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英语修辞手法总结

chapter seven figures of speech(I)

修辞手法

resemblance (or relationship)（相似）

I.simile: 明喻

1.difinition: A simile is a figure of speech in which two quite different things are compared because they appear to be similar in at least one characteristic. Simile is introduced by ―like‖ or ―as‖

for example:

1). Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt … .(Francis Bacon)

2). I know it helped put me at ease when I felt like the new kid at school at my first ecomonic summit in Ottawa in 1981 (Ronal Reagan)

3). New China is like a red sun rising in the east. ( Edgar Snow)

4). It is with words as with sunbeams-----the more they are condensed, the deeper they burn.

阳光浓缩

5). She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boy‘s words.(Thomas Hardy)

In a simile there is uaually at least one similarity between the two things compared. But sometimes, the similarity may not be mentined, this kind of simile is called OPEN SIMILE.eg, The man is like a pig. But we can see another way of simile. The similarities are shown directly and specifically. This simile is called CLOSED SIMILE.eg. The man is as fast as a pig.

2. function : simile owns a great effect on rhetorical functions, especially when it is used to describe or illustrated more vivid and some sophisticated theoretical ideas easier to understand. For example:

1)Mother was short and plump and pretty. Her eyes were blue, and her brown hair was like a

bird’s smooth wings….

2)The mothers stayed back in the kitchen washing and drying, putting things away, recrossing

their traceless footsteps like the life time journeys of bees, measuring out the dry cocoa for breakfast

3)He was ten feet long, thin as a curve, a muscled ribbon, brown as fruit-wood,soft-furred, alert.

His face was fierce, small and pointed as a lizard’s; he would have made a good arrowhead.

There was just a dot of chin, maybe two brown hairs‘s width, and that the pure white fur began that spread down his underside. He had two black eyes I didn‘t see any more than you see a widow. ( Annie Dillard‘s weasel)

4)Habit may be likenned to a cable;every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it.

5)Rise like lions after slumber 像雄师般奋起反抗

In unvanquishable number---- - 亿万成群不可挡----

Shake your chains to earth like dew 睡梦中锁链套身上----

Which in sleep had fallen on you---- 摔掉它，化为灰烬

You are many-----they are few. 他们一小撮，你们千万人

（Percy Bysshy Shelley）

6)The man who has not anything to boast of, but his illustrious ancestors, is like a potato----the

only good belonging to him is under ground. (Overbury) (一个人如果只有以他的功勋卓著的先祖为自豪，而再没有什么可以值得自夸的话，那他就像个土豆，因为他唯一的好处只能是深埋于泥土中。)

II. Metaphor 暗喻，隐喻

1.definition: Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another . Metaphor is the basic figure in poetry. In a metaphor , a comparison is usually implicit, whereas in a simile it is explicit.. So a metaphor is also referred to as a compressed or condensed simile.

2.division:

2.1 visible metaphor: It is a metaphor in which both the primary term(tenor) and the secondary term(vehicle)manifest themselves in the context. The typical acknowledging word is ?to be‘

For example: Police work on inner-city street is a domestic Vietnam, a dangerous no-win struggle fought by confused, misdirected and unappreciated troops.

2.2 invisible metaphor: It is a metaphor in which the vehicle does not manifest itself directly and completely, but reveals itself indirectly by certain verbs OR a metaphor in which the tenor does not manifest itself directly, but is represented by the vehicle so as to leave some room for the reader‘s imagination .

For example:

1)In foreign policy, flying solo can be risky business.(Douglas Stanglin)

2)Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested…(Francis Bacon)

3)The spring, the head, the fountain of your blood

Is stopped; the very source of it is stopped. (Macbeth)

4) …without showing sufficient presence of mind even to throw off his great-coat, he leaped into the boiling caldron. (The Return of the Nature)

5) He was one of a class rapidly becoming extinct in Wessex, filling at prsent in the rural would the place which during the last century, they do occupied in the world of animals.( The Return…)

3.derivative metaphors :

3.1 sustained metaphor: two or more vehicles are employed to describe the same tenor

Eg. Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good;

A shining gloss that faded suddenly;

A flower that dies when first it begins to bud;

A brittle glass that‘s broken presently…

3.2 extended metapor: initial comparison is made and then developed so as to expand the author‘s ideas

Eg. All the world‘s stage,

And all the men and women merely players:

They have their exits and their entrances;

And one man in his time plays many parts…

3.3 dead metaphor: used often and become standarized as a way of referrying something, it has become lifeless and lost its figurative strength.

