英文生物论文写作AbstractExample01

英文生物论文写作（homework1）

中科院海洋研究所地球科学学院0609班

2013E8006861080 王婷

Feedbacks and Questions

When I accomplish reading these 10 abstract, I learned that:

Frist ,When writing abstracts of academic papers, many authors are used to applying past tense; Rather than using past tense aimlessly, they are adapt to use it to describe the methods or results or both(5 papers). When writing abstracts of reviews, few authors use past tense(4 reviews in all, No past tense).

Second, There are three papers using passive voice in almost whole abstracts, except these authors who are adept at doing this, others are prefer to apply positive voice.

Third,Academic papers have disparate writing form compared with reviews. They must contain backgrounds, questions, methods, results and conclusions, although sometimes methods and results can be incorporated part. While reviews seem not to have a fixed pattern of writing.

Fourth, Only does a specific abbreviation appear more than twice in an abstract, the use of this abbreviation can be right and standard.

Finally I realized that except for conciseness, an abstract must be well-organized in order to catching the eyes of readers. As a newbie abstract writers, we need to learn a lot more.

Through reading and dissecting these 10 abstract I have questions as follows:

1. Whether we should try to avoid using long and complex sentences? Compound sentences sometimes seem to be redundant and be easier to mislead readers.

2. In some situations, for example “we report the first cloning and functional characterization of an SR molecule from teleost fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis). This SR (TnSR) ……,”Is it necessary to specify “TnSR”in advance in first sentence, then use its abbreviation directly in the text that follows? If it is necessary,how should we do?

3. When writing an abstract, should we use sentences like “we characterizes for the first time……”, “we report the first cloning and functional characterization of ……”，and“to our knowledge……” ect.? Why?

4. How should we do to stress the novelty or significance of our research?

5. Why many authors write sentences like “data on their occurrence and functions ……are limited.”or “To date very few studies have been carried out to ……” and so on? If this usage is correct, what’s the function or purpose?

6. What’s the difference between “novel (more specific)” and “new”?

7. Like academic papers, do abstracts of reviews have a specific and standard writing form?

8. By hearing professor Yu’s explanation, I known in the following example what “which” refers to is not very clear. I still wonder how to rewrite this sentence correctly?

(Example: However, vitamin A deprivation paradoxically resulted in dramatic expansion of interleukin-13 (IL-13)–producing ILC2s and resistance to nematode infection in mice, which revealed that ILCs are primary sensors of dietary stress. )

2.Abstract 备注：蓝色——缩写

黄色——一般现在时

红色——过去时

绿色——被动语态（批注框中的绿色代表修改后的正确形式）

1. Cheng, S. F., et al. (2012). "A single immunoglobulin-domain IgSF protein from Sciaenops ocellatus regulates pathogen-induced immune response in a negative manner." Dev Comp Immunol 38(1): 117-127.

glycoprotein and contains an N-terminal signal peptide sequence, a single extracellular immunoglobulin V domain, a transmembrane region, and a

cytoplasmic region. However, unlike most NITRs, the cytoplasmic region of

SoIgSF1 exhibits no consensus inhibitory or stimulatory signaling sequences but has two tyrosine-containing motifs that conform to the right-half sequence of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). Quantitative

real time RT-PCR analysis showed that SoIgSF1 expression occurred mainly

in immune organs and was drastically induced by viral and bacterial infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that viral infection of head kidney

(HK) leukocytes induced surface expression of SoIgSF1, which was able to

interact with antibodies against recombinant SoIgSF1. Antibody cross-linking

of immune relevant

receptor through a novel

2. Meng, Z., et al. (2012). "Scavenger receptor in fish is a lipopolysaccharide recognition molecule involved in negative regulation of NF-kappaB activation by competing with TNF receptor-associated factor 2 recruitment into the TNF-alpha signaling pathway." J Immunol 189(8): 4024-4039.

