中国文化翻译

一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

二、饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

三、针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hai led as one of the “four new national treasures.”

四、中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both

“the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

五、汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and

“乙” (the turning stroke).

六、中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

七、印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;

or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually bec oming one of China’s unique artworks.

八、天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.

九、中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象

征。东方文明的使者。

China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

十、中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hai led as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

十一、笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔

墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.

十二、对联又称楹联或对子，是依中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。

The antithetical couplet (also called duilian) is also known as yinglian or duizi. An antithetical couplet is a kind of national writing style, which is composed by the skillful manipulation of the characteristic of the Chinese language that one character corresponds with one syllable. The philosophical origin and

national cultural psychology of the antithetical couplet are the notion of yin-yang duality according to which the Chinese recognize and master things. The feature of the antithetical couplet is an “antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of speech, the level and oblique fitting with each other, the contents being related, and the rhythms corresponding. There are many types of antithetical couplets, such as Spring Festival couplets, marriage couplets, birthday couplets, elegiac couplets, and antithetical couplets about tea, etc.

十三、中国围棋

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。古称为奕，别称坐隐，手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。围棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数易理、兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。

Chinese Weiqi

The four art forms in ancient China are quqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And chess particularly refers to Chinese Weiqi. Weiqi could be called the national chess of China. In ancient times, Weiqi was called Yi, with the alternative names Zuoyin and Shoutan. The regulations of Weiqi are both simple and complex at the same time. A full Weiqi set has 361 playing pieces and is played on a board with a 19 by 19 grid. The circumference of the board is less than 2/3 metre. Playing Weiqi may look like an arrangement of two sides’ black and white pieces. However, it is actually a competition between two players and it tests their wisdom, courage, and patience. Weiqi symbolizes Heaven and Earth. It contains countless philosophical theories, such as the theories embodied in the image-numerology in The Book of Changes, the art of war, and theories on state administration and national security, which embodies the wisdom and the spirit of Chinese culture.

十四、中国京剧

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合型表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑*男性女性皆有）四大行当。

Chinese Beijing opera

Praised as “Oriental Opera,” Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts—song, speech, performance, acrobatic fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male) and chou (clown, male or female).

十五、中国道教

道教是中国土生土长的宗教。创始人是春秋（前770-前476）末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”，崇尚清净无为、修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其儌”便是老子的至理名言。Chinese Taoism

Taoism first originated in China. the founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC). Tao TeChing, whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to e the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden sayings:

The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;

The names that can be named are not unvarying names.

It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;

The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.

Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.

十六、中国成语

成语是汉语中意义完整地表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”即是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit hta is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchunyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extracted from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.

