翻译作业
INSTRUCTIONS
指令
1. This Contract is a model technology development (commissioned) contract drafted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, and all technology contract registration authorities shall recommend concerning parties to a technology contract to use this model contract.
这个合同是由中华人民共和国科技部起草的一项示范性技术开发合同，所有技术合同登记机构应当建议有关各方的技术合同，使用这种合同范本。
2. This Contract is applicable to the technology development contract whereby one party entrusts the other party to develop new technology, new product, new process, new material or new model or new system.
本合同适用于技术开发合同一方当事人委托另一方开发新技术，新产品，新工艺，新材料或新系统或新模型。
3. If one party to this Contract includes several persons, such persons may be listed as co-clients or co-developers in the column of “Client” or “Developer” (additional page) according to their respective roles in the Contract.
如果一方在本合同包括几个人，这些人可以根据其在合同中各自的角色被列为共同的客户或合作开发的“客户”或“开发”（其他页面）的列。
4. Any issue absent hereof may be separately agreed by parties to this Contract in additional pages hereof and such separate agreement shall be deemed as integral parts of this Contract.
任何问题，缺席本合同可以单独约定双方本合同其他页面本文以及该独立协议应被视为本合同的组成部分。
5. With respect to the articles not required to complete as agreed by both parties in executing this Contract, th e words of “N/A” shall be indicated on such articles.
对文章不需要完成在执行本合同,由双方同意的话说“N / A”应当显示在
这样的文章。
WHEREAS, Party A hereby entrusts and authorizes Party B to research and develop the project of ONLINE SALES SYSTEM Development and will pay compensation and remuneration to Party B for the Project, and Party B hereby accepts the entrustment and agrees to carry out the research and development of the project.
鉴于，甲方委托和授权乙方研发在线销售系统开发的项目，将支付补偿和报酬乙方的项目，以及乙方接受委托并同意开展研究和开发该项目。
NOW, THEREFORE, both parties, through mutual friendly negotiation, based on the principles of equality and voluntariness, and in accordance with the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, enter into the following terms and conditions:
现在，因此，双方，通过相互友好协商，本着平等自愿的原则，并按照中国人民共和国合同法，订立以下条款和条件：
ARTICLE 1 THE CONTENT ，THE SCOPE AND THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT
一条内容,范围和项目的需求
1.5 Overall Requirements
1.5总体要求
(1) Party A help Party B to shall develop the requirements statement for the software in this Project
（1）甲方有助于乙方对本项目的软件需求表
(2) Party B shall complete the system testing examples for this Project and deliverables in the phases of basic design, detail design, encoding, unit testing, integration testing and system testing
（2）乙方须在基本设计、详细设计、编码、单元测试、集成测试及系统测试阶段完成本项目及可交付成果的系统测试实例
(3) Party B shall, within half a year upon completion of examination and acceptance, without any charge solve all sorts of problems occurring in the application of the software according to the arrangement for project after
maintenance and service (refer to the articles stipulated below);
（3）乙方须在半年内完成审核及验收，而无需任何费用，解决该软件在维修及维修项目后的使用中出现的各种问题（参见下文）；
ARTICLE 2 THE QUALIFIED TECHNICAL TARGET AND PARAMETER 二条合格的技术目标和参数
ARTICLE 3 DELIVERABLES
三条可交付成果
3.1. Overview The Deliverables of the Project shall be submitted to Party
A in the following forms: -Interim Deliverables -Final Deliverables
概述项目的交付物应以下列形式提交甲方：-临时交付物-最终交付物
ARTICLE 4 SCHEDULE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
研究与发展第4条附表
Detail Plan and Content The phases of the Project, according to the requirements of Party A on assessment and acceptance, shall include Project Planning, Requirements Analysis, Basic Design, Detail Design, Encoding, Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, Acceptance Testing and Subsequent Maintenance and Service. The process of assessment and acceptance in each phase shall be as follows:
项目的详细计划和内容，根据甲方对评估和验收的要求，包括项目计划、需求分析、基本设计、详细设计、编码、单元测试、集成测试、系统测试、验收测试和随后的维护和服务。每一阶段的评估和接受过程如下：
(1) Party B submits the phase acceptance application or project final acceptance application to Party A. Both parties shall participate in the acceptance proces s, and Party A shall appoint Party B’s representative to conduct testing or appoint its own representative to conduct testing. Party B shall prepare the testing report and submit it to Party A for review and approval. Party B shall provide the Phase Assessment Report to Party A.
乙方将工程竣工验收申请或工程竣工验收申请提交给甲方，乙方应参加验收程序，甲方应委派乙方代表作测试或委派其代表作检测。乙方应准备测试报告并
提交给甲方审核和批准。乙方应向甲方提供相位评估报告。
(2) Party A shall give a notice on acceptance or not acceptance of the testing or assessment result to Party B. If Party A accepts the testing or assessment result, it shall be deemed that Party A acknowledges the performance of Party B in the phase can meet Party A’s requirements; if Party A does not accept, it shall be deemed that the performance of Party B in the phase fails to meet Party A’s requirements.
甲方接受或不接受检验或评估结果的通知，如果甲方接受检验或评估结果，则应视为甲方承认乙方在本期的表现符合甲方要求；如甲方不接受，则应视为乙方在本期的表现未能符合甲方要求。
4.3 Party A hereby designates _______ as its project representative, and Party B designates _______ as its project representative. Both representatives shall be responsible to coordinate the staff of both parties, organize the assessment on the progress of important phases in the Project so as to perform the contract in strict accordance with the schedule specified herein; and shall be responsible to solve all technical problems arising in the course of project development so as to fulfill of all technical standards/perimeters as defined herein.