Eg, as light as a feather, the river of time, as cunning as a fox, the mountain of work, as poor as a church mouse,a wave of enthusiasm, to spend money like water, a ripple of existent, She is a peacock. the hand of God, the silver moon, the eye of the storm, to come to the point , river head, at arm‘s length , the mouth of a river, beat about the bush, the heart of the matter, top dog…

III. analogy 类比，比拟

An analogy compares two things in not only one similarities, but also as many similarities as

possible and then develop them so as to make the comaprison more outstanding and effective.

For example: Like a callus on the foot in a shoe that‘s too tight… sooner or later, if you don‘t take the shoe off, a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

It is the same with the Negro in America… and now a callus has formed on his soul, and unless that system is adjusted to fit him, too, that callus is going to wear out that system.

IV. allusion 引喻some person or event either historical or fictional, that has dramatic and vivid connotation and is often used in speech and writing. English allusions are mostly resulted from mythologie, legends, fables, fairy tales, the Bible, famour literature works, historical figures or events.

Eg.Utopia, phoenix, Cinderella, Shylock, Homer, to cry wolf, the apple of discord,open sesame, ugly duckling, a sphinx riddle, to meet one‘s Waterloo, to pull a Pearl Harbour on somebody,…

1.Romeo: Well, in that hit you miss; we‘ll not be hit with Cupid’s arrow------she has Diana’s wit.

2.Kangaroo Island….you can escape from the rush of life and become a modern day Crusoe.(an ad)

3.Highly infectuous, this wolf in sheep’s clothing can be tamed but not eradicated.

V. Antonomasia 借代，换称It has to do with substitution. It has two forms . one is epithet,or the name of an office or designation is substituted for a proper name.eg. The Bard for Shakespeare, the Pontiff for the Pope . Another one is that a proper name is made to stand for an idea or characteristic associated with the name. eg. Solomon for a wise man, Judas for a traitor, Daniel for a wise and fair judge, Hercules for a strong and brave man, Hitler for a tyrant, the Rubicon for an irrevocable step, pandemonium for turbulent disorder or lawless confusion, the little Corporal for Nopoleon ,

(King )Lear: …Now, our joy,

Although our last , not least; to whose young love

The vines of France, and milk of Burgundy,

Strive to be interess‘d

(The vines of France for the King of France and milk of Burgundy for the Duke of Burgundy) VI. metonymy借代，换喻it has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name maybe anattribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a ―change of name‖.the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.

Eg. Uncke Sam for USA, Fleet Street for British Press, the Pentagon for the US Dfense Department, Foggy Bottom for US State Department, Hollywood for American film-making industry, 10 Downing Street for the residence and office of the British Prime Minister, Ivan for Russian people ,…

Have you read any Shakespeare?

I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.(Winston Churchill)

Each of the following sentences contains metonymy.Underline the words or phrase used metonymically explain it in your own words.

1.What is leant in the cradle is carried to the grade.

2.Give every man your ear, but few your voice.

3.These foreign exports are every interested in old China.

4.The little girl has a nice-looking pigtail.

5.Many people like rosy cheeks.

6.The tourists wre exhausted and took a rest under the shade.

7.When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.

8.His purse would not allow him to live a luxurious life.

9.Uncle Sam and John Bull are two developed countries.

10.The Wall Street definitely has more say in their policy making.

VII.synechdoche提喻：a word literally denotinga part is used to stand for thewhole, or a specific word is used to stand for and abstract one or vice verse.

Eg.

1.He could hardly earn his everyday bread.

2.Great minds think alike.

3.The authorities were greeted.

4.He has a smooth tongue.

5.Bell, book and candke shall not drive me back(Shakespeare King John)

VIII.Personification拟人

Eg.