中西语言文化差异与英汉互译

中西语言文化差异与英汉互译 【摘要】不同的国家有着不同的语言文化，翻译与文化有着密可不分的联系。文化的共性使翻译成为可能，但其语言文化的个性又给翻译活动设置了障碍。我国汉族文化与英、美等西方文化之间存在很大差异，这种差异造成思维方式不同，具体体现在汉、英两种语言上的互译上。因此，在当今全球化竞争日益激烈的形势下，把中英文翻译地更准确更贴近两种语言文化氛围是十分必要的。 【关键词】思维方式；差异；英汉翻译 0.引言 翻译作为语际交际是语言的转换过程，同时也是文化交融的过程。在很大程度上，它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。翻译作为沟通两种不同语言的桥梁，在跨文化交际中起着不可或缺的重要作用。然而，不同的语言文字有着其自身的文化内涵：一种语言文字中的某些含义，有时候很难通过译文用另一种语言文字传达给读者，而翻译中所失去的恰恰就是跨语言文化的内涵与微妙。正因为如此，翻译工作者就要从提高自身的素质方面出发，努力创造出既符合我国国情，又符合英语特点，并能让英语国家人们读懂和理解的英语表达法。 1.中西语言文化差异 由于中西方文化差异的影响，英语重形合，而汉语重意合。由于中国传统的思想把人与自然看成是一个有机的整体，从而形成了汉民族汉语重意合和具象思维的特点。西方的哲学家认为人类可以征服自然，这使得他们常把观察的视点放在动作的承受者上，所以，英语中存在大量的被动语态。另外，汉民族的思维受道家和儒家思想的影响，汉语常用人称作主语，经常会用“有人”“人们”“大家”等泛指人称或省略主语的无主句。同时在对待时间的态度上，中国人以过去为取向，无论人们做什么都要考虑此事过去是否做过，而西方人尤其是英美人则习惯未来取向，主张一切着眼于未来。从而决定了中国人偏重顺向的和螺旋式的思维，而西方人则偏重于逆向和直线式的思维。英语具有明显的词形变化、形式多样的语法形式。而汉语无词形变化，语法形式的表达主要依靠词汇手段。英语可通过动词的屈折变化来体现不同的时态，而汉语因无词形变化需借助于词汇手段即表示时间的副词来交代动作发生的时间。英语是形合语言，这源于西方人习惯于分析，逻辑和推理，思维模式呈线性。反映在语言上是注重形态变化和语法结构，多用关联词语体现句子内部和句子之间的关系，结构较明晰。而汉语是意合语言，中国人讲注重整体和谐，具有直观性、综合性和整体性特点，汉语思维重综合和意会，反映在句子成分和结构上相对不明晰，这些差异在语篇衔接上有所体现，作为在作者和读者之间起到桥梁作用的译者，应该了解英汉语篇连接上的差异，需要使用一些翻译策略，使译文通顺连贯。 2.差异与英汉互译

中国文化翻译练习30篇(讲义)

1、中国酒文化Chinese Wine Culture 中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。 （1）中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。Chinese people began to make wine with grains seven thousand years ago. （2）总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。 Generally speaking, wine has a close connection with Chinese culture in both ancient and modern times. （3）长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。 Chinese wine culture has been play ing a quite important role in Chinese people’s life for a long time. （4）我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。 Our Chinese ancestors used to enjoy themselves by

drinking wine while writing poetry, or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast. （5）作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。 Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party, farewell dinner, wedding, etc. 2、中国书法Chinese Calligraphy 中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。书法在中国艺术中拥有举足轻重的地位，因为它影响到了其它的中国艺术形式，比如古典诗歌、雕塑、传统音乐及舞蹈、建筑及手工艺品。作为传统的艺术瑰宝，中国书法被全世界人民所喜爱，且越来越受到欢迎。 （1）中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self-cultivation and self-expression. （2）作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。

常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译

常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考

中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)

Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.

中国文化相关词汇英文翻译

中国文化相关词汇英文翻译 元宵节：Lantern Festival 刺绣：embroidery 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 对联：（Spring Festival）Couplets 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 战国：Warring States 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 函授部：The Correspondence Department 集体舞：Group Dance 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weedings and Funerals 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 附属学校：Affiliated school 古装片：Costume Drama 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling（Soup） 一国两制：One Country，Two Systems 火锅：Hot Pot 四人帮：Gang of Four 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 素质教育：Essential-qualities-Oriental Education 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 大跃进：Great Leap Forward（Movement） 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 针灸：Acupuncture 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/The Tang Tri-colored pottery 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 偏旁：radical 孟子：Mencius 亭/阁：Pavilion/Attic 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 火药：gunpowder