Scavenger receptors (SRs) play crucial roles in innate immunity by acting as

pattern recognition receptors. Although SRs

are

widely documented

in

data

on their occurrence and functions in ancient vertebrates are

In this study, we report, to our knowledge, the first cloning and

characterization of an SR molecule from teleost fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis). This SR (TnSR) was identified as a homolog to mammalian

scavenger receptor class A member 5 with the conserved structure of a class A

SR. TnSR contained multidomains in a type II transmembrane receptor,

including an SR cysteine-rich domain, two coiled-coil collagenous domains, a

transmmebrane domain, and a short N-terminal intracellular region with an

unexpected TNFR-associated factor 2-binding consensus motif similar to that

in human MSR molecules. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TnSR may be

an ancient member of class A SRs resulting from the close relationship

between scavenger receptor class A member 5 and macrophage SR in

vertebrates associated with the subtle differences in TnSR structure.

Subcellular localization analysis showed that TnSR was a cell membrane

receptor with homotrimer forms involved in the recognition and

internalization of LPS from surface membranes into lysosomes. Functionally,

TnSR expression was dramatically induced by LPS stimulation. TnSR served

as a

negative regulator in LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation by the competitive recruitment of TNFR-associated factor 2 from the TNF-alpha

signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that SR

inflammatory pathway. These findings contribute to a better Background

3. Sun, J. S., et al. (2012). "Cynoglossus semilaevis thioredoxin: a reductase and an antioxidant with immunostimulatory property." Cell Stress Chaperones 17(4): 445-455.

the form of CQPC. Expression of CsTrx1 as determined by quantitative

real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was highest in liver and upregulated in

time-dependent manners by bacterial infection and by exposure to iron, copper, hydrogen peroxide. Purified recombinant CsTrx1 (rCsTrx1) exhibited

insulin disulfide reductase activity and antioxidant activity, both which,

however, were lost when the two cysteine residues in the CQPC motif were mutated to serine. Further analysis showed that rCsTrx1 was able to stimulate

the proliferation of head kidney leukocytes, upregulate the expression of

immune relevant genes, and enhance the resistance of leukocytes against bacterial infection. Taken together, these results indicate that CsTrx1 is a biologically active reductase and an antioxidant that requires the CXXC motif

for activity and that CsTrx1 possesses cytokine-like immunoregulatory

property. These results suggest a role for CsTrx1 in protecting cells against oxidative stress caused by oxidant exposure and pathogen infection.

4. Xiong, R., et al. (2012). "Characterization of a PIAS4 homologue from zebrafish: insights into its conserved negative regulatory mechanism in the TRIF, MA VS, and IFN signaling pathways during vertebrate evolution." J Immunol 188(6): 2653-2668.

C-terminal region. Subcellular localization analysis shows that zfPIAS4a is a

nuclear-localized protein and that the C terminus of the molecule harbors strict

dramatically induced by the stimulation of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and IFN1. It acts as a critical negative regulator of the TIR adapter inducing IFN-beta, mitochondrial antiviral

VS), and IFN signaling pathways, and it is the first PIAS protein

VS-mediated pathway to be identified. The structure an attractive model for screens designed to uncover genes study provides preliminary evidence that the PIAS regulatory mechanism already existed in fish during vertebrate evolution. It presents valuable clues

for improving the understanding of not only the negative regulation of

cytokine signaling in fish but also the evolutionary history of the PIAS family from fish to mammals as a whole.

5.Zhu, L. Y., et al. (2012). "Essential role of IL-4 and IL-4Ralpha interaction in adaptive immunity of zebrafish: insight into the origin of Th2-like regulatory mechanism in ancient vertebrates." J Immunol 188(11): 5571-5584.

reviews

6. Moser, M. and O. Leo (2010). "Key concepts in immunology." Vaccine 28 Suppl 3: C2-13.

Vertebrates have developed systems of immune defence enabling them to cope

with the constant threat posed by environmental pathogens. The mammalian immune system represents

a multilayered defence system comprising

both innate and adaptive immune responses, characterized by the increasing complexity of their antigen-recognition systems. The discovery of the intimate between innate and adaptive responses has paved the way to a immune response. The purpose of the present review is to briefly describe the basic immunological concepts that constitute the founding principles of modern vaccinology in humans.

7.Zou, J. and C. J. Secombes (2011). "Teleost fish interferons and their role in immunity." Dev Comp Immunol 35(12): 1376-1387.

8. Salinas, I., et al. (2011). "Mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of teleost fish." Dev Comp Immunol 35(12): 1346-1365.