甲方指定_______作为项目代表，乙方指定_______作为其代表性项目。双方代表应负责协调双方的人员，组织评估项目中重要阶段的进步以履行合同，严格按照合同规定的进度；负责解决项目开发过程中出现的以满足所有技术标准/周边如本文所定义的技术问题。
4.4 Party B shall appoint ______ persons to participate in the Project (refer to the following name list), and shall strictly ensure 100% human resources input of _____ persons during implementation of the Project. If three or more than three person appointed by Party B leaves the post without approval during implementation of the Project and Party B fails to make up the vacancy within one week, Party A may terminate this Contract.
乙方应指派______人员参加项目（参考下面的名单），并应严格保证_____
人员在项目实施过程中，人力资源的投入100%。如乙方未经甲方同意而三人或三人以上，乙方未能在一周内补足空缺，甲方可解除本合同。
4.5 In order to facilitate the communications between both parties during the project development, Party B, upon execution of this Contract, shall provide the progress of the Project, and the possible problems indicated in such reports. The format shall be recommended by Party A and agreed by both parties.
为便于项目开发过程中双方的沟通，乙方应在本合同的执行过程中提供项目的进展情况，并指出可能出现的问题。格式应经甲方推荐，并经双方同意。
ARTICLE 5 CHANGE AND EXCEPTION
第五条变化和异常
5.1 If there is any change to the requirements or plan as made by Party A during the project development, Party A shall promptly give a change notice to Party B and Party B shall actively cooperate with Party A to implement such change.
甲方在项目开发过程中对要求或计划有任何改变的，应及时向乙方提供变更通知，乙方应积极配合甲方实施该等变更。
5.2 If there is any exception on the part of Party B during the project development, Party B shall promptly submit an exception report to Party A and negotiate a solution with Party A, and shall ensure the Project is implemented according to the original plan, and such exception is subject to the approval of Party A.
乙方在项目开发过程中有任何例外情况，乙方应及时向甲方提交异常报告，协商解决方案，并按原计划实施，并经甲方批准。
5.3 In case of any change or exception during the project development involving any modification of work statements, such modification shall be made by Party A with a corresponding record, and then the modified work statements shall be submitted to Party B.
在涉及任何修改工作报表的项目开发过程中发生变更或例外的，甲方应按相
应的记录进行修改，并将修改后的工作报表提交乙方。
5.4 If the above mentioned change to the requirements or plan of the Project or any exception will cause any change to the contract price, both parties shall agree on the changed contract price and relevant statements in written form through friendly negotiation. Such agreement shall become effective as of being signed (or sealed) by the authorized representatives of both parties, and shall be attached to this Contract as supplementary agreement.
如果上述变更对项目的要求或计划或任何异常会引起合同价格的任何变更，双方应在友好协商的情况下通过书面形式同意变更合同价格和相关报表。本协议自双方授权代表签字（或盖章）后生效，并附本合同作为补充协议。
ARTICLE 6 RULES AND STANDARDS FOR ACCEPTANCE
6条规则和验收标准
6.1 Rules for Acceptance
接受规则
a. All interim deliverables and final deliverables developed in the course of project development shall meet all provisions of this Contract.
项目开发过程中开发的所有临时交付物和最终交付物均符合本合同的规定。
b. The final acceptance of the Project shall be conducted by Party A in accordance with this Contract. The acceptance of the Project shall be divided into two phases: function acceptance testing phase and performance acceptance testing phase. Both phases of acceptance shall be jointly conducted by both parties at the place designated by Party A. Party A shall issue a project acceptance certificate upon completion of each phase.
项目的竣工验收由甲方按照本合同规定进行。项目验收分为验收测试阶段和性能验收阶段。验收阶段由双方当事人双方共同进行，甲方应在每一阶段完成后出具项目验收证书。
c. Party B shall submit a project completion report to Party A for confirmation upon completion of the Project.
乙方应在工程竣工后向甲方提交项目竣工报告。
d. In case that any deliverable fails to meet the acceptance standards, Party B shall immediately negotiate with Party A and shall give a solution within the period prescribed by Party A. The modified deliverable shall be subject to an additional acceptanc
e. If such modified deliverable still fails to meet the acceptance standards in the additional acceptance, Party A may refuse to accept the same and terminate this Contract.
如果任何交割不符合验收标准的，乙方应立即与甲方应在甲方修改后的交割须额外的验收规定的时间给协商解决。如果这样的修改成果仍未能在附加验收符合验收标准的，甲方可拒绝接受并终止本合同。
e. Party B shall timely provide qualified interim deliverables and final deliverables to Party A in accordance with this Contract. If Party B fails to deliver any deliverable to Party A on schedule, it shall pay Party A liquidated damages at 0.5% of the contract price involved in the delayed performance on daily basis. If Party B fails to do so in excess of fifteen (15) days, Party A may terminate this Contract. Party B shall not be liable for any work delayed due to its failure to perform according to this Agreement.
乙方应及时向甲方提供符合本合同要求的合格的中期可交付物和最终交付物。如果乙方未能向甲方交付的交付时间表，应支付甲方违约金在参与日常的迟延履行合同价格的0.5%。如果乙方未能在十五（15）日内这样做，甲方可以解除本合同。乙方因未能按本协议履行合同，乙方不承担任何责任。
f. If any deliverable that Party B submits to Party A for project acceptance testing (including phases of project acceptance and subsequent maintenance and service) fails to meet the quality standards, Party B shall use its best efforts to submit, within twenty(20) days, such deliverables meeting the quality requirements of Party A with all costs and expenses incurred therefrom to be borne by Party B.