论语言文化与翻译技巧

2009年4月 第6卷第4期 Journal of Hubei University of Economics(Humanities and Social Sciences) 湖北经济学院学报（人文社会科学版） Apr.2009Vol.6No.4 一、英汉互译应注意文化差异 众所周知，文化差异是翻译中的一大障碍。任何译者都必然会遇到它。这是因为不论笔译还是口译都是借助语言来完成的；而语言本身就是文化信息的载体与容器。 [1] 而且语言与 文化密不可分，即“语言与文化的联系既多样又广泛。毫无疑问，学者、作家及社会活动家的写作活动是民族文化的重要因素，它对语言规范的发展有着影响。”从翻译的角度来看，文化差异往往通过对两种不同语言文字的比较与对照得到真实的体现，而译者必须尊重各民族语言文化的同时，还必须考虑各民族的适应度和可接受度。在交际时，译者必须介绍该民族文化在语言交际中的差异，否则就造成很大的笑话。据说一个由于文化的差异，而造成语言交流时的误解故事，即一个很流行的故事就是有位中国官员携妻子访美，在与美国员相遇寒暄时，双方都忽视了对方的语言文化差异而造成语义误解的尴尬局面。从这个事例中我们可领悟道译者在口笔译时都必须从不同的文化背景，文化常识等知识的角度去理解其语言语义。比如译者所进行的是英译汉，他或她就须首先想到本民族读者所特有的语言文化，照顾其身份与利益，扬长避短，使一些难为本民族读者所接受的文化因素尽量离他们远一些，或提醒他们以批判的态度待之，在可让译文适合欧化的同时，注意使用规范的词与句，要尽可能地从汉语中去寻找现成或规范的部分，有时即便无计可施也得设法为之，这就是翻之技巧。当然还可采用加脚注的办法，其目的都是为了消除文化上的障碍，理解上的困难。 如：“You don ’t want to lose Larry altogether,do you ?” She shook her head. S.Maugham:THE RAZOR ’S EDGE,p.256. “你不想完全失掉拉里，是吗？”她点头。 周煦良译：《刀锋》，第245页。 [2] 从译文看，译者很了解原语的文化背景，并善于处理文化差异所造成的理解障碍，即将shook 摇头译成点头。摇头是英美人同意否定句问话的习惯，译者为了使中国读者不至误会，而译成了点头。这里的文化差异在于：回答否定句时，英美人是着眼于所问的内容，而中国人则着眼于问话本身的正确与 否。所以译者的译文是恰到好处的。达到了使广大读者也无理解困难或异议。 就语言文化本身来言，一民族的文化之所以是另一民族理解和翻译的障碍，是因为它事先未为这个民族的人所了解。不管是英译汉还是汉译英，译者除了重视东西文化之间的差异外，还应重视其它翻译技巧。如“读者对等”“归化、异化”等等。 就“读者对等”而言，它是奈达有名的“灵活对等”理论的一个极为重要的部分。而众多的奈达的研究者们看中的只是他的语言形式、语言风格、语言神韵的对等，对“读者对等”这一部分采取视而不见的态度。而谭载喜在《奈达论翻译》一书中从读者反应这一角度对奈达的理论又进行了卓有成效的概括与研究。他在《翻译的性质》这一章中，特别强调论述了这一点，奈达主张，从读者的角度来看翻译，则必须引进另一观点，要看译作能否被读者所理解、衡量它的标准不仅在于译文中词句能否被理解，还在于读者对整个译文会产生什么样的反应。[3]这无疑告诉了翻译工作者在英汉互译时不仅要注重读者的反应，也要注意语义上的对等原则。 二、英汉互译应注意语义上的对等原则 1.最切近对等原则的实现 语言文化的差异，使双语翻译中绝对对等的实现难以完全达到，然而在可能的范围内尽量地贴近则是可以达到的。当然英语属印欧语系，汉语属于汉藏语系，双语的表达方式有不尽相同的地方，在这种情况下，一个成功的翻译者要学会灵活地加以变通，准确地再现原语的精神，追求最切近对等原则的实现，从而实现对等。例如： （1）鸳鸯道：家生女儿怎么样？牛不吃水强按头。（《红楼梦》四十六回） “It makes no odds ”,said Faithful,“You can take an ox to the water,but you can ’t make him drink (Hawkes) “What difference does it make?You can ’t force an ox to bend its head to drink ”,said Yuan yang.(Yang) 霍克斯将英谚中“You can take a horse to the water,but you can ’t make him drink ”作了变通，这样既保持了汉语谚语 的表达力，也成功地达到了对等。对西方读者而言，也是一点 论语言文化与翻译技巧 王芳，张君 (湖南工业大学外国语学院，湖南株洲412008) 摘 要：语言是交际的工具,是文化信息的,若忽略了语言与文化,无论怎么说都难以获得成功的译文；同样是 翻译，译文还有高下优劣之分。好的译文不仅符合作者的原意，还能传达其微妙之处，使读者能很好理解原文要旨，感受其风格等。本文试图用一些例证，以印证语言文化与翻译技巧的重要性。 关键词：文化；翻译；技巧 122··