1.Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tower 只有，那边裹着长春藤的塔上

The moping owl does to the moon complain 郁郁不乐的鸱枭向月亮哀告

Of such, as wandering near her secret bower 有谁在她隐秘的闺房边闲逛

Molest her ancient solitary reign. 把她古老而偏僻的领地骚扰（黄杲忻

Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in A Country Church-yard

2. besides, the Kettle was aggravating and abstinate …it wounkn‘t hear of accomodating itself kindly the knobs of coal; it would lean forward with a drunken air, and dribble, a very idiot of a kettle.

3.The traffic crawled like a wounded snake.

4. ….and presently a monstrous pumkin-like moon arose on the other hand. (T. Hardy)

5. A dead man, he said, was nomire than a dead fish.

Chapter eight figures of speech (II)

Emphasis and Understatement(强调与低调陈述)

Emphasis

I.Inversion 倒装

Eg.1. Little does he know how much suffering he has caused.

Equally strange was his behavior to his son.

Most true is it that―beauty is in the eyes of the gazer.‖---------Jane Eyer

2. Treat was the labor; priceless the road.-----David Copperfield

II. climax 阶升：the arrangement of a series of ideas which go from the least important with steady strengthening of emotion and tone.

Eg. 1. It is an outrage to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is a crime; to put him to death is almost parricide.

2. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

3. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the would

John F Kennedy Inaugural Address II.Anticlimax 突降the opposite of climax

Eg. (King Arthur)… whence flow those Tears fast down thy blubber‘d cheeks,

Like swollen Gutter, gushing through the streets?

2. I am told several pickpockets are here. Let them remember that the eye of God is on them, and also that there are a number of policemen in the house.

3. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune , must be in want of a wife.

IV. contrast 反衬：to set in opposition (two objects of like nature, or one with, rarely to, another) in order to show strikingly their different qualities or characteristics and compare their superiorities or defects.

Eg. 1. Rose have thorns, and silver fountains mud;

Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun,

And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud.

All men make faults…William Shakespeare : sonnet35

2. Thy beauty shall no more be found;

Nor in thy marble Vault, shall sound

My echoing Song; then worms shall try

That long preserv‘d Virginity:

And your quaint Honour turn to dust;

And into ashes all my Lust.

The Grave‘s fine and private place,

But none I think do there embrace. Andrew Marvell: To His Coy Mistress

V. Hyperbole (exaggeration)夸张：deliberately exaggerates the truth . it‘s usually employed by use of numerals, adjectives, adverbs ,prepositional phrases, by maximizing /minimizing the meaning of words, by converting negative words into positive ones, by being used together with

other figures. The employment of hyperbole is based on the need of the content of a discourse and should be congruous in tone with the context.

Eg. 1. Hamlet: I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, withal their quantity of live, make up my sum.

2. For her, there was no one but Bart, and Bart was the world

Waves high as mountains broke over the reef.

It is a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.

Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination. H.L.Mencken

3. For she was beautiful ------her beauty make the bright would dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of a shade. P.B.Shelley

4. But I had no need to be venturous ; for I had no want of food, and of that which was very good too; especially these three sorts, Viz, goats, pigeons, and turtle or tortoise; which added to my grapes, Leaden hall Market could not have furnished an table than I, in proportion to the company…Robinson Crusoe

5. To persons of limited spheres, miles are as geographical degrees, parishes as counties, counties as provinces and kingdoms.---------T. Hardy: Tess of the D‘Urbervilles

6. Hotspur: I do not care: I‘ll give thrice so much land

To any well-deserving friend;

But in the way of bargain, mark ye me

I‘ll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. ---Henry IV

7. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymene sectors. ---------F. Bacon: Of Studies

VI. Irony 反语: the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm. Sometimes irony used to show people‘s intimate feelings, but inmost cases it is used to criticize or expose bad and ugly things. In certain context, it can hold the reader‘s attention and deepen his impression.

Eg. 1.This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.

2.Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act. (one word form an Irony is called Antiphrasis)

3.. Water, water, everywhere,

And all the boards did shrink;

Water, water, everywhere,

Not any drop to drink. ----S.Coleridge :The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

VII. Innuendo 暗讽：oblique hint, allusive remark. It is a figure of speech in which moderate and allusive words and tone are used to make comments or pass criticisms upon things. So it is often referred to as ―mild satire‖.

