英语词汇学纲要
ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY: A GENERAL REVISION
Part 1: Define the following terms.
1.English lexicology
English lexicology is a branch ofl linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents.
2.word
A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form;with a unity of
sound and meaning(both lexical and grammatical meaning),capable of performing a given syntactic function.
3.vocabulary
4.native words
5.loan words
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,mon words
7.literary words
8.archaic words
9.poetical words
10.colloquial words
11.slang words
12.technical words
13.function words
14.content words
15.basic word stock
16.neologism
17.obsolete words
18.morpheme
19.allomorph
20.free morpheme
21.bound morpheme
22.root
23.free root
24.bound root
25.affix
26.inflextional affix
27.derivational affix
28.prefix
29.suffix
30.hybrid
31.simple word
32.word-formation rules
33.stem
34.base
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,pounding
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,pound
37.string compound
38.derivation
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,bining from
41.suffixation
42.differentiating suffixes
43.conversion
44.functional shift
45.derivation by zero suffix
46.partial conversion
47.acronymy
48.initialism
49.acronym
50.clipping
51.blending
52.portmanteau word
53.back-formation
54.reduplication
55.words from proper names
56.neoclassical formation
57.conventionality
58.motivation
59.phonetic motivation
60.morphological motivation
61.semantic motivation
62.echoic word/onomatopoeic word
63.grammatical meaning
64.inflectional paradigm
65.lexical meaning
66.denotative meaning
67.connotative meaning
68.social or stylistic meaning
69.affective meaning
70.purr words
71.snarl words
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,ponential anaylisis
73.semantic features/sense components
74.polysemy
75.primary meaning
76.cental meaning
77.radiation
78.concatenation
79.hmonymy
80.homonym
81.perfect homonym
82.homophone
83.homograph
84.synonymy
85.synonym
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,plete synonym
87.relative synonym
88.the double scale pattern of synonyms
89.the triple scale pattern of syonyms
90.antonmy
91.antonym
92.contraries
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,plementaries
94.conversives
95.root antonyms
96.derivational antonyms
97.marked member in tn antonymous pair
98.unmarked member in an antonymous pair
99.hyponymy
100.hyponym/subordinate
101.superordinate term/upper term
102.semantic field
103.context
104.linguistic context
105.lexical context
106.grammatical context
107.verbal context in its broad sense
108.extra-linguistic context/context of situation 109.ambiguity
110.lexical ambiguity
111.structural ambiguity
112.historical cause of semantic change
113.social cause of semantic change
114.linguistic cause of semantic change
115.psychological cause of semantic change 116.euphemism
117.grandiloquence
118.cynicism
119.restriction of meaning/specialization 120.extension of meaning/generalization 121.degeneration of meaning/pejoration
122.elevation of meaning/amelioration
123.metaphor
124.idom
125.phrase idiom
126.clause idiom
127.sentence idiom
128.Americanism
129.big words
130.prescriptive dictionary
131.descriptive dictionary
132.monolingual dictionaries
133.bilingual dictionaries
134.linguistic dictionaries
135.encyclopedic dictionaries
136.unabridged dictionaries
137.desk dictionaries
138.pocket dictionaries
139.specialized dictionaries
140.etymology
141.synchronic dictionaries
142.diachronic dictionaries
143.ideological dictionaries
Part 2: Answer the following question.
1.How are English words classified?
2.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock?
3.What are the differences between function words and content words?
4.How many periods is the history of English divided into? State briefly the special features of each
period in terms of the vocabulary.
5.What are the causes of the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary?
6.How are English morphemes classified?
7.What are the fifferences between inflectional and derivational affiexes?
8.How are the various processes of word-formation classified?
9.What are the rlative criteria of a compound?
10.What are the main types of word meaning?
11.How is the lexical meaning of a word different from its grammatical meaning?
12.Elaborate three kinds of sense relationships between English words, namely similarity, oppoiteness
and inclusion.
13.How is context classified?
14.What is componential analysis and what are its advantages and disadvantages?
15.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy?
16.What are the characteristics of English idioms?
17.How are idioms classified by structural criterion?
18.What are the sources of English idioms?
19.How to use idiomatic expression appropriately?