Nature

9.S. P. Spencer et al.(2014). “Promotes Type 2 Barrier Immunity Adaptation of Innate Lymphoid Cells to a Micronutrient Deficiency.” Science 343:432-436.

indicate that, during malnutrition, a switch to innate type 2 immunity may represent a powerful adaptation of the immune system to promote host survival in the face of ongoing barrier challenges.

10.Manolis Pasparakis et al. (2014). “Mechanisms regulating skin immunity and inflammation.” Nature Reviews Immunology 14: 289-301.

Immune

responses in the skin are important

for host defence against pathogenic microorganisms.

However, dysregulated immune reactions

can

chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Extensive crosstalk between the different cellular and microbial components of the skin regulates local immune and to prevent chronic disease. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that new paradigms for the mechanisms that regulate skin immune

生物医学陈述(英文)

美国留学：生物医学专业的个人陈述英文范文两篇 下面是我们搜集的几篇美国生物医学专业的个人陈述英文范文，希望对大家的美国留学申请个人陈述写作有所帮助，我们提供的个人陈述英文模板仅供参考，请大家不要照搬。 范文一： Ever since I looked at my first organism down a microscope I have had this arge to know what else is around me that I was not able to see with my naked eyes.The fascination of looking down a microscope and discovering many small organisms living without us knowing their presence makes one want to learn more about them.Know how they survive, how to destroy them,if they are hameful to us, and even know how to prevent them from coming back.This and the fact that there has being a growing number of deaths caused by cancer,a disease am sure that a cure will be found, one can’t stop and see what its doing to peoples lives.I believe studying this course will enable me to be close to finding its cure so as to bring joy to others. I chose to study in the United Kingdom because of its reputation of having the top research institute for diseases, IBMS. Education wise United Kingdom has the top universites of the world. While studying in the United Kingdom I also have a chance to improve my English language by intreracting and communicating with differnt international students from all over the world. I am currently studying a Univesity Foundation Programme at David Game College. I am taking Pure Maths, Statistics, followed by my major modules in Chemistry, Biology, Physics. The course will benefit me to succeed at university. After eventually gaining a Bachelor Degree in Biomedical Science, this will also enable me in furthering my degree by doing Biomedical Engineering because I find the joining of engineering and life facinating. Both of this courses strongly appeal to me. Not only will both of this courses help me in the way of possibly completing my goal, I believeit will also help me as a person. In my spare time I enjoy reading a good medical mystery noval,drawing whatever I can, I play sports like basketball, football and a bit of tennis now and then.Even though some of my spare time activities do not deal with my course am ready to learn. At being social I would say am average. At times I do visit museums with my sister so as to get a feel of science.

英语论文写作方法

一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码

英文科技论文写作常用句式

在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1

英文医学论文摘要书写

科技论文英文摘要的撰写 ★ 7654321(金币+1):thanks，发贴请注明：已搜索，无重复 科技论文英文摘要的撰写 0 引言 摘要的定义为：“以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文”。由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分，或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供, 并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文, 因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。好的英文摘要对于增加论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。 1 摘要的类型与基本内容 1.1 摘要的类型 根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。 （1）报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常, 这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。 （2）指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptive abstract）或论点摘要（topic abstract）。一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等。此类摘要可用于帮助读者决定是否需要阅读全文。 （3）报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。 传统的摘要多为一段式, 在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)、材料与方法(Materials and Methods)、结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面, 即IMRAD（Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion）结构的写作模式。 1980年代出现了另一种摘要文体, 即“结构式摘要”(structured abstract), 它是报道性摘要的结构化表达，强调论文摘要应含有较多的信息量。结构式摘要与传统摘要的差别在于，前者便于读者了解论文的内容, 行文中用醒目的字体（黑体、全部大写或斜体等）直接标出目的、方法、结果和结论等标题。 1. 2 摘要的基本结构和内容 摘要本质上是一篇高度浓缩的论文, 所以其构成与论文主体的IMRAD结构是对应的。摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、材料、手段、装备、程序等；（3）结果：观察、实验的结果、数据、性能等；（4）结果的分析、比较、评价、应用, 提出的问题, 今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等；（5）其它：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的, 但具有重要的信息价值。 一般地说, 报道性摘要中（2）、（3）、（4）应相对详细, （1）和（5）则相对简略。指示性摘要则相反。结构式摘要与传统一段式摘要的区别在于，其分项具体, 可使读者更方便、快速地了解论文的各项内容。统计表明, MEDLINE检索系统所收录的生物医学期刊目前已有60%以上采用了结构式摘要。我国有些医学类期刊在20世纪90年代初开始采用结构式摘要, 并对其使用效果和进一步优化进行了较为深入的探讨。