Eg. 1. The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.

2. He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need.

3.Europe is a curious place. It boasts it had a ―common market‖, but it is unable to sort out its agriculture mess, and when the marketers gather as they did recently in Athens, they find they have nothing in common..

4. The principal difference between a cat and a lie is that a cat had only nine lives. Mark Twain Understatement

I.Litotes(Meiosis)含蓄悖反，曲言法：to express the meaning indirectly

Eg. 1. It wasn‘t easy.

2. Then the Gestapo caught me and interrogated me, it wasn‘t frightfully amusing.

3. Her mind was less difficult to develop.-------Pride and Prejudice

4.It is not very unwise in us to go on spending the little money we‘ve got when I can keep down expenditure by an honest occupation.--------------------The Return of the Nature

5. Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse. A Tale of a Tub

6. Lear: And my poor fool is hang‘d!

No, no, no life! Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life,

And thou so breath at all?

Thou‘lt come no more.

Never, never, never, never, never!

II.Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法，精警 a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect. It‘s a kind of flexible employment of antonyms or quasi-antonyms. When contradictory terms are used together, they can reveal the relationship between two things which are opposite or quasi-opposite to each other in meaning.

The rhetorical function of oxymoron:

1.For sharp contrast

eg. 1) No light, but rather darkness visible. (John Milton Paradise Lost )

2) Four months or so of torturing ecstasy in his society…( Tess of the d‘Urbervilles)

3) There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.

2. for humor or satire:

Eg. 1) … for what says Qinnapalus? Better a witty fool than a foolish wit!(Twelfth Night)

2) Leonato: You will never run mad, niece.

Beatrice: No, not till a hot January. (Much Ado about Nothing)

3) O Hero…

But fare thee well, most foul, most fair! Farewell,

Thou pure impiety and impious purity.( Much Ado about Nothing)

4) … of this festive composition each boy had one porringer, and no more. (Oliver Twist)

5) I like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief.

3. for describing the surroundings or atmosphere:

Eg. 1) He sat there and watched them, so changeless changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.

2) Why, then. O brawling love! O loving hate. (Romeo and Juliet)

General forms of oxymoron:

Adj + n. or n.+ adj. eg. genial scorn

a.+ a. eg. resolute and restrained

n.+n. eg. a love-hate relationship

adv. +adj. eg. falsely true

v.+adv. eg. so changelessly changing

v.+ adj. eg. live dead

phrases: day in night, the silence like a rolling-ocean

III. Paradox 反论，矛盾A statement which is contrary to expectation, apparently absurd or self-contradictory. But in fact it is reasonable and logical. A paradox often implies profound

meaning, hence thought-provoking.

Eg. 1. Those who have eyes apparently see little. (Helen Keller)

2. More haste, less speed.

3. Everybody‘s business is nobody‘s business.

4. Cowards die many times before their deaths;

The valiant never taste of death but once.( Shakespeare: Julius Caesar)

5. Homeless, they have a hundred homes.(O .Henry : The Furnished Room)

6. Besides this nothing that he so plentifully gives , the something that Nature gave me, his countenance seems to take from me.(As You Like it )

7. In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammar so well.

NOTE: relation between paradox and oxymoron: paradox combines two objects or facts which are quite opposite to each other. So it seems to be illogical, but implies profound meanings. Oxymoron combines two terms which have opposite meanings together to form a phrase so as to make the language used accurate and vivid.

IV. Sarcasm 讽刺，挖苦 A literary genre in which ridicule is thrown upon something by stressing its worst features, often by the use of irony, thus assuming or affirming a norm by which aberrations are judged. It often uses sharp and acrimonious words and tone to expose and mock at people‘s faults, stupidity or ugliness. etc.

Eg. 1. If ideas were innate, it would save much trouble to many worthy persons.

2. Frankly, I have been accustomed to regard your President as a statesman shoes mouth was the most efficient part of his head.

3. Oh, you‘re God‘s great gift to women, you are!

4.―How unselfish you are!‖ she said as her sister took the biggest piece of cake.