如果任何交付乙方提交甲方工程验收（包括工程竣工验收和后续的维护和服务阶段）不符合质量标准的，乙方应尽其最大努力提交，在二十（20）天内，
如甲方交付会议将由乙方承担由此所有因此而发生的费用的质量要求ARTICLE 7 AMOUNT AND PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR PROJECT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
第7条项目研究开发的补偿金额和支付
ARTICLE 8 THE OWNERSHIP OF SETTLEMENTS AND MATERIALS WHICH BE PAID BY PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION FOR PROJECT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
第8条定居点和资料，通过对研究和开发项目的补偿款项支付的所有权ARTICLE 9 CONFIDENTIALITY OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND MATERIALS
第9条技术资料和资料的保密
9.1 Except for the purpose of this Project, Party B shall not use any document, material, computer identifiable language/material provided by Party A for any other purpose. Party B shall keep confidentiality of all materials provided by Party A.
除此项目的目的，乙方不得使用任何其他用途的文件、材料、计算机识别的语言/材料。乙方应遵守甲方提供的所有材料的保密性。
9.2 Each party shall keep confidentiality of confidential information provided by the other party, and shall not disclose such information to any third party. In order to specify the confidentiality obligations of both parties, both parties shall enter into a Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement and shall comply with all provisions contained therein.
各缔约方应保守秘密的保密信息，不得向任何第三方泄露该等信息。为了明确双方的保密义务，双方应签订互不公开协议，并遵守其中包含的所有规定。
9.3 Neither party may disclose any content of this Contract to any third party without the written approval of the authorized representative of both parties.
未经双方授权代表的书面批准，任何一方不得向任何第三方披露本合同的内容。
9.4 This Article 8 shall survive the amendment, rescission or termination
of this Contract.
这8条修正案应在本合同解除或终止。
ARTICLE 10 SERVICE, TRAINING AND MAINTENANCE
10条服务、培训和维护
10.1 Party B shall provide a one-year free warranty or service support period (excluding the maintenance period with payment of Party A) for all final deliverables and developed products delivered to and meeting the requirements of Party A. The detailed contents of warranty or service support shall be as follows:
乙方应提供一个为期一年的免费保修或服务支持期（不包括甲方的维修期），为所有最终交付物和开发的产品交付，并符合甲方的要求，保修或服务支持的详细内容如下：
10.1 All deliverables as listed in this Contract, especially the software deliverables, non-software deliverables and information deliverables.
本合同所列的所有可交付物，特别是软件可交付物，非软件可交付物和信息可交付物。
10.2 Party B shall provide Party A’s relevant employees with fre e trainings on the final deliverables and developed products for the Project, and the date, place and times of such trainings shall be determined by both parties.
乙方应向甲方提供相关人员，对项目的最终交付物和开发产品进行免费培训，并对该类培训的日期、地点和时间进行确定。
10.3 Party B shall provide after-sale maintenance service for the final deliverables and developed products for the Project, and the detailed contents thereof shall be determined by both parties.
乙方应为项目的最终交付物和开发产品提供售后维修服务，并确定其详细内容。
10.4 When providing the subsequent maintenance services for the Project, Party B shall implement the subsequent maintenance and service strategy as stipulated in this Contract. If Party B fails to implement the same or any deliverable fails to meet the quality standards, it shall assume all liabilities
caused thereby, and Party A may terminate this Contract in that event.
乙方为乙方提供维修服务时，乙方应在本合同规定的维修及维修策略中实施。如果乙方未能实现相同或者交付不符合质量标准的，应当承担由此引起的所有责任，甲方可以解除本合同事件。
10.5 When providing the subsequent maintenance service after a period of one year upon acceptance of the Project, Party B’s engineers may collect service charge at the rate of _500 Yuan/per day____ for onsite service, provided that Party B’s engineers have successfully solved the maintenance problems of Party A. If Party B fails to implement the same or any deliverable fails to meet the quality standards, it shall assume all liabilities caused thereby, and Party A may require Party B to refund the compensation paid in that part an indemnify its loss accordingly.
当提供后续的维修服务在项目验收后一年内，乙方的工程师可以在现场服务的每day____ _500元/率收取服务费，乙方的工程师们成功地解决了甲方的维修问题，如果乙方未能实现相同或任何可交付成果不符合质量标准的，应当承担由此引起的所有责任，甲方可要求乙方退还支付的赔偿其损失的那部分相应的补偿。
ARTICLE 10 ALLOCATION OF RISKS
第10条风险分配
11.1 If the subject technology to be developed hereunder has been publicized by others during the course of project development, which causes the performance of this Contract meaningless, Party A may terminate this Contract.
在项目开发过程中，如果在项目开发过程中所开发的主题技术已被他人宣传，则本合同没有意义，甲方可以解除本合同。
11.2 If Party B finds any situation will cause failure of the Project in whole or in part, it shall promptly give a notice to Party A and take appropriate actions to reduce losses.
如果乙方发现任何情况，全部或部分的项目失败，应及时向甲方发出通知，
并采取适当措施减少损失。
ARTICLE 12 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT
12知识产权
12.1 All intellectual property rights to the technical achievements developed in this Project, including but not limited to copyright, patent, patent application and know-how, shall remain the property of Party A. Party B shall neither reduce such intellectual property rights into implementation and application, nor provide such technical achievements to any third party by whatever means without approval of Party A.
本项目所开发的技术成果，包括但不限于著作权、专利权、专利申请和专有技术等方面的知识产权，应当保留甲方的财产，既不减少此类知识产权的实施和应用，也不提供任何第三方的技术成果。
12.2 Without the prior approval of Party A, Party B shall not apply for any patent on the aforesaid technical achievements of the Project in its own name or on behalf of others.