20.Trace briefly the growth of American English.
21.What main factors contribute to the ready acceptance of American words and phrases by British
people?
22.What are the characteristics of American English?
23.What is the relationship between lexicology and the dictionary?
Part 3: Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1.Words are only written.
2.All the words in a language together constitute what is known as its basic word stock.
3.The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England
by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 BC.
4.The vocabulary of Old English contains some fifty or sixty thousand words, which were chiefly
Anglo-Saxon with a small mixture of Old Norse.
5.Long before their invasion of England the Angles and Saxons had had various contacts with die
Romans, through which they borrowed a considerable number of Greek words.
6.Most of the Latin words borrowed during die Old English period were related to religion.
7.Middle English is characterized by die strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in
1066.
8.The very core of Middle English vocabulary remained English in spite of the borrowing from French
and Latin.
9.The renewed study of Greek in the Renaissance not only" led to the borrowing of Greek words
indirectly through die medium of Latin, but also led to die introduction of some Greek words directly into die English vocabulary.
10.In the early stages of Modern English, Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and
scientific words.
11.From the sixteenth century onward, English borrowed words from an increasing number of
languages, the major ones being die three Romance languages, French, Spanish and Italian.
12.The English vocabulary is extremely homogeneous.
13.Neologisms are words no longer used.
14.The borrowing from other languages has slowed down in English, therefore it is no longer an
important factor in vocabulary development.
15.The growth of present-day English vocabulary is slower.
16.Words of Latin origin are native words.
17.Most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic.
18.Since die great majority of die basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used
most frequently in every day speech and writing.
19.Loan words don't belong to the basic word stock of the English language.
20.In English most of the literary words are of the Anglo-Saxon origin.
21.A word cannot be both archaic and poetical.
22.The chief reason for the formation and use of slang expressions is to secure freshness and novelty.
23.Most of the technical terms are Latin or Greek in origin.
24.Content words as a class are used more frequently than function words.
25.Greek borrowings in English are mostly words about things in daily life.
26.Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.
27.A morpheme is the minimal element of a word.
28.A word is composed of one morpheme.
29.A morpheme does not possess meaning.
30.A syllable has nothing to do with meaning.
31.A morpheme has only one shape or form.
32.The allomorphs of a morpheme show a slight difference in sound and meaning.
33.A free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense.
34.Roots are the cores of English words.
35.A word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme) is a simple word.
36.Free roots belong to the basic word-stock.
37."tain" is a root.
38.A root generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
39.Derivational affixes only have lexical meaning.
40.A derivational affix can only be attached to words of the same word-class.
41.The number of inflectional affixes is larger than that of derivational affixes.
42.A derivational affix is eternal.
43.Bound roots can not appear as words in modern English.
44.Today the largest number of new words is formed by compounding.
45.Root, stem and base refer to the same thing.
46.Writable is not acceptable because its formation does not conform to the rules of word-formation.
47.In a compound word like greenhouse, there is only one root.
48.A stem is of concern only when dealing with derivational morphology.
49.In the word greenhouse, there are two stems.
50.Standard dictionaries differ in their label of some of the affixes and combining forms.
51.Derivation has been operative through the whole course of the history of the English language.
52.Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base.
53.Generally speaking, prefixes alter the word-class of the base.
54.Suffixation does not change the word-class of the base.
55.The prefix "de-" is polysemic.
56.Conversion means the transfer of a word from one word-class to another. The converted words are
new not in form but in function.
57.Converted words are often short, vivid and expressive.
58.Today the largest number of words formed by conversion is constituted by verbs from nouns.
59.An initialism is pronounced letter by letter.
60.The word "H-bomb" is a clipped word.
61.Acronyms and initialisms in writing and other forms of recorded speech are as old as language itself.
62.All of the initialisms and acronyms are colloquial and informal.
63.Some of the acronyms and initialisms are short-lived.
64.Clipping often alters spelling.
65.On the whole, clipped words are used in more formal situations than their full-length equivalents.
66.A portmanteau word is the result of clipping.
67.Many of the blends are closely related to daily life
68.Only a few of the blends have established themselves in the English language.
69.Many back-formations are created by analogy.