Chapter nine figures of speech (III)

Figures of Sound（声音）

I. Alliteration 头韵repetition of an initial sound that is usually a consonant. The major function of alliteration is to link the phonetic and semantic parts of words, so it is something of stubborn. For example:

1. Next to health, heart, home, happiness for mobile

Americans depend upon the automobile.

And Sings a solitary song,

That whistles in the wind. (Wordsworth)

2. It was a splendid population… for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained, sloth stayed at home.

3. Scandals and scares, booms and busts made 1987 a period of tumult.

4. the furrow followed free

5. a simple single solid shape

6. and the snake in hiding feels the sunlight‘s finger.

The snake, the fang of summer, beauty‘s double meaning

Shifts his slow coils and feels his springtime hunger.

7. When to the sessions of sweet silent thought

I summoned up remembrance of things past,

I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought,

And with old woes new wail my dear time‘s waste

8. US trade policy is often viewed as inconsistent, incoherent and incomprehensible to the countries of the origin.

9. China‘s cities, after decades of bolted doors and barred windows, are suddenly being opened to sweeping changes.

10. EEC official, have been struggling for years to harmonize national standards on goods ranging from mayonnaise to microchips.

11. In Iran, a religious revolution saw in every American an agent of Satan and a spy.

II. Assonance(vocalic rhyme)母韵，准押韵repetition of vowel in the tonic syllables.

Eg. 1. Little s trokes fell great oa ks.

2. I kissed thee ere I killed thee.

3. The outfew tolls the knell of parting day

The lowing herd wind slowly o‘er the lea,

The ploughman homeward plods his weary way

And leaves the world to darkness and to me

4. Thou still unravish‘s bride of quietness,

Thou foster-child of silence and slow time (John Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn)

5. In Xanadu did Kublai Khan

A stately pleasure-dome decree.(Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kublai Khan)

III. Consonance 谐音partial or total identity of consonance in words or syllables whose main vowels differ.

For example:

1.It seemed that out of battle I escaped,

Down some profound dull tunnel, long since scooped

Through granites which titanic wars had groined?

Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned,

Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred

Then, as I probed them, one sprang up and stared

With pitiless recognition in fixed eyes

Lifting distressful hands as if to bless.

And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall,

By his dead smile I knew we stood in hell.

2.Life‘s but a walking shadow; a poor player,

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,

And then is heard no more (Macbeth)

3. And the afternoon, the evening, sleeps so

Peacefully!

Smoothed by long fingers

Asleep…tired…or it malingers,

Stretched on the floor, here you and me.(T S Eliot: the love Song of J Alfred Prufrock)

IV. Onomatopoeia拟声imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned. Employed for vividness.

Division: imitative sounds, imitative rhythms, source of the sound and suggested sounds

1. imitative sounds 摹声词：imitates the natural sound but not the exactly the original one Eg.1). I bubble into eddying bays.

I babble on the pebbles. (Tennyson: brook)

2). The ice was here, the ice was there,

The ice was all around

It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,

Like noises in a swooned!(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner )

3). On a sudden open fly with impetuous recoil and jarring sound. The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook of Erebus. (Paradise lost)

4). When Danny stirred, there were ohs and ahs! Of delight.(Jack London: the Mexican)

2. imitative rhythm 仿节奏：imitate the natural rhythm or rhyme

Eg. 1) … and now you‘d hear thunder let go with an awful crash, and go rumbling, grumbling , tumbling down the sky towards the under side of the world, like rolling empty barrels down stairs ------where it‘s long stairs and they bounce a good deal, you know.

3. source of the sound声源词the sound come from a certain sound source.

Eg. Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to –witla-woo(Thomas Nash: Spring)

(啁啁，啾啾，咕咕割麦，插一禾！郭沫若译)

（杜鹃咕咕，夜莺喳喳，田枭噗喂，鸱鸺啕呜！周迪裔译）

4.suggested sounds联想声sounds are implied by some words in the lines

Eg. …Eternal wrath

Burnt after them to the bottomless pit.

Chapter ten figures of speech (IV)

Repetitions（重复）

I. Anadiplosis联珠，顶针the ending part of a sentence is used as the beginning part of a second sentence, thus to make two or more sentences linked together as a chain of pearls.