医学博士英语考试写作 的 原则和规律

一般来说博士的英语作文一般都是给阐述或陈述问题的文章写摘要，如“吃早餐有利于身体健康”、“吸烟有害健康”、“中国大学生越来越能接受心理咨询”、或“医疗体制的现状”等等这样文章，可使用以下的模版： 陈述问题型文章，分三种类型： 一、正面陈述问题 “吃早餐有利于身体健康”就是只从正面陈述问题； 二、负面陈述问题 如“吸烟有害健康”这样的文章，就是一般只说明吸烟是有害的，只说负面影响。 三、客观的陈述问题（正负面都有的） 如“医疗体制的现状”等问题，因为这样的文章有好也有坏的方面，也就是有正面也有负面的问题。又如04年的博士论文，就是对医院问题的陈述，文章分别从洋医院、民营医院和公立医院几个方面来阐述，分别说明这几种医院各自的优点和缺点，所以这样的文章就是典型的客观陈述事实的文章。 首先看看是什么样的文章，再确定用什么模版来套用。（各个类型我都做一套模版） 但是不管是哪个类型的文章都不外乎这几个步骤，切记，不要觉得无所谓啊！！！！ 一般这个题目可以和中文标题的翻译一样，应该是陈述性的词组，用“of” 、“and” 或“N 词组加介词短语” (1) 如文章是陈述的一个事情或问题，那就用什么的什么（sth1of sth2） 如中国医疗体系的现状：The State of Arts of Chinese Medical Care System 或医疗制度的改革：Reform of Chinese Medical Care System (2) 讲到一个负面的问题，一般都是和健康有关系的，就可以说sth1and Health 如吸烟和健康，早餐和健康等等 （3）如果本文只讲到了一件事情，那么可以用介词短语 如A Blind Zone in Child-nutrition, (小孩营养问题的盲区) 等等 注意：1、第一个词和所有的实词大写，介词和冠词（The, a an）等虚词小写

【综述专题】生物医学SCI论文医学综述的写作步骤

【综述专题】生物医学SCI论文医学综述的写作步骤 医学综述的写作是生物医学SCI论文写作的一部分，通常要遵循一下几个步骤： 1.选定题目选定题目对综述的写作有着举足轻重的作用。选题首先要求内容新颖，只有新颖的内容才能提炼出有磁石般吸引力的题目。选题还应选择近年来确有进展，适合我国国情，又为本专业科技人员所关注的课题，如对国外某一新技术的综合评价，以探讨在我国的实用性;又如综述某一方法的形成和应用，以供普及和推广。选题通常有几种：一种是与作者所从事的专业密切相关的选题，对此作者有实际工作经验，有比较充分的发言权;一种是选题与作者专业关系不大，而作者掌握了一定的素材，又乐于探索的课题;还有一种是医学科学情报工作者的研究成果。 2.题目不要过大，过大的题目一定要有诸多的内容来充实，过多的内容必然要查找大量的文献，这不但增加阅读、整理过程的困难，或者无从下手，或顾此失彼;而且面面俱到的文稿也难以深入，往往流于空泛及一般化。实践证明，题目较小的综述穿透力强，易深入，特别对初学写综述者来说更以写较小题目为宜，从小范围写起，积累经验后再逐渐写较大范围的专题。此外，题目还必须与内容相称、贴切，不能小题大作或大题小作，更不能文不对题。好的题目可一目了然，看题目可知内容梗概。 查阅文献题目确定后，需要查阅和积累有关文献资料。对初学者来说，查找文献往往不知从哪里下手，一般可首先搜集有权威性的参考书，如专着、教科书、学术论文集等，教科书叙述比较全面，提出的观点为多数人所公认;专着集中讨论某一专题的发展现状、有关问题及展望;学术论文集能反映一定时期的进展和成就，帮助作者把握住当代该领域的研究动向(sci发表QQ1026593760)。其次是查找期刊及文献资料，期刊文献浩如烟海，且又分散，但里面常有重要的近期进展性资料，吸收过来，可使综述更有先进性，更具有指导意义。查找文献资料的方法有两种。一种是根据自己所选定的题目，查找内容较完善的近期(或由近到远)期刊，再按照文献后面的参考文献，去收集原始资料。这样“滚雪球”式的查找文献法就可收集到自己所需要的大量文献。这是比较简便易行的查阅文献法，许多初学综述写作者都是这样开始的。另一种较为省时省力的科学方法，是通过检索工具书查阅文献。常用的检索工具书有文摘和索引类期刊，它是查阅国