中国文化翻译练习10篇2

一、对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有开拓变化和团结凝聚的寓意。 (1) 对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。Chinese Dragon totem worship in China has been around for over 8,000 years. (2) 中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) as a fetish that combine s animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. (3) 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. (4) 在中国人的心目中，龙具有开拓变化和团结凝聚的寓意。 To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。 (1) 秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。 Yangko is one of the traditional folk dances of Han nationality in China. It is usually performed in Northern provinces. (2) 秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。 The dancers usually wear / are dressed in colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. (3) 在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。 During some festivals such as the Spring Festival, the

中国文化常识翻译王天竹

概述 中华民族是一个古老的民族，也是一个有深厚文化底蕴的民族。中国的传统艺术门类繁多、雅俗共赏，从悠扬动人的民间音乐到细腻缠绵的地方戏曲，从疏洁淡雅的水墨画到刚柔并济的书法，无不闪烁着智慧之光，令人赞叹不已。 舞狮 舞狮大约起源于南北朝时期，到了唐朝，狮子舞已发展为上百人集体表演的大型歌舞。 舞狮在中国是一项传统体育项目，也是一种传统文化艺术，从北方到南方，从城市到乡村，逢年过节及庆典盛事，都可以看到欢快的舞狮。民间认为舞狮可以很好地把百姓的欢喜心情表达出来，也最能烘托热闹气氛。舞狮尤以广东地区一带最为盛行。用来舞动的狮子外形威武，动作刚劲，神态多变，广东人称它为“醒狮”。 中国百姓对狮子有图腾般的崇敬感，狮子在民间有很多传说，其位置仅次于龙，因此舞狮也就带有了不少神秘色彩。人们相信狮子是吉祥瑞兽，而舞狮能够带来好运，所以每逢节日和喜庆活动，都会舞狮助兴，祈求吉利和如意。专用于节庆场合纳福迎祥的舞狮，代代相传，从古代民间传统的娱乐活动，发展成为具有健身功能的体育运动。舞龙和舞狮的热闹场面在中国的电影中也是很常见的。 吉祥图案 中国民间，流传着许多含有吉祥意义的图案。每到年节或喜庆的日子，人们都喜欢用这些吉祥图案装饰自己的房间和物品，以表示对幸福生活的向往，对良辰佳节的庆贺。 中国的吉祥图案始于距今3000多年前的周代，后来在民间流传开来。今天，吉祥图案任然是中国人生活中不可缺少的内容。 中国的吉祥图案内容及其广泛，这里介绍最常见的几种：：“双喜”字，是双喜临门，大吉大利的意思，民间常在办喜事时采用。 “寿”字，字头经过加工美化，变成对称的图案，是长寿的意思。“福寿双全”，是由蝙蝠和寿字组成的图案。“蝠”与“福”同音。表示幸福长寿。 两个“有”字组成的对称图案，意思是顺也有，倒也有。在中国农村常用来贴在收藏谷物的器具上，表示丰收富裕。“百吉”，也叫“盘长”。它无头无尾，无始无终，可以想象为许多个“结”，谐“百吉”之音，作为百事吉祥如意的象征，也有福寿延绵，永无休止的意思。“五福捧寿”，图案中5个蝙蝠环绕一个寿字。五福是长寿、富贵、康宁、道德、善终。“四合如意”，4个如意从四面围拢勾连起来，象征诸事如意。 小孩儿满月与抓周 在中国，小孩儿的满月酒和抓周仪式独具特色。在孩子的成长过程中，这两