70.The majority of back-formed words are verbs, for verbs have a peculiar property to develop around
them a number of deverbal nouns.
71.Reduplicatives are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.
72.The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.
73.Genuine coinage is common in the English vocabulary.
74.Some new words are coined by analogy.
75.Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.
76.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.
77.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.
78.Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the attitude of the user.
79.Collocation can affect the meaning of words.
80.In the phrase "the tongues of fire", the word fire is semantically motivated.
81.The connotative meaning of a word can in general be defined by a set of semantic features.
82.The relation between a word symbol and its meaning in any language is mostly arbitrary and
conventional.
83.The test of a genuinely onomatopoeic word is its intelligibility to a foreigner who has no knowledge
of the language in question.
84.The figurative usage of a word belongs to the category of semantic motivation.
85.Monosemic words are very rare in English.
86.Polysemic words have the same affective and stylistic meanings for their individual senses.
87.The central meaning of a word can be considered the most frequently occurring meaning.
88.Homonyms can be created by the word-formation process of clipping.
89.Words which have opposite meanings are called antonyms.
90.Contradictory terms do not show degrees.
91.Relative terms are relational opposites, which include verbs reversing the action of each other.
92.Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.
93.If a word has synonyms, naturally it has antonyms.
94.The unmarked term of an antonymous pair often covers the meaning of the marked.
95.Antonyms should be opposites of similar intensity.
96.Antonymy deals with the relationship of semantic opposition.
97.Vagueness of word meaning and connotative, stylistic and affective meanings that cluster around
words are the two forces militate against complete synonymy.
98.In the double scale pattern of synonyms, the native word is more - spontaneous, more informal,
more unpretentious and sounds warmer and more homely than its foreign counterpart.
99.In the triple scale pattern of synonyms, the difference in tone between the English and the French
words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish.
100.Synonymy only refers to synonyms of the same word-class.
101. A pair of synonyms can not be used together.
102.The words of a semantic field are synonymous.
103.Word frequency in the same semantic field is the same.
104.The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.
105.The only case of antithesis is to place synonyms in parallel positions in a sentence.
106.Context is only important for the understanding of the denotative meanings of a word.
107.The grammatical structure of context is sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of a given word.
108.In everyday life, word meaning is more often dependent on the actual situation in which a word is used rather than on verbal context.
109.The same lexical item always means the same thing to people of different countries.
110.Polysemous words often create ambiguity or confusion in the ordinary course of daily life. 111.There is usually no ambiguity between homophones in everyday speech.
112.The word exists only through the context and is nothing in itself.
113.Words rarely can be equated on a one-to-one basis between two languages.
114.When we say context determines the word sense, we do not mean that it gives a sense to the word, but that it selects one out of all possible meanings already mere.
115.When the object ceases to exist, its name can not be retained.
116.Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science.
117.As a result of the constant verbal traffic between common words and technical words, some technical words have lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in more general senses. This is the case of the social cause of semantic change.
118.When a Saxon word which had a general sense was replaced by a French word or a Latin derivative, the original word could not exist any longer.
119.Some words are subject to more man one process of change at different stages of their history. 120.An idiom contains at least two words.
121.Idioms are fixed in structure and so can never be changed.
122.Idioms are usually difficult to understand because the meanings of idioms are not in many cases the total of the meanings of the individual words.
123.Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.
124.Some idioms deny analysis in terms of grammar.
125.All idioms are used in their figurative senses.
126. A variation of an idiom is the same idiom used in a different sense.
127.Since each idiom is a semantic whole, each can be replaced by a single word.
128.Idioms are characterized by terseness, expressiveness and vividness.
129.Semantic unity and structural stability are general features of idioms, but there are many exceptions.
130.Phrasal verbs are usually more lively and expressive than single verbs.
131.Elliptical form is one of the structural characteristics of proverbs.
132.The syntactic function of a phrase idiom usually corresponds with its central word and /or components.
133.All common English verbs, most of which are of native Anglo-Saxon origin, can combine with adverbs and prepositions to form phrasal verbs.
134.One function of verb phrase idioms is to form noun compounds.
135.Idioms reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling.
136.Many English idiomatic expressions come from the everyday life of the English people.