未经甲方事先许可，乙方不得以自己的名义或代表他人的上述技术成果申请专利。
ARTICLE 13 EFFECTIVENESS, AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION
13条有效、修改和终止
13.1 This Contract shall become effective upon signature and seal by the authorized representative of both parties, and shall be terminated upon the completion of the major obligations of the Developer hereunder.
本合同自双方授权代表签字盖章后生效，并在本合同的主要义务人完成后终止。
13.2 If there is any change to the content, plan or achievement of the Project during the performance of this Contract and any change to the contract price caused thereby, both parties shall confirm such change in written forms through friendly negotiation. Such change shall become effective as of being duly signed and sealed by the authorized representatives of both parties, and shall be deemed as an appendix attached hereto.
在本合同履行期间，对本合同的内容、计划或成果有任何变更，并由此引起的任何变更，双方应通过友好协商确定书面形式的变更。该等变更须经双方授权代表正式签署并盖章后生效，并须视为附件附件。
ARTICLE 14 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
14条争端解决
Any dispute arising from the performance of this Contract shall be settled by both parties through friendly negotiation; in case no settlement can be reached, such dispute shall be submitted to Beijing Arbitration Commission for arbitration. The arbitral award shall have the equal binding force upon both parties.
本合同的履行所产生的任何争议，均由双方通过友好协商解决，如协商不能解决，应提交北京仲裁委员会进行仲裁。仲裁裁决应具有同等约束力。
ARTICLE 15 EXPLAINATION OF GLOSSARY
第15条解释的词汇
ARTICLE 16 IMPLEMENTATION TERM AND SITE
第16条执行期和站点
ARTICLE 17 MISCELLANEOUS
第17条杂项
Any issue absent hereof shall be settled by both parties hereto through friendly negotiations. This Contract shall be executed in six counterparts, three for each party hereto and each counterpart being of equal authenticity.
任何问题缺席本应由双方通过友好协商解决。本合同执行六个,三个合同各方和每个对应的同等效力。
翻译作业
The Art of Living The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way: " A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open." 生活的艺术在于懂得何时紧紧抓住，何时放手。生活就是一个悖论：它要我们抓住生命赐予的礼物，却又要在最后一一放手。古时的犹太拉比说：“人来到这个世上时紧握着拳头，但当他离去时，手又松开了。” Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God's own earth. 当然我们应紧紧抓住生命，因为它让人惊奇，并且充满了美，它散落在上帝所创造的每一寸土地上的。 We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what was and then suddenly realize that it is no more. 我们知道确实如此，但是我们总在回首时才意识到，过去的一切我们仍然记得，但却明白了一切不再如此。 We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered. 我们会记起的，是一种凋谢的美，一份逝去的爱。当美绽放时我们并没有去留意这份美，当爱情来临时我们未能报之以爱。回想这些，我们会更加心痛。 Here then is the first pole of life's paradoxical demands on us: Never too busy for the wonder and the awe of life. 生活给我们的第一个矛盾的真理：永远不要因为太过忙碌而错过了人生的奇迹与壮丽。 Be reverent before each dawning day. Embrace each hour. Seize each golden minute. 崇敬每一天。拥抱每一小时。抓紧每一分钟。 Hold fast to life... but not so fast that you cannot let go. This is the second side of life's coin, the opposite pole of its paradox: we must accept our losses, and learn how to let go. 牢牢抓住人生，但不要抓得太紧，免得到时候不能放手。放手是人生硬币的另一面，是人生矛盾的另一极：我们必须接受失去并学会放手。 And ultimately, as the parable of the open and closed hand suggests, we must confront the inevitability of our own demise, losing ourselves as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be.
英语翻译作业
Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。
翻译作业