英语六级翻译必备词汇——中国文化

英语六级翻译必备词汇——中国文化 来源：文都图书 自从四六级改革以后，翻译就由之前的部分句子汉译英变成了整段的汉译英，这对于考生来说难度确实加大不少。新翻译涉及到社会、经济、历史、文化等等，这就要求大家在这些方面多加注意并积累。文都在这里给大家总结了一些有关中国文化的必备词。 火药gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass 《三字经》The Three-Word Chant 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游记》Journey to the West; 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 中国画traditional Chinese painting 书法calligraphy 水墨画Chinese brush painting; 中国结Chinese knot 旗袍Cheongsam 京剧人物脸谱Peking Opera Mask 相声comic crosstalk

皮影戏shadow play; 说书story-telling 武术martial art 阳历solarcalendar 阴历lunarcalendar 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 太极拳：Tai Chi 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 孟子：Mencius 敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves 北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck 火锅：Hot Pot 关于六级翻译，内容还是比较广泛的，对于日常生活中比较常见的词语最好都要弄清它的英文翻译。平时也要多注意进行练习，因为是新题型，所以真题比较少，大家可以配套文都出版的《大学英语六级考试真题精析与标准预测》，里面附赠20片短文翻译，让大家有题可做。

英语中国文化翻译

The writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study”.The writing brush and inkstick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writng surfaces, gradually faded out. The inkstone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty (960AD-1279AD), the “Four Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the inkstick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the inkstone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the “Four Treasures of the Study” have written the whole Chinese civilization, as it is. 笔墨纸砚是中国古时文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦（前221—前206）时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前206—公元220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。文房四宝”到宋朝（960—1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣纸（安徽宣州）、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。 对联 The antithetical couplet (also called duilian) is also known as yinglian or duizi. An antithetical couplet is a kind of national writing style, which is composed by the skillful manipulation of the characteristic of the Chinese language that one character corresponds with one syllable. The philosophical origin and national cultural psychology of the antithetical couplet are the notion of yin-yang duality according to which the Chinese recognize and master things. The feature of the antithetical couplet is an “antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of speech, the level and oblique fitting with each other, the contents being related, and the rhythms corresponding. There are many types of antithetical couplets, such as Spring Festival couplets, marriage couplets, birthday couplets, elegiac couplets, and antithetical couplets about tea, etc. 对联又称楹联或对子，是依中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。

