完整word版语言学练习Chapter2习题

Chapter 2：Phonology

I.D ecide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T

3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.

4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.

5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.

6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of

the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.

8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.

9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.

10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.

11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.

12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.

13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.

14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.

15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.

16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.

17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.

18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.

19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.

20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.

II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

21． A ___ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.

22． A ___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce

the speech sounds and how they differ.

23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b sounds.

24．Of all the speech organs, the t is the most flexible, and is responsible for

varieties of articulation than any other.

25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of articulation.

26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s .

27．S _________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the

segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.

28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s rules.

29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is

called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n transcription.

30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i .

31． P ___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular

language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.

32． The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o cavity and the nasal cavity.

33．T _____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration

of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 34． Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.

III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

35． Of all the speech organs, the

is a voiced alveolar stop.

40． The sound /f/ is

is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords

36． The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are sounds.

A. voiceless

B. voiced

C. vowel

D. consonantal

37． A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/

38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by a sequential phoneme, thus making the two

phones ______________________________________________

copying ” a featur A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar

39． Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be .

A. in phonemic contrast

B. in complementary distribution

C. the allophones

D. minimal pair

A. voiced palatal affricate

B. voiced alveolar stop

D. voiceless labiodental fricative C. voiceless velar fricative

41. A ___ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining

the highest position.

42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called .

C. suprasegmental features

D. semantic features

43. A(n) _________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a

collection of distinctive phonetic features.

C. allophone

D. phoneme

44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the of that phoneme.

C. phonemes

D. allophones

IV. Define the terms below:

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?

58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels ?

59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?

A. back

B. central

C. front

D. middle

A. phonetic components

B. immediate constituents

A. phone

B. sound

A. phones

B. sounds

45. phonology phonetic

alphabet

46. phoneme 47.allophone

48. international 49. intonation

phonetics

50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pair

60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.

61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not ?