《形合和意合的差异与英汉互译》---英语专业论文范文 关键词：英汉互译形合意合语篇 摘要：由于英语语篇讲究形合，汉语语篇讲究意合，两种语言在联句成篇上的明显差异导致英汉互译不是原文单词与译文单词的对译，而是两种语言的语篇动态对译。掌握两者的差异，有助于更准确地理解原文，更地道地构建译文。 关键词：英汉；互译；形合；意合；语篇 一、引言 语言是文化的载体，任何一种语言都反映了与其相应的文化。西方人重形式分析和逻辑推理，强调“由一到多”的思维传统。在处理问题上，注意把具体问题从总体中分离出来，把极复杂的问题划分为比较简单的形式和部分，然后逐一去研究；汉民族讲究“天人合一”，重视整体思维，注重心理时空的思维方式。在处理问题上，注意从整体上，从一事物与他事物的联系上加以认识，予以解决。英汉民族思维模式的差异导致两种语言在结构上差异明显。英语讲究形合，语法显性，而汉语则注重“意合”，语法隐性。所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。汉语讲究意合。所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。形合和意合的差异是英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别。 二、英汉语篇形合与意合差异对英汉互译的影响 任何语言都不是独立地使用一种固定的表达模式来传递语言信息的，而是两种模式的混合自由作用。但是受文化背景、思维模式的影响，在表达过程中会表现出不同的特点。英语重形合，汉语重意合。英语行文注重结构、形式，注重显性接应，以形显意，语义连贯诉诸理性，因而句子结构严谨、完整。汉语行文注重功能、意义，注重隐性连贯，以神统形，语义连贯诉诸意向，因而汉语句子比较简洁，少用甚至不用形式连接手段。英汉在语篇的连句表意中彰显出不同的表达特色。可见英汉互译不是原文单词与译文单词的对译，而是两种语言的语篇动态对译。成功的译文应在意义上与原文等值，在遣词造句上看不出硬译的痕迹，符合译文行文要求和表达习惯，做到“信、达、雅”，即：忠实原文的实质精神，表达充分又确切，文字优雅流畅。 英汉形合、意合的差异导致汉译英时，若不加分析，一概完整地逐字、逐词、逐句照译，势必出现“汉化英语”，译文成为英文语篇中的破句或电报语，而英译汉时，则出现“英化汉语”，原文中所存在的连词在译文语篇中显得有些苍白，甚至累赘，失去了语言的简洁性、紧凑性。翻译实践证明，大量句子英汉互译时，往往需要在语篇中重新构建符合译文语言特点的表达。 1. 句子主语的调整。 英汉语句子均由主语和谓语两大部分组成，但英汉语句子主谓之间的句法关系差异明显。英语重形合，句子的主谓之间存有强制性的一致关系，决定谓语动词的人称形式和数形式，因此英语句子的主语在句中一般是不可或缺的。它是如此地不可或缺，以致当主语因修辞原因而移位时，甚至要使用形式主语来补足空位。汉语重意合，句子的主谓之间没有强制性的一致关系，主语对谓语动词的形式没有决定作用，句法地位并不十分重要，在语境（包括上下文、情景语境、常识与背景知识等）中为交际双方所共知的主语常常省去，以意承脉，因而汉语中存在大量的无主句或主语省略句。如以下汉语中的无主句，译成英语时则要补出主语。 （1）好，不再说了吧；要落泪了，真想念北平呀！ （老舍，想北平） Now，let me leave off writing，for I am on the point of shedding tears. How I miss. Peiping! （2）凭窗站了一会儿，微微的觉得凉意侵人。 （冰心，笑） Standing at the window for a while，I felt a bit chilly. （3）It is hard to find out what any county can door will do next. （Lord Dunsany：The Greatest Invention） 很难预料一个国家能做什么或是接着会干什么。 2. 句式上的调整。 意合在形态上是平级配列，而形合在形态上是次级配列。汉语的句子以说话者的意念为主轴，形成一种意念机制，表
翻译作业
翻译作业 1．His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest 他接受贿赂导致被捕。. 2．Computers have changed the way we work and play. 电脑改变了我们工作和娱乐的方式。 3．She turned towards me immediately. The elegance of every moment of her limbs and body as soon as she began to advance from the far end of the room., set me in a flutter of expectation to see her face clearly. 她立即转向我。每当她开始从房间的尽头往前走时，她每一刻举手投足的优雅都吸引着我想把她的脸看清楚。 4．The flowers smells sweet. 花香四溢。 5．It tastes too much of garlic. 蒜味很重。 6．He didn’t look or act like his usual sel f—his face was very red, his hat was on the back of his head, his hair was wildly rumpled. 他看上去和行为都和他往常不一样--面色绯红，帽子后戴，头发凌乱。 7．We are faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island country.
《翻译(一)作业参考答案
《翻译(一)》作业参考答案 I. 1.打破记录 2.武装到牙齿 3.酸葡萄 4.君子协定 5.开放政策 6.冷战 7.低声 8.文火 9.占 10.原因 11.消灭 12.交待清楚13.和风 14.软水 15.添煤 16.捏造 17.修好 18.收拾一下 19.软水 20.呢帽 21.好 22.正好 23.右 24.申冤。 II. 1.“一定会把他造就成一个堂堂男子汉”，杰克说“就是应该上大学嘛！” 2.重建家园和保卫家园是我们的职责。 3.这些问题显然使得这位头脑迟钝的发言人感到意外，他立刻显得张口结舌。 4.我的回答并不躲躲躲闪闪。 5.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 6.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 7.在走过市区的时候，他们看见了一座宏伟的酒店。 8.他经常来。 9.他对这个城市完全陌生。 10.这完全是胡说。 11.那个园会真是圆满极了。 12.淡淡的太阳从海上升起。 13.“我知道, 这是在抓救命稻草”, 他无可奈何地说. 14.他的靴子时常闪闪发光. 15.他开了眼界,并懂得了一些名堂. 16.他满脸皱纹, 皮肤很黑,头发灰白稀疏. 17.他们之间存在着种种非常尖锐的问题. 18.我们应学会如何分析问题和解决问题. 19.我们深信，社会主义制度终究会代替资本主动义制度。 20.他回来时，收音机仍然开着。 21.他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。 22.我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。 23.我们高度珍视同发展中国家的友好关系。 24.他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。 III. A 这是一个最好的历史时期，这又是一个最坏的历史时期； 这是一个充满智慧的年代，这又是一个不乏愚蠢的年代； 这是一个富有信仰的时代，这又是一个轻易怀疑的时代； 这是一个光明普照的季节，这又是一个黑暗笼罩的季节；
翻译作业
１． 私か田舎から北京へ来て、またたく間に6年になる。その間、耳に聞き目に見た国家の大事になるものは数えてみれば相当あった。 ２． 動物はそれなりにその生活条件に適応している。その中でも自然条件が動物に与える影響は大きいものである。ところが人類は、生まれっいて文化環境の中に暮らす。すなわち自然環境と接する場合にも、その間に文化というものが媒介するのである。文化は言語によって仲間に、又時代に伝えられる。人類は其れによって気まぐれな自然の脅威から巧みに身を守ってきた。人類から文化を取り除いてしまえば、これほど無カで臆病な動物が あるだろうか。 ３． 地図を調べてみても、人間が歩いていけそうな距離には村なんてない。其れなのに、人が歩いている。荷物らしい荷物も持たずに、頭に何かを載せただけで、ただただ歩いている。 ４． 私は彼女と長年苦しく愛し合っていたが、この愛は彼女を傷つけた。その分、私自身も傷つけられた。 ５ ジェトロ青島事務所の開設を記念いたしまして、講演会のご案内をいたしましたところ、かくも多、くの皆様に御参集いただき、厚くお礼を申し上げます。各界を代表するご高名の方がお見えでございます。いちいちお名前を申し上げませんが。心 よりお礼を申し上げます。ありがとうございました 为了纪念ジュトロ青島事務所得开设，借演讲介绍来感谢大家在百忙之中， 来出席这次演讲。这次演讲的加宾有各界的知名人士，在这就不一一列举了，真得很感谢你们的捧场。 ６． 視聴率さえとっていれば、どんな「やらせ」をやろうとも、メデ??の責任を考えれば、モラルに反すると思うことをやっでも、大手を振ることができる世界で、それを見習ってい<人間と、そんなことはしたくないと気力が萎えてしまう人間が生まれ、富み栄えるのは前者ということになる。 ７ そればかりではない。考えてみれば、要資格職業での学科試験中心の運営は、（こうした諸試験の合格率の高い大学を求めた偏差値中心の受験体制を促進強化する)ことにもつながっている