中英语言与文化比较

浙江大学（2011-2012）学年秋冬学期 《中英语言与文化比较》课程期末论文 姓名祖木热提古丽·牙生学号 3100105234 班级人文1012 成绩 Cross-cultural Comparison of Chinese and English Public Service Advertising 《中英公益广告的跨文化比较》 摘要：公益广告以社会关注的问题为核心，通过媒介以广告的方式引起公众注意并改变公众的态度和行为促进社会健康持续发展。在公益广告设计中，修辞手法的广泛使用是公益广告的一个重要特征。由于受自身民族语言文化的制约与影响，英汉公益广告又各自有风格特点。本文通过英汉广告修辞手法的比较，以期在公益广告理解与翻译中，把握其自身的特点。 关键词：英汉公益广告,修辞手法,比较与翻译 一、引言 公益广告亦称公共服务广告、公德广告，是以为公众谋利益和提高福利待遇为目的而设计的广告；是企业或社会团体向消费者阐明它对社会的功能和责任，表明自己追求的不仅仅是从经营中获利，而是过问和参与如何解决社会问题和环境问题这一意图的广告，它是指不以盈利为目的而为社会公众切身利益和社会风尚服务的广告。它具有社会的效益性、主题的现实性和表现的号召性三大特点。亚里士多德在《修辞学》一书中将修辞定义为 “ 一种能在任何一个问题上找到可能的说服方式的功能”，因此在广告语言里运用修辞是再适合不过了。“从大量的广告作品实例来看，凡属优秀的广告作品，无一不有十分精美的语言文字，修辞格式是语言文字艺术之花，绝大多数语言文字精美的广告作品，又都成功地运用了修辞格式”。公益广告创作者为了能更好地传播主题，达到其说服教育的目的，常常要用一些修辞手段使其语言更加准确、鲜明、生动而且有力。 英汉公益广告中都使用大量的修辞手法赋予广告极强的艺术性。因此在翻译公益广告时既要重视功能性又不可忽视艺术性。失去语言的魅力也就失去了广告的魅力。广告译文能否与原文在语用上等效取决于广告修辞手法的传译。由于这些广告都是基于本民族语言特点及文化内涵形成的，所以传译往往较难。 二、英汉公益广告的修辞手法与翻译 公益广告的真实性与思想性要通过艺术的形式才能表达出来，所以说，广告的艺术性才是广告的灵魂，成功的公益广告应具有一定的艺术感染力。艺术的感染力不仅体现在图片上，语言的感染力也非同小可，其中修辞手法就是赋予公益广告艺术感染的常用方法，因此下文将分别从英语和汉语的公益广告中欣赏修辞与试析翻译公益广告修辞的沿用与转换。 （一）英语公益广告中常见的修辞与翻译 1.头韵，英语语音修辞手段之一，它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美，使得语言声情交融、音义一体，具有很强的表现力和感染力，从应用范围，结构特征及审美值三个方面对其进行分析讨论，将有助于我们理解和欣赏这辞格。英语的公益广告中为了达到理想的语音美的效果，会使用头韵修辞手法，如：“Loose Lips Sink Ships.”这是二次大战期间美国保密防谍的标语。在翻译这则广告时，欲在译文同样使用头韵的修辞传达原文的语意功能几乎是不可能的，因此在处理这句标语时，我们不妨利用汉语中的文化或不同的修辞使译文同时具备功能性与艺术美，如译文“一言不慎，千帆尽沉”中采用汉语的四字格，“祸从口出”中的习语，以及“三思而后言”中仿拟修辞手法的使用都能从不同的角度译出原文的语意和美感。 2.脚韵，脚韵也类似汉语中的押尾韵，指词尾音素重复。在英国，男士们都比较绅士，在用完抽水马桶后通常会被期待着将坐垫放下，以表示对女性的尊重和体谅，所以在有些地方就会有这样一条公益广告，“Please be sweet，put down the seat.”其中采用的就是以/e/音结尾的“sweet”和“seat”。这样一种温馨提示使得男士的举手之劳让女士都能从中受益，使社会更加和谐。在翻译句广告时应将其语音功能放在首位，其次追求其形式美。故此提示语译文“麻烦放下坐垫，谢谢您的关照”中用“麻烦”、“谢谢”礼貌体，以及句式字数上的对应来实现语言的魅力，最终达到公益广告为公众服务的效能。 3.强调，指采用修辞手法（Stylistic Devices）来表现句中相对重要的概念。这种修辞手法主要通过以下途径来实现词序或位置、对照或对比、重复、省略、语气、固定句式或结构。由于文化背景不一样，西方国家主张个性张扬，这也使得西方的公益广告中出现强调“you”的作用，如美国一则家喻户晓的以Smoky Bear

中国传统文化英语翻译

元宵节： Lantern Festival 2. 刺绣：embroidery 3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting 6. 书法：Calligraphy 7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets 8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 10.四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 11.战国：Warring States 12.风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13.铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 14.函授部：The Correspondence Department 15.集体舞：Group Dance 16.黄土高原：Loess Plateau 17.红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 18.中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 19.结婚证：Marriage Certificate 20.儒家文化：Confucian Culture 21.附属学校：Affiliated school 22.古装片：Costume Drama 23.武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 24.元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25.一国两制：One Country, Two Systems 26.火锅：Hot Pot 27.四人帮：Gang of Four 28.《诗经》：The Book of Songs 29.素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education 30.《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31.大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement) 32.《西游记》：The Journey to the West 33.除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34.针灸：Acupuncture 35.唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36.中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 37.偏旁：radical 38.孟子：Mencius 39.亭/阁： Pavilion/ Attic 40.大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 41.火药：gunpowder 42.农历：Lunar Calendar 43.印/玺：Seal/Stamp 44.物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization 45.京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera