficiency. A tax on the sale of a good or service also reduces economic efficiency. The burden of a tax (or tax incidence) is the degree to which consumers or producers actually pay the tax. The incidence of a tax depends on how responsive producers and consumers are to the price change caused by the tax. Learning Objectives When you finish this chapter you should be able to: 1Understand the concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus is the benefit consumers receive from paying a price lower than the maximum price they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus is the benefit a firm receives from selling a good or a service at a price higher than the minimum the firm would be willing to accept. Economic surplus is the sum of consumer surplus plus producer surplus. 2Understand the concept of economic efficiency, and use a graph to illustrate how economic efficiency is reduced when a market is not in competitive equilibrium. An economically efficient outcome occurs when a competitive market equilibrium is reached. Maximum economic efficiency results when the marginal benefit received by consumers from the last unit bought equals the marginal

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释 11

22 Chapter 1 business cycle 经 济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economic s 经济学; 经济，国家 的经济状况 the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见 的 resources efficien cy n.功效; 效率，效 能; 实力， 能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality n .同等，平 等; [数] 相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society external ity[,eks t ?? the uncompensated impact of one person’s ac tions on the

Chapter 2 circular-flo w diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomi cs [,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomi cs [,ma?kr ??i?k?'n ?m?ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets normative['n ??m?t?v]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr??skra?b] how the world should be positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is production possibilitie s frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production 33

最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版ch13

Chapter 13 The Costs of Production 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __ 1. Which of the following is an implicit cost? ( ) a.Salaries paid to workers who work for the firm. b.Interest on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases. c.Cash payments for raw materials. d.Foregone rent on office space owned and used by the firm. 2. Sarah has been working for a law firm and earning an annual salary of $90,000. She decides to open her own practice. Her annual expenses will include $15,000 for office rent, $3,000 for equipment rental, $1,200 for utilities, and a $35,000 salary for a secretary/bookkeeper. Sarah will cover her start-up expenses by cashing in a $20,000 certificate of deposit on which she was earning annual interest of $1,000. Assuming that there are no additional expenses, Sarah’s annual implicit costs wil l equal ( ) a.$55,200. b. $221,400. c. $91,000. d. $146,200. 3. Economists assume that the goal of the firm is to ( ) a.maximize total revenue. c. minimize costs. b.maximize profits. d. do all of the above. 4. The difference between accounting profit and economic profit relates to ( ) a.the manner in which revenues are defined. b.how total revenue is calculated. c.the manner in which costs are define d. d.the price of the good in the market. 5. As Al’s Radiator Co. continues to add workers, while keeping the same amount of machinery, some workers may be underutilized because they have little work to do while waiting in line to use the machinery. When this o ccurs, Al’s Radiator Co. encounters ( ) a.economies of scale. c. increasing marginal product. b.diseconomies of scale. d. diminishing marginal product.

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释 1 经济周 期 , 经济学; 经济，国家 的经济状 况 缺乏的，罕见的 .功效; 效 率，效能; 实力，能 力; [物] 性能; .同等，平 等; [数] 相等，等 式; [??'n?l?t?] 外部性 ’s a 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 a [?n'??(?)n] 增加的 a 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散 a a 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[??l??t] a ( ) a ’s 2 a 家庭; 家庭，户[???i?k?'n? m?; ] , , ,

[???i?k?'n?m? ['n??m?t?v]标 定，规定; 指定，规定;美[???b] 准的 ['???） a 3 a a a 美[d?'??】合乎国内的Array 4 完全竞 a ['?] 同一的，完全相同的美[a??d??k?l] a 争市场 互补品 a ['kɑ?m?] 需求曲 a a 线 需求表 a a [?'l???m] a 均衡 均衡价 格 a , , a 劣质品[? n'f??r??] , , a 需求原理 , , a 供给原理 a a a , , 普通商品

需求量 a a a a a a a ['s ??s] a 5 需求交叉弹性 是需求交叉价格弹性 a a , [?'?s ?] n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活 性; 伸缩性; a 需求 的收入弹性 a a a ’ , 需求 价格弹性 a a a , 供给 的价格弹性 a a a , ( a )总收入; 总收益 a , 6 ['?l ??] a ['m??m ?m] a a a ['??d(?)] a a

微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)

微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释 1.需求价格弹性(price elasticity of demand)： 2.蛛网模型（）： 对于生产周期较长的商品 供给的时滞性，需求的不是 动态模型分类，画图 3.边际效用递减（diminishing marginal utility）——基数效用论 不违反边际效用递减规律。因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加(或减少)一个单位所增加(或减少)的总效用的量。这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位，这种完整的商品单位，是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提。比如，这个定律适用于一双的鞋子，但不适用于单只的鞋子。对于四轮车而言，必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位。三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车，因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品，增加一个轮子，才能使车子有用。因此，不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子 4.无差异曲线(indifference curve)：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线。

（2）特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交 5.边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution.MRS)：——序数效用论

6.预算线（Budget line/ budget constraint） 7.吉芬物品(Giffen good)：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品。 8.柯布道格拉

斯生产函数 稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。 经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 市场经济(market economy)：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。 市场失灵(market failure)：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 外部性(externality)：