长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语

长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation

英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版

英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重 的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has

生物医学英语论文的语言特征及写作技巧

万方数据

万方数据

万方数据

万方数据

生物医学英语论文的语言特征及写作技巧 作者：王亚娜 作者单位：中山大学中山医学院外语教研培训中心,510089 刊名： 中山大学学报（医学科学版） 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY(MEDICAL SCIENCES) 年，卷(期)：2009,30(6) 被引用次数：2次 参考文献(6条) 1.Day RA How to write and publish a scientific paper 1998 2.Lund JM;Hsing L;Pham Tr Coordination of early protective immunity to viral infection by regulatory T cells 2008(5880) 3.Cartron G;Lu ZY;Baudard M Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor potentiates rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma:results of a phase Ⅱ study 2008(16) 4.Fang XS;Tang WC;Sun SJ Mechanism by which activation of δ-opioid receptor reduces the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction[外文期刊] 2006(10) 5.Yu FY;Yao HR;Zhu PC let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells 2007 6.Alawi A;Alsheikh-Ali;Prasad V Effect of the magnitude of lipid lowering on risk of elevated liver enzymes,rhabdomyolysis,and cancer[外文期刊] 2007(05) 本文读者也读过(6条) 1.张晓枚医学英语论文的时态用法[期刊论文]-文教资料2006(28) 2.梁少兰中国医学作者撰写的英文研究性论文前言部分的体裁分析[学位论文]2005 3.刘曦.王玉云.曾俐萍.LIU Xi.WANG Yu-yun.ZENG Li-ping英语医学论文写作模式分析[期刊论文]-保健医学研究与实践2009,6(3) 4.陈建军医学英语文体特征及对翻译教学的启示[期刊论文]-卫生职业教育2010,28(9) 5.陈望忠.宋建武.王征爱.CHEN WangZhong.SONG JianWu.WANG ZhengAi医学英文论文中with使用的常见问题及其修改[期刊论文]-中国科技期刊研究2007,18(3) 6.张宏医学英语论文题名的写作方法[期刊论文]-辽宁工学院学报（社会科学版）2006,8(2) 引证文献(2条) 1.朱荔芳对比语言学视角下的英语医学论文写作行为研究[期刊论文]-中华行为医学与脑科学杂志 2011(5) 2.隋滨滨.马军.袁菁.张巍.汤劼医学英语教学中学生科研读写能力的培养[期刊论文]-西北医学教育 2011(6) 本文链接：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/907816148.html,/Periodical_zsykdxxb200906033.aspx