Eg. 1. And beside this, giving all diligence, add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge; and to knowledge temperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; and to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity. (Bible)

2. The oftener seen , the more I lust,

The more I lust, the more I smart,

The more I smart, the more I trust,

The more I trust, the heavier heart;

The heavier heart breeds mine unrest,

Thy absence therefore, I like best.

Barnabe Googe: Out of Sight, Out of Mind

II. Anaphora 首语重复The same word, phrase or clause appears at the beginning in two or more sentences.

Eg. 1. T he ice was here, the ice was there,

The ice was all around (The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)

2.My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心儿在高原

by Robert Burns袁可嘉译

My heart's in the Highlands, my heart is not here,我的心儿在高原，我的心不在这儿，

My heart's in the Highlands a-chasing the deer –我的心儿在高原，迫遂着鹿儿.

A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe; 追逐着野鹿，跟踪着獐儿；

B-My heart's in the Highlands, wherever I go. 我的心儿在高原，不管我上哪儿.

Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North 别了啊高原，别了啊北国，

The birth place of Valour, the country of Worth; 英雄的家乡，可敬的故国，

Wherever I wander, wherever I rove, 不管我上哪儿漂荡，我上哪儿遨游，The hills of the Highlands for ever I love. 我永远爱着高原的山丘。

Farewell to the mountains high cover'd with snow; 别了啊，高耸的积雪的山岳，

Farewell to the straths and green valleys below; 别了啊，山下的溪壑和翠谷，

Farewell to the forrests and wild-hanging woods; 别了啊，森林和枝檀纵横的树林，

Farwell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. 别了啊，急川和洪流的轰鸣。

III. Antanaclasis 原词多义A same word is used repeatedly with different meanings or connotations because there are different collocations between the word and some others words.

Eg. 1. We must all hang (团结)together, or most assuredly we shall all hang（绞死）separately.

2. In thy youth learn some craft(手艺，技能), that in thy old age thou mayest get thy living without craft（诡计，手腕）.

IV. Chiasmus 颠倒重复converse the same structural parts or to converse the first ad the last words in two clauses. The aim is to make a balanced structure.

Eg. 1. to stop too fearful, and too faint to go.

2. He saved others; himself he cannot save.

3. Love‘s fire heats water, water cools not love.

4. The more pity, that fools may not speak wisely, what wise, men do foolishly.

V. Cumulation 同义重复A series of synonyms which describe or express a certain object or person is used to stress or lead the readers to recognize or understand the writers writing effects.

Eg. 1. They had a simple aim, a solitary goal----the top!

2. As I stood there, quiet and still, I stood swear that the house was not an empty shell but lived and breathed as it had lived before. ( Daphne du Maurier: Rebecca)

3. A knave, a rascal, an eater of broken meats; a base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three suited, hundred-pound, filthy, worsted-stocking knave; a lily-liver‘s, action-taking knave; a whose-son, glass-gazing, super-serviceable, finical rogue; one-trunk-inheriting slave; one that wouldst be a bawd, in way of good service, and art nothing but the composition if a knave, beggar, coward, pander, and the son and heir of a mongrel bitch: one whom I will beat into clamorous whining , I thou deniest the least syllable of thy addition. (King Lear)

一个无赖；一个恶棍；一个吃剩饭的家伙；一个下贱的，骄横的，浅薄的，叫花子一样的，只有三身衣服的，全部家私算起来不过一百镑的，卑鄙龌龊的，穿毛绒袜子的奴才；一个没有胆量的，靠着官府势力压人的奴才；一个婊子生的，顾影自怜的，奴颜婢膝的，涂脂抹粉的混帐东西；全部家私都在一只箱子里的下流胚子，一个天生的忘八胚子；又是奴才，又是叫花子，又是懦夫，又是忘八，又是一条杂种老母狗的儿子；要是你不承认你这些头衔，我要把你打得放声大哭。

4. Ay, in the catalogue ye go for men;

As hounds, and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs,

shoughs, water-rugs, and demi-wolves are crept.

All by the names of dogs…(Macbeth)

VI. Epanadplosis 首词尾复The same word is used at both the beginning and the ending part of a sentence.

Eg. 1. severe to his servants, to his children severe.

