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名词用法归纳

名词用法归纳
名词用法归纳

名词用法归纳March 16, 2008

一.名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。

专有名词: 人名, 地名, 机构等名称。如:Tom,Shanghai , Beijing University 普通名词: 某类人或东西中的个体。如:boy, dog, country

集体名词: 若干个体组成的集合体。如:family, team, police

物质名词: 无法分为个体的实物。如:air, water, food

抽象名词: 动作, 状态, 感情等抽象概念。如:progress, health, fun

(注意:普通名词和集体名词可数。物质名词和抽象名词不可数。)

二.名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分。

1.规则的可数名词的复数变化规则

1) 一般情况加s 。如:books, mouths, houses

2) 以s , sh , ch , x结尾的加es。如:classes , boxes, matches (但stomachs)

3) 辅音字母+ y结尾的变y为ies。如:cities, countries, parties

4) 以o 结尾的词多数+ es。如:heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes / zeros

以o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母+s。如:radios, zoos, bamboos

(但pianos , kilos,photos)

5) 以f,fe 结尾的多数+ es。如:leaves , lives ,wolves

The thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life.

但:也有一些+ s。如:roofs , proofs, gulfs, beliefs

(handkerchiefs / handkerchieves)

6)特殊变化的名词。

foot--- feet tooth--- teeth

goose---geese ox---oxen

child--- children mouse---mice

man / woman--- men / women

2. 名词词尾的读音规则

1)在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s]。如:cups,cakes,roofs

2) 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz]。如:glasses, faces, roses

3) 在其他情况下读作[z]。如:beds, days, knives

4) 以th结尾的词原来读清辅音,加词尾后多数读浊辅音。

如:mouth—mouths, path—paths

但也有不变化的,如:month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths

(但houses)

3. 不规则的可数名词的变化规则

1) man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children,

mouse—mice, goose---geese, ox---oxen

2) 单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works,

fish等。如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。如:

There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.

3) 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时, 两个词都变化。

man servant — men servants. (但boy / girl students)

woman doctor — women doctors.

4.复合名词的复数形式

son-in-law — sons-in-law , looker-on — lookers-on 主体名词变化。

film-goer — film-goers, grown-up — grown-ups 没有主体名词,词尾加复数。

5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加’s 或s

There are two l’s in the word “ all ”.

Your 7’s and 9’s look alike.

It happened in the 1960’s /1960s.

I will not accept your if’s and but’s.

6. 物质名词一般没有复数,有时用复数形式表示不同种类。

wheats, foods, fruits, vegetables

有时表示比原文更广的词义:

wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands, manner—manners

7. 抽象名词一般不可数;但是如果表示某一具体的情况,或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。

He jumped with joy.

My children are a great joy to me.

8. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs

9. 集体名词people, police, cattle 总是作复数。

( people 作民族、种族时, 有单复数两种形式)

Many cattle are kept on the farm.

Several police were on duty.

The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.

The English are a funny people.

10. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等单复数

都有,但意义不同。

The class is big.

The class are taking notes in English.

(前者看作整体,后者强调每一个人。)

The population in China is larger.

80% of the population in China are peasants. (同上)

11. hair,fruit 通常作单数,表示总体。

His hair is grey.

They have a rich harvest of fruit almost every year.

如果表示若干根头发,表示种类的水果时,可以加复数词尾。

He had a few white hairs. 他有几根白发。

Are fruits on sale in this season ? 这个季节有水果销售吗?

12. 以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。

mathematics , physics, politics, 等。

13. glasses,trousers,scissors,shoes,spectacles,等常用复数;但如果这

些词前用a pair of …/ this pair of…/ that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词由pair 来决定。

Where are my glasses ?

My new pair of trousers is too long.

Here are some new pairs of shoes.

14. 不可数名词没有复数形式,常考的不可数名词有:

progress, advice, fun, practice, news, information, knowledge, weather, equipment, furniture, clothing, jewellery, luggage, baggage, food, bread, nature, space…

如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词。

a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal /

equipment / furniture

a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap

抽象名词具体化可加不定冠词,如:a pleasure, a surprise, a help, a success, a failure, a shock, a pity, a shame, a joy, a sorrow, a difficulty, a trouble

15. 名词作定语

1)表示用途:a coffee cup 咖啡杯

a tobacco company 烟草公司

a vegetable garden

2)表示材料:a stone bridge 石桥

paper money 纸币

a diamond necklace 钻石项链

3)表示时间或地点:winter holiday 寒假

morning paper 晨报

city people 市民

4) 表示类别:a shoe shop, street lights, seat belts, a telephone number, water

pollution 水污染,body temperature 体温,weight problem 体温5)表示身份:a woman doctor,a boy student