英语学术论文写作常用句型

英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

生物医学SCI论文的写作方法

生物医学SCI论文的写作方法 生命科学类医学研究工作文件记录和生命科学研究工作的总结是一个重要的组成部分。生物医学研究论文主要报道医学领域；是科学家的努力工作的结晶，是人类的发展和进步，医学科学。特别是生物医学SCI论文，使结果为后人对人类有益的参考文献研究国际社会的结果，为科学研究的利润。因此，一个更深远的意义和价值。 从事医学研究工作的同志，经常医学论文写作，不仅可以扩大视野，掌握国内外各领域研究的发展趋势，也是提高研究设计和研究的能力，专业技能。从另一个角度来看，如果研究能力和业务水平和教学能力提高，成绩显著，但也能写出高质量的生物医学SCI论文。论文可以得到社会的认可后，但项目也可以是认证的社会和有关部门提高科学研究机构的重要途径。 因此，医学论文像一面镜子，反映了一个国家，一个省，一个地区，一个单位的医学科学水平和工作作风，更好地反映了多少人才和水平。如何编写高质量的医学论文，广大医务工作者应掌握的基本技能，而且还获得教育，学位，职称晋升的必要条件。 作为生命科学的研究工作者，我个人认为写生物医学SCI论文时应注意以下几点： 第一个主要元素：中心突出，揭示思想论文探索性很强的项目总结，其目的是探索未知，特别是提出问题，解决问题，即那些前人没有提出的问题，解决前人没有解决的问题。为了体现党和国家卫生政策的同时，实行普及与提高相结合的政策的理论与实践，反映医学科学的重大进展，促进国内外医学界的学术交流。在医学科研工作中，必须理论联系实际，尊重科学，强调道德，反对欺诈，反对抄袭。让经济发展医疗技术工作，为国家经济建设。所以一个好的文章必须有好的思想结论好的题目后的好文章。 第二个主要因素：创新，只有不断创新，人类社会将医学的进步也不例外。 所谓的创新是提出了前人没有实现的意见，以前的发明至今发现的结果，而不是简单地重复他人的研究工作。所谓的新指的是提供生物医学SCI论文是鲜为人知的信息，非公开的公共知识，非剽窃，指的是医疗的研究课题，包括基础医学，临床医学和医学领域的三边。 此外，研究所谓的提升：在这样的研究中，如果它是模仿和重复他人或研究课题应在打的模仿，淘汰新。作者应该在他人研究的基础上有自己的新思路，产生一个新的理论或技术，只能在一定程度上的创新，一个新的视角，将反映新的成就。国家重大科研项目等的推广和应用，以及新与旧的药物，古老的康复与其他项目，还包括基础医学，临床医学和医学等交叉领域的推广和应用的三个主题。 第三大因素：科学论文的前提下测量的第一个条件是论文的科学水平。在论文评价，主要是看是否严谨的科学研究和合理的设计方法是正确的，是否全面、可靠的信息，根据精度和满足统计要求，是否科学严谨的结果，得出的结论是适当的和充分的依据等。学术论文的

大学英语四级作文万能句：文章开头结尾句型

大学英语四级作文万能句：文章开头结尾句型 1、Nowadays，it is generally/commonly believed that..., but I wonder that... 2、“如同硬币的正反面，...也有积极的一面和消极的一面。” Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to... 3、“近来，...的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。” Currently, the issue of ...has been brought to public attention. 4、“随着...的快速增长，...在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。” Along with the rapid growth of ……,……has become increasingly important in our daily life. 5、“由汽车引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。” Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health. 文章结尾句型 1、“所以，不难得出结论...” Accordingly/Consequently/As a result,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... 2、“综上所述，我们能得出如下结论……” From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...

英文论文写作常用的句型

英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。

英文论文写作方法

1. Introduction： A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？ 在叙述前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，提出一种新方法或新方向。如：However, little information(little attention/little work/little data/little research……)(or few studies/few investigations/few researchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……)has(have)been done on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied(with respect to))。如：Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. thus, these previus results are inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist…… 研究方法和方向与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce(rare, less accurate)or there is still dearth of……We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents(data, records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are still necessary(essential)…… 强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如：(1)时间问题；(2)研究手段问题；(3)研究区域问题；(4)不确定性；(5)提出自己的假设来验证。 如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新，你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性，然后(However)表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”； 如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向，你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质，然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少； 如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足； 虽然前人对某一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种观点，这种uncertanties或ambiguities 值得进一步澄清； 如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可对比，你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). B. 提出自己的观点：We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper provides results//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……The purpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…… C. 圈定自己的研究范围：introduction的另一个作用就是告诉读者(包括reviewer)，你文章的主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究手段等。为减少这种争论，在前言的结尾就必须明确提出本文研究的范围： (1)时间尺度； (2) 研究区域等。如涉及较长的时序，你可明确提出本文只关心某一特定时间范围的问题，We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)……如有两种时间尺度(long-term and short term)，你可说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。研究区域的问题，和时间问题一样，也需明确提出你只关心某一特定区域！ D. 最后的原场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；或者说further studies on……will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)。总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。 2. Discussion：