2. East is east, and west is west.

3. Business is business.

VII. Epanalepsis 嵌插重复The repeated word, phrase or clause is not fixed at a stated position. There are other words, phrases or clauses inset between the repeated words, phrases or clauses.

Eg. 1. We have transient ambitions of other sorts, but they were only transient.

(Mark Twain: A young Boy‘s Ambition)

2. The flit from furnished room to furnished room, transients forever-----transients in abode, transients in heart and mind..(O. Henry: The Furnished Room)

3. Say first , for Heaven hides nothing from thy view,

Nor the deep tract of Hell, say first what cause

Moved our grand Parents, in that happy state. (John Milton: Paradise Lost)

VIII. Epanodos逆转重复converse the words next to each other in order to form a new meaning.

Eg. 1. Woe to them who call evil good and good evil.

2. Poor, and content, is rich, and rich enough;

But rich es, fineless, is as poor as winter,

To him that ever fears he shall be poor. (Othello)

3. So he scraped and scratched and scrabbled and scrooged, and then he scrooged again and scrabbled and scratched and scraped, working busily with his little paws and muttering to himself, ―Up we go! Up we go!‖ till at last pop.(The Wind in the Willows)

4. Work----work----work!

From weary chime to chime,

Work—work----work----

As prisoners work for crime!

Band, and gusset, and seam,

Seam, and gusset, and band,

Till the heart is sick and the brain benumb‘d

As well as the weary hand. ( The Song of the Shirt)

IX. Epiphora尾语重复To repeat the back part of words, clauses, poems or phrases in order to put a stress on the effects of literature.

Eg. 1.… and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.(Abraham Lincoln: Gettysburg Address)

Spring, the sweet Spring, is the year's pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing,

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

The palm and may make country houses gay,

Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day,

And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay,

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet,

Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit,

In every street these tunes our ears do greet,

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo

Spring! the sweet Spring!

郭沫若翻译

春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜，

处处都有花树，都有女儿环舞，

微寒但觉清和，佳禽争着唱歌，

啁啁，啾啾，哥哥，割麦、插一禾！

榆柳呀山楂，打扮着田舍人家，

羊羔嬉游，牧笛儿整日在吹奏，

百鸟总在和鸣，一片悠扬声韵，

啁啁，啾啾，哥哥，割麦、插一禾！

郊原荡漾香风，雏菊吻人脚踵，

情侣作对成双，老妪坐晒阳光，

走向任何通衢，都有歌声悦耳，

啁啁，啾啾，哥哥，割麦、插一禾！

春！甘美之春！

X. Gemination 紧接重复To repeat the same word, phrase or clause one after another to express a kind of extreme emotion.

Eg. 1. But O heart! Heart! Heart!

O the bleeding drops of red!

Where on the deck my Captain lies,

Fallen clod and dead. (Walt Whitman: O Captain! My Captain!)

2. To bed, to bed: there‘s knocking at the gate. Come, come, come, come,give me your hand. What‘s done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed. (Macbeth)

3. They had eyes that didn‘t see,

They had legs that didn‘t walk,

They had ears that didn‘t hear,

And they couldn’t talk at all;

They couldn’t talk at all.

XI. Identical Rhyme 原词押韵A same word is used as the last one in the lines to form a rhyme in a poem by the poet so as to emphasize a certain object.

Eg.

For all averred, I had killed the bird

That made the breeze to blow.

Ah wretch! Said they, the bird to slay.

That made the breeze to blow!

…

The all averred, I had killed the bird

That brought the fog and mist.

?Twas right, said they, such birds to slay,

That bring the fog and mist. (The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)

XII. Ploce 原词多义The same word is repeated , but the repeated one is used to show the original became better or more.

Eg. 1. There are medicines and medicines.

2. There are satins-----and there are satins.

3. In that great victory Caesar was Caesar.

XIII. Paregmenon 同源重复While Old English was moving to Modern English, a lot of foreign words such as Latin, German, Greek, Celtic came into English language. Most of the roots, stems, affixes also were borrowed into English. So a lot of Modern English words appear to have the same roots, stems or affixes. Some writers just apply these language features to their works to make different rhetorical effects.