英语作业翻译
西班牙公司在全球范围内取得的惊人成功证明旧式联网的价值。 —Mauro F. Guillén ,Esteban García-Canal 不计其数的来自新兴经济体的公司对于打入国际市场还十分犹豫，尤其是那些来自发展中国家的公司。因为他们认为自己的缺陷是无法弥补的。还有一些公司和传统的跨国公司一样小心，以盈利为中心。他们痛苦的认识到自己没有前沿的技术，占优势的品牌以及新颖的产品，而建立这些优势的过程将是漫长而又令人畏惧的，即便是对于拥有所必需资金的公司也是如此。所以他们只停留在国内。虽然可以盈利但是不能充分发挥自身的潜力。而且也难以与来自国外的竞争相抗衡。是的，这些公司只站在全球竞争的边缘是没有道理的。我们的研究表明即使一个公司没有先进的技术和品牌资产，它同样能运用其他技能在海外市场获得成功，比如说人际技能和操作技能，这些在国内已经磨砺多年的技能。我们来看一看一些西班牙的跨国公司就知道了。虽然西班牙经济在全球大萧条时期处于困境，他的国内生产总值和失业率飙升到大约20﹪。 怎样才能用旧式的技艺来占领新的市场 全球最大的新娘装制造商。普洛诺维斯（Pronovias）是西班牙两千多个跨国公司之一，它每年卖出480,000套衣服并在75个国家拥有分公司。即便没有技术和品牌优势，这个国家的大约2000个跨国公司中的许多公司在国外蓬勃发展。通过观察西班牙公司在过去25年的全球扩张，我们发现领导者通过兼并来扩大范围，但是只集中发展几个产业和地区。然后他们运用在其国内成长起来的政治联网技能，项目实施知识以及纵向整合技能---这些在其他新兴市场中的公司同样拥有的技能---来强化地位。在这个过程中西班牙公司能绕过跨国公司一直崇尚的缓慢，逐步增长的传统扩张战略。正如我们所要看到的，速度是一些西班牙公司在国际上取得成功的关键因素。这一点是别的公司走入全球市场需要牢牢记住的。 昔日的起步者成为全球巨头 在1986年以前，西班牙在海外并没有大量的投资。西班牙融入欧洲经济共同体后开始打破了其与欧洲其他国家贸易与竞争的壁垒。在此时，西班牙公司开始在电力，水力，石油，天然气，交通，通信及银行业进行大规模的跨国兼并。西班牙在20世纪90年代末期采用了欧元，这使得西班牙公司更容易获得在世界其他地区进行风险投资的资本。从而极大地促进了兼并的步伐。一些现在著名的西班牙跨国公司就是全球化第一次爆发的分流。2009年，就收入而言，Telefónica是全球第五大电信供应商，桑塔德银行(santander)是全球第四大银行。四家西班牙公司（ACS, FCC, Ferrovial, Abertis）在全球最大的交通基础设施开发商和管理商中跃居榜首。伊维尔德罗拉（Iberdrola）是最大的风能生产商，能源北美公司（acciona）是最大的风力田开发商，Sol Meliá是最大的度假酒店连锁商。更深一步的观察，你会发现西班牙公司在食品加工和服装工业居于领先地位。Viscofan是向肉类加工业提供人工肠衣最大生产商，Freixenet是20多年来全球最大的汽酒生产商。在纺织和服装行业，西班牙是牛仔裤引领者Tavex和全球最大的婚纱设计商制造商Pronovias的故乡。虽然西班牙在资金密集型产业如：化工，金属材料，电子，汽车等行业还没有全球争夺者，但少数几个西班牙公司在与这些行业相关联的利基市场是极其强大的竞争者。比如说汽车零部件生产商Grupo Antolin，无锈钢生产商Acerinox，风力涡轮机生产商Gamesa。随着它们走向全球化，西班牙公司不愿开昂贵而有风险的独资公司，取而代之，他们更青睐结盟，合资企业和兼并。例如，Banco Santander通过兼并在拉丁美洲建立起最大的零售银行，然后收购了英国修道院银行和其他一些欧美大的机构。在欧洲、亚洲和美洲的兼并使得Grupo SOS成为全球最大的橄榄油公司。Ebro Puleva也是通过兼并成为全球最大的稻米生产商和第二大的面条生产者。西班牙公司也倾向于在地理上集中它们在国外的扩张。大约90℅的西班牙外向直接投资集中在拉丁美洲和欧洲。这种目标指向性的扩长方式使得公司能够在全球延伸的欲望和不断更新技能的需要方面找到平衡。这是新兴经济体竞争者现在要面临的双重挑战。在拉美西班牙公司有着天然的优势，比如文化的类似性，语言的共同性，相互联系性，以及邻近的其他欧洲市场给予的销售增长和开发新潜能的机遇。在这里建立滩头堡之后，西班牙公司就有选择性的投资别的发达国家，如美国，来提升他们的技术和市场机能。贯穿其扩张的每一阶段，西班牙公司都采用老式的，历史悠久的技艺。 用政治专长来赌增长
英语翻译作业1
He stopped traffic on Fifth Avenue like the Beatles or Marilyn Monroe. He could've been president of Israel or played violin at Carnegie Hall, but he was too busy thinking. His musings on God, love and the meaning of life grace our greeting cards and day-timers. Fifty years after his death, his shock of white hair and droopy mustache still symbolize genius. Einstein remains the foremost scientist of the modern era. Looking back 2,400 years, only Newton, Galileo and Aristotle were his equals. Around the world, universities and academies are celebrating the 100th anniversary of Einstein's "miracle year" when he published five scientific papers in 1905 that fundamentally changed our grasp of space, time, light and matter. Only he could top himself about a decade later with his theory of general relativity. Born in the era of horse-drawn carriages, his ideas launched a dazzling technological revolution that has generated more change in a century than in the previous two millennia. Computers, satellites, telecommunication, lasers, television and nuclear power all owe their invention to ways in which Einstein peeled back the veneer of the observable world to expose a stranger and more complicated reality