注意:名词作定语常用单数:shoe shop,college students,basketball match 但man / woman 随后边名词变化: a woman doctor,two women doctors

a man doctor,two men doctors

6) 有些只用复数做定语

a sports meeting,a goods train

a sales manager,a customs officer

三. 名词的所有格:

1.有生命的名词所有格的构成

1)一般在词尾加’s:the teacher’s office, today’s newspaper

2)以s 结尾的复数名词只加’:workers’ rest homes工人疗养所

the masses’ request群众的请求

3) 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s:children’s toys

4) 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加’s:my sister-in-law’s brother

5) 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s:

This is Tom, Bob and Dick’s room.

6) 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’s

at Mr. Green’s , at my uncle’s, at the tailor’s

Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.

7) 名词短语只在最后一个词后加’s

a quarter of an hour’s talk, a ten minutes’ drive, a four days’ holiday

2. 名词所有格的用法:

1) 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系。

Le i Feng’s dairy

the Working People’s Palace of Cult ure 劳动人民文化宫

2) 也可用于表示时间的名词。

today’s paper, an hour’s drive, Friday’s work

3) 也可用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词。

the country’s plan, the farm’s fruit, China’s population

4) 也可用于表示由人组成的集体名词。

our party’s stand我党的立场

5) 也可用于表示度量、价值的名词。

two dollars’ worth of books, a pound’s weight

3. 凡不能用’s 属格的情况, 可用of 属格表示所属关系。

the City of New York, a map of China

特别是下列情况要用of 属格:

1) 当名词有较长的定语时,如:

the name of the girl standing at the gate

Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday?

2)所修饰的名词前有数量词时,如:

a play of Comrade Li’s, some friends of my brother’s

3)所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词时,如:

tha t performance of the teachers’

4. 双重所有格:

当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词,如a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few, another 等修饰时,用双重所有格,双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的。

a poem of Lu Xun’s

a friend of / mine / his / hers

some friends of my brothers’

Which novel of Dicken’s are you reading ?

5. 几种特殊情况:

the key to the door

keys to the exercises 练习的答案

notes to the text 课文注释

answers to the question

tickets for the film//movie

a check for $1500. 1500美元的支票

anyone else’s book

the monument to the people’s heroes人民英雄纪念碑

the entrance to the station//cinema

(在现代英语中of属格大都可用’s 所有格代替。)

* * * * * * * *

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[编辑本段] 定义 由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语 [编辑本段] 动名词的作用 动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 作主语 Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣 Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。 动名词作主语,在动词的基础上加Ing,是该动词或动词短语,有名词的各种特征,可作名词灵活使用。如: It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。 It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。 动名词作主语的几种类型 动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。 动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况: 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如: Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时,不太常用it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如: It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesti ng,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。

初中英语动词ing 用法小结

[导读] 动词finish, mind, enjoy, practise, keep等后接动词,要用动名词形式作宾语。 在英语教学中,我发现考动词-ing 形式的题目很多。根据多年教学经验,现在把初中阶段容易考-ing的情况总结如下: 一、一些动词后要接动名词作宾语 1. Everyone enjoys____(watch) TV in the evening. 2. Please finish____(draw)the picture after school. 3. The students practise____(read) English every morning. 【解析】动词finish, mind, enjoy, practise, keep, miss, hate, consider, continue , Imagine, suggest, advise等后接动词,要用动名词形式作宾语。答案是:watching;drawing;reading. 二、一些介词后面要加动名词作宾语 1. He is good at ____(write). 2. We are looking forward to____(see)you. 3. They are interested in____(listen)to music. 4. You can drink a lot of water without____(get) fat. 【解析】介词后跟动词,要用动名词形式作其宾语。如下列结构中的介词:thanks for doing sth, think about doing, be good at doing sth, do well in doing sth, succeed in doing , How/What about doing sth?, instead of doing sth, keep sb from doing sth, stop sb from doing sth, look forward to doing sth, be used to(习惯于)doing sth, devote to doing sth, pay attention to doing, prefer doing to doing, make a contribution (贡献)to doing sth 答案是:writing; seeing; listening;getting. 三、一些固定结构要加动词的ing形式 1. He spends half an hour____(do)his homework every day. 2. They are busy____(prepare)for the coming test.

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