137.The Bible is one of the chief sources from which idiomatic expressions have sprung.
138.When an idiom is reworded, its sense is usually destroyed.
139.After the Bible, Charles Dicken's novels are the richest literary sources of English idioms. 140.The idiomatic expression "at the eleventh hour" means "at eleven o'clock before noon". 141.One obvious way of distinguishing a native speaker of English from a non-native one is by his knowledge and correct use of idioms.
142.Immigrants from Britain brought with them Elizabethan English to the Atlantic coast of America in the seventeenth century.
143.In American English, the word "billion" means a thousand million.
144.The word "railroad", as an American term, was originally a British word.
145.Today British and American English are the two most important varieties of national standards of English.
146.The word "general" in "the general dictionary" really implies "representing" all the words but not "containing" all the words of a language.
147.Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary is a monolingual dictionary for the non-native learners. 148.Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981) is an ideological dictionary.
149.Dictionaries are like watches, the worst is better than none and the best cannot be expected to be quite true.
150.Most of English phrasal verbs are made up of one-syllable words, and are of native Anglo-Saxon origin.
151.American English today is no longer just a transplanted language from Britain, but a variety or national standard of English in its own right with its own peculiarity in spelling, pronunciation, grammatical usage and vocabulary.
152.The language which has most affected British English of our time is contemporary American English.
153. A pocket dictionary may be a general dictionary.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,ually in a dictionary for the learners, the words used for the definition of an entry are limited
in number.
155.An unabridged dictionary does not include all the lexical units of the language in question. 156.Since the end of the 19th century, the trend of dictionaries has been from prescriptive to descriptive.
157.American English began with the kind of language spoken by Shakespeare.
158.An unabridged dictionary can provide all kinds of lexical information.
159.Words are always arranged in alphabetical order in dictionaries.
160.The Third Webster is a remarkable example of the unabridged dictionary.
161.The dictionary The Concise Oxford Dictionary is a desk dictionary.
162."Modern English" means the English language from 1500 to the present.
163.Words like "coup d'etat" and "etente" are usually considered to be foreign by native speakers of English.
164.Technical words are never used in everyday conversation.
165.During the Renaissance English borrowed a large number of Latin and Greek words.
166.Because of the large-scale borrowings over the centuries, loan words make up the most familiar, most useful part of the English vocabulary.
167.In English, common word stock is equal to the Anglo-Saxon word stock.
168. A morpheme is different from a phoneme, but it is identical with a syllable.
169.All affixes are bound morphemes.
170.Many established suffixes in English are still active today in producing new derivatives.
171.The classification of morphemes into free and bound is now considered more scientific than the classification of morphemes into roots and affixes.
172. A word is a minimum linguistic unit.
173.Every morpheme has a number of variants, which are called allomorphs.
174.The coinage of common words from proper names constitutes one of the major types of English word-formation.
175. A compound is a process of word formation.
176.The verb "vacuum-clean" is formed from the word "vacuum-cleaner" through a word formation process known as clipping.
177.Prefixes sometimes can change the word class of a word to which it is added.
178.All roots can stand alone as words.
179.Polysemy refers to the sense relation between specific and general words.
180. A particular characteristic of componential analysis is that it attempts to create components in terms of binary opposites.
181.Some English words cannot be analyzed in terms of semantic features.
182.The impact of context on meaning differs form one word to another and from one instance or passage to another.
183.The ability of one word to denote several senses is one of the basic peculiarities of human speech.
184.Synonyms are generally similar in affective meaning.
185.It is more likely for monosyllabic words to be homonymous than polysyllabic ones.
186.In the antonymous pair "heavy/light", "heavy" is marked.
187. A word with many denotative meanings usually cause misunderstanding in context. 188."Impossible" expresses a stronger negation than "not possible".
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,plete synonyms do not exist.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,plete or absolute synonyms are very rare in English.
191.Content words have lexical meaning but no grammatical meaning.
192.The meanings of words, especially those of polysemous words may be viewed as determined either by linguistic contexts or extra-linguistic contexts.
193.Denotation is a shared conception among all members of a speech community while connotation is usually individual or collective.