underneath. Yet there is more, and it is why Einstein transcends mere genius and has become our culture's grandfatherly icon. He escaped Hitler's Germany and devoted the rest of his life to humanitarian and pacifist causes with an authority unmatched by any scientist today, or even most politicians and religious leaders. He used his celebrity to speak out against fascism, racial prejudice and the McCarthy hearings. His FBI file ran 1,400 pages. His letters reveal a tumultuous personal life -- married twice and indifferent toward his children while obsessed with physics. Yet he charmed lovers and admirers with poetry and sailboat outings. Friends and neighbors fiercely protected his privacy 他曾像披头士和玛莉莲-梦露一样让第五大道交通阻塞， 他本可以成为以色列总统，或在卡内基音乐厅演奏小提琴，但他却把时间都用来思考。他对上帝、爱和对人生意义的思考经常出现在贺卡和台历上。 在他去世五十年后,他一头浓密的白发和下垂的胡须仍是天才的象征。 爱因斯坦仍然是现代最伟大的科学家。看过去的2400年里也只有牛顿、伽利略和亚里士多德才能与之相较。 世界各地的大学和学院都在庆祝爱因斯坦的“奇迹年”100周年纪念。就是他1905年发表五篇科学论文。从根本上改变了我们对空间、时间、光和物质的认识。只有他自己能在数十年之后超越他的广义相对论。 爱因斯坦出生在马车盛行的年代，但他的理论和思想却引发了一场令人眼花缭乱的科学技术革命。在短短的数百年中，这场科技革命带来的的变化远比以往2000年来变化的总和还要多。 计算机、人造卫星、电子通讯、激光、电视和核能的创造发明都归功于爱因斯坦提出的研究方法：......揭露一个陌生人和更复杂的现实。 当然爱因斯坦意味的并不仅仅是这些，他已经超越了科学天才的范畴，成为人类文明中德高望重的偶像。 他逃离了希特勒统治下的德国并把他的余生都献给了人道主义与和平主义事业。他的威望是当今任何科学家和大多数的政治或宗教领袖不能相比的。 作为公众人物，爱因斯坦常常站出来抨击法西斯主义、种族歧视以及当时美国当权者提出的“麦卡锡主义”。他提供给联邦调查局的文件达1400页。 爱因斯坦的书信揭示了他不寻常的个人生活：他结过两次婚；每当专注思考物理问题时，他就会忽略身边的子女。但是，他也会用诗歌和帆船出游来吸引他的爱人和仰慕者。他的朋友和邻居们都极力保护他的隐私。
英语翻译作业
AC500kV Substation Design In China Transmission and Substation Department,CPECC Abstract:Some brief informations about AC500kV substations in China,historical data of their design and essential design principles are presented in this paper.Some technical and engineering problems of AC500kV substation design and construction are discussed.It is emphasized to introduce the500kV substation scales,main electrical connections,selection of equipment and apparatus,insulation coordination,distribution switchyard,control and protection etc.Here we also discuss the policy of project cost control at present time and a prospective view of China AC substations in future. 1.Introduction The research and design of500kV substations in China were started in1977,and the first substation was put into operation in1981.From that time,because of the rapid development of electricity demand in China,design and construction of500kV substations have a great development.Especially in recent years,due to the increase of capital investment for power system construction from the State Government,500kV power system has developed even faster.Till1998about55substations(500kV)were already put into operation,in which217transformers were installed,and the total capacity reached60410 MVA.At present,there are30substations(total capacity26500MVA)under construction.In addition,it has been planned to construction/extends30substations(33transformers,24750 MVA)in accordance with the power delivery from Three Gorges Power Plant. A complete design system of AC500kV substation in China has been gradually established based on the past design and construction experiences and the use of new technologies.This system includes design procedures,design standards,rules and regulations, design management and so on. The essential design principles are safe and reliable,technically advanced,economical and reasonable,and good quality. 2.Size of Substations China is a developing country with broad territory.The economic development is very different from one region to another.In accordance with this fact,the500kV substation size is different at different time and for different region.
翻译作业2
SZ170420117 环境一班任云帆 Peter Newmark: The first traces of translation date from 3000 BC, during the Egyptian Old Kingdom, in the area of the First Cataract, Elephantine, where inscriptions i n two languages have been found. 最早的翻译的痕迹来自公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。 It became a significant factor in the West in 300 BC, when the Romans took over wholesale many elements of Greek culture, including the whole religious apparatus. 一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。In the twelfth century, the West came into contact with Islam in Moorish Sp ain. 在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。 The situation favoured the two essential conditions for large-scale translation (Storig, 1963): 这样的情景下推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是： a qualitative difference in culture (the West was inferior but scientifically acquisitive and receptive to new ideas) and continuous contact between two languages. 文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言简的持续交流 When the Moorish supremacy collapsed in Spain, the Toledo school of translato rs translated Arabic versions of Greek scientific and philosophical classics. 当摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。Luther’s Bible translation in 1522 laid the foundations of modern German and King James’s Bible (1611) had a seminal influence on English language and literature. 卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。 Significant periods of translation preceded Shakespeare and his contemporaries, French classicism and the Romantic Movements. 莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期 全文： 最早的翻译的踪迹公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。这样的情景下，推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是：文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言的持续交流。摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解后，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期。
英语翻译作业
近年来基于2010中国国家血压参考文献的中国儿童和青少年高血压患病率研究 儿童高血压是一种严重的公共卫生问题在世界范围内,尤其是在中国。流行病学研究表明,儿童高血压可以追踪到成年。此外,儿童高血压与成年发病率和死亡率的增加是密切相关的。2010年以前,在中国没有共识定义儿童高血压,这阻碍了中国不同的地区高血压患病率的比较。2010年,Mi 等人通过研究112227名3-18岁儿童和青少年的血压，获得了血压(BP)参考年龄和性别使用的参考文献。根据这个国家的定义,童年高血压定义为收缩压(SBP)和/或舒张压(菲律宾) 年龄和性别的百分比95以上。在本研究中,我们目的是执行使用系统回顾描述2010年中国的不同地区儿童和青少年高血压的患病率的应用。 PubMed和Wanfang数据库寻找合格的文献。搜索条件是(“高血压”或“高血压”)和(“孩子”或“青少年”或“学生”)和(“中国”或“中国人”)。从2010年1月(2010年后出版的, Mi 等人研究的中国国家血压引用文献.[5]),到2014年4月出版的刊物，语言仅限于英语和汉语。入选标准是:(1) 3-18岁的中国儿童和青少年;(2)使用2010中国血压参考标准;(3)测量收缩压和舒张压值至少在同一情况下三次;(3)自2008年以来进行的调查;(4)如果出版包括在不同年份的调查,只包括最近的调查。文献检索后,共有11项研究，（参与者总数是444214)(1、2、6-14)都包含在本研究中。纳入研究的特点总结在表1。高血压患病率在中国不同的区域有显著的不同， (图1)。中国北方城市包括北京(18.2%)或山东高血压患病率(23.3%)高于南部城市包括上海、湖南长沙、和海南(从3.1%升至11.2%)和农村地区。高血压患病率的升高可能很大程度上归因于中国北方饮食盐摄入量。例如,在山东农村成年人的每日摄取食盐约13 g,高于世界卫生组织(少于5克/天)推荐的两倍。 此外,在中国北方高血压高发病率中，肥胖是另一个重要的危险因素。在山东,大约16%的男生和8%的女生肥胖[16],而在湖南省长沙市相应的数据分别是7%和3%。我们还发现，基于中国健康和营养调查的数据和中国全国学生体质与健康调查,整体的高血压患病率14%。我们的研究有两个优点，首先,所有研究包括之后研究都采用相同的标准，即中国国家高血压参考文献。第二,所有调查研究在相似的时期,即从2008年到2010年，因此,流行是最新的,具有可比性。然而,应该注意研究中几个限制。首先,所有高血压患病率的研究仅为同一情况,除了孟等人[6] 在三个不同的时期提供的变化患病率。因此, 我们现在报告中的发病会高估了中国儿童和青少年的高血压真正的发病率。孟等人[6]表明, 在中国北京，3-18岁儿童和青少年高血压的患病率分别是三次分别是18.2%,5.1%,和3.1%。第二, 虽然我们列举了中国几个有限地区对肥胖患病率和消费的盐摄入量，但是中国不同地区高血压发病率不同，我们没有数据表明流行的原因是什么。第三,我们只研究几个儿童高血压高发地区, 需要进一步全面研究中国其他地区高血压患病率。第四,我们只报道汉族中国儿童高血压的患病率，而他少数民族没有类似报告。中国是一个多民族的国家有56个民族,但汉族占中国人口总数的92%左右。目前的研究表明,调查儿童和青少年高血压患病率和区域分布是很重要的，应该建立特定的干预策略来对抗高血压流行。主要措施应该建议控制体重,减少盐的摄入量,特别是在中国北方,以降低中国不同地区儿童高血压患病率。
翻译作业一
Session 6 Conversion 转性译法 请按要求翻译下列各句： 1. Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if such a proposal were accepted. (into adv.) 2. John was eloquent and elegant ---but soft. (into noun) 3. Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats. (into noun) 4. The communication system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained. 5. This new electronic computer is most widely used and plays an important part in scientific research. (into noun) 6. His statement yesterday was inconsistent with the facts. (into verb) 7. We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars. (into verb) 8. Our age is witnessing a profound political change. (into noun) 9. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. (into n.) 10. Securities laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably equally. (into adj.) How to Grow Old The best way to overcome the fear of death ----so at least it seems to me --- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river--- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.