194.The meaning of a compound can always be worked out from its component parts.
195.It is easy to tell polysemy from homonymy.
196.The relation between a lexical form and its sense is never motivated.
197. A word may have various synonyms because it is polysemic.
198.The meaning of a compound can never be worked out from its components.
199.There is a natural, logical relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.
200.In some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.
201.The two words "dear" and "deer" can be called perfect homonyms.
202.The two words "lead [led]" and "lead [li:d]" can be termed homograph.
203.The polysemy always makes some trouble in the linguistic interpretation and comprehension. 204.There are more monosemic words than polysemic words in English.
205.When a pair of words is called relative synonyms, we mean that they are similar in connotative meaning.
206. A word may have different synonym or antonym in different contexts.
207.Ambiguity is equal to polysemy.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,mon words can carry emotional overtones in context.
209.The contextual meaning is more important than the basic meaning of a lexical item in reading. 210.Historical source of semantic change refers to some historical event.
211.The word "marshal", originally used to denote a horse tender, has undergone a semantic change termed generalization of meaning.
212. A direct connection between the sound-symbol and its sense can be readily observed in most cases.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,pound words may be morphologically motivated.
214.Not all compounds are motivated.
215.Lexical meaning is dominant in function words.
216.Echoic words or onomatopoeic words whose pronunciation suggests meaning are non-motivated words.
217.The commoner the word, the more meanings it has.
218.It is always easy to determine the original meaning of a word.
219.Homonymy can be used to make a language more expressive.
220.The word "unhappy" is a root antonym of the word "happy".
221.Since "pork" is the hyponym of "meat", and "apple" is the hyponym of "fruit", "pork" and "apple"
are co-hyponyms with each other.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/908026867.html,plementaries are sometimes gradable.
223.In the diachronical approach, we are more interested in original meaning rather than central meaning.
224.Secondary meaning is the second meaning of a word.
225.Every word has its own hyponym.
226.It is possible for one and the same word to enter different groups of synonyms.
《英语词汇学》教学大纲
a t i m e a n d A l l t h 《英语词汇学》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英语词汇学 二、课程类别：英语专业限选课 三、教学时数与学分：本课程为34学时, 总学分为2分四、开课时间：本课程安排在第6学期进行五、教学对象：英语专业一年级学生六、教学目的： 通过学习，学生能够了解英语词汇学的基本理论知识，并能用所学的知识去独立思考、分析问题和解决问题。 七、教学内容： 教师授课与学生自学相结合。学生需在教师的指导下阅读有关词汇学书籍。检查学生的阅读质量主要采取由学生复述阅读内容，并对阅读内容中的思想和观点作出个人的评价。教师重点讲解学生在阅读中所遇到的重点和难点。 学生完成基础词汇学理论的学习后，应根据所学词汇学理论知识，在教师的指导下设计、完成自己的学期论文。 Chapter I A General Survey of English Vocabulary Chapter II Morphological Structure of English Words Chapter III Word-Formation (I)Chapter IV Word-Formation (II) Chapter V Word Meaning and Semantic Features Chapter VI Polysemy and Homonymy Chapter VII Sense Relations Between Words Chapter VIII Meaning and Context Chapter IX Changes in Word Meaning Chapter X English Idioms Chapter XI American English Chapter XII English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 八、时间安排：本学期6－13周进行课程的讲授，14周组织学生复习，15周考试。详见下表。 周次日期 星期/节次 讲授内容 备注 第一周月 日 第二周第三周第四周第五周第六周 10.1310.13周五.3.4周五.7.8General survey of English vocabulary; morphological structure of English words 第七周10.20周五.3.4Word-formation(I)第八周 10.2710.27 周五.3.4周五.7.8 Word-formation(II)
00832英语词汇学1107全国试题
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
英语教学大纲对词汇量的要求
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和各种各样的原因也不断在变化。这些数字上的变化详见下面的几个表。解放前大学中没有现在的这种大学英语（原称公共英语）性质的课程。故表二无解放前大学英语教学大纲的要求。 表一: 中学教学大纲对词汇量的要求
表二: 大学英语教学大纲对词汇量的要求
表三: 中国英语专业教学大纲词汇量的要求
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