Eg. Population increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources.

2.The best defense is to be offensive.

Chapter 11 Figures of speech (V)

Verbal Games and Gymnastics （文字游戏修辞格）

I.ambiguity 歧义，意中寓意；双关。This word implies a deteriorative meaning. A proper

word or phrase should have been used to express a certain idea. But in order to create one or more unclear meaning or to cause confusion purposely, a fuzzy word is used.

For example;

1. The student newspaper took pictures of the university cooking students.

2. He finished the race last Friday.

But the following one is available.

3. Come, thou mortal wretch,

(To the asp, which she applies to her breast.)

With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsic ate

Of life at once untie: poor venomous fool,

Be angry, and dispatch. Anthony and Cleopatra

II Pun 双关: playful use of a word in different senses or of words which differ in meaning but sound alike. Pun can be in pronunciation, meaning, and role.

For example:

1.Why is an empty purse always the same? Because there is never any change in it..

2. A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: ―gentleman----order!‖ The entire class yelled

―Beer!‖

3.On Sunday they prey for you, on Monday they prey on you. Mr. Rochester continued blind

the first two years of our union: perhaps it was that circumstance that drew us so very near…

Literally, I was (what he often called me) the apple of his eye. He saw nature----he saw book through me…(Jane Eyre)

4.Bassanio: Why dost thou whet thy knife so earnestly?

Shylock: To cut the forfeiture from the bankrupt there.

Gratiano: Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew, thou mak‘st thy knife keen…

(Merchant of Venice)

5.He checked his cash, cashed in his checks, and left his window. Who is next?

6.Juliet: Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss

La Cap: so shall you feel the loss, but not the friend which you weep for.

Juliet: Feeling so the loss,

I cannot choose but ever weep the friend.

7. Pifflington= piffle + town

III. Syllepsis兼顾，一词多叙the use of any part of speech comparably related to two other words or phrases, correctly with respect to each taken separately, as to both syntax and meaning, but in different ways, so as to produce a witty effect.

For example: 1. Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated, and went straight home,in a flood of tears and a sedan chair. Dickens: The Pickwick Papers

2.She looked at the object with suspicion and a magnifying glass.

3. He swallowed his pride and a cough lozenge.

4. Whether the Nymph shall break Diana‘s Law.

Or some frail china jar receive a flaw,

Or stain her Honour, or her new Brocade.

Forget her prayers, or miss a masquerade.

Or lose her heart, or Necklace, at a ball.

Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Lock

IV.Transferred epithet 移就，转移修辞格It is a figure of speech in which the writer deliberately use the word to describe an object with a seemingly irrelevant collocations.

For example; 1. Who (vulture) wouldst not leave him in his wondering. To seek for treasures in the jeweled skies, Albert he soared with an undaunted wing?

-----Edgar Allan Poe: Science

2. where but to think is to be full of sorrow and leaden-eyed despairs

Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,

Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.(John Keats: Ode to the Nightingale)

3. He is not an easy author.

4. other examples: a sleepless pillow, the contemned cell, the long tormented air, a cheap market, a fat incumbency, a dishonest calling, the laughing harvest, an inexorable law

V. zeugma 拈连，扼式搭配法 A word is used to modify or govern two or more words although its use is grammatically or logically correct with only one. In zeugma one collocation is improper.

For example: 1. Kill the boys and the luggage!

2. Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in three dimensions …Many more people are ―form-blind‖than color-blind.

3. Why, i‘faith, methinks she‘s‘ too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise,and too little for a great praise. (Much Ado About Nothing)

4. When commemorating the great soul, the friends of his went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts.

All of his purchases of recent years had to be liquidated at a great sacrifice both to his health and his pocketbook.

VI. Parody 仿拟An imitation of the characteristic style of a writer, or of a literary work, designed to amuse or ridicule. Parody is characterized by flexibility ,sarcasm, humor, uniqueness and vividness.

For example:

1. Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are!

Up above the world so high,

Like a diamond in the sky! ( Jane Taylor: The Star)

→Twinkle, twinkle, little bat,

How I wonder what you‘re at!

Up above the world you fly,

Like a teatray in the sky! (Carroll: Alice in Wonderland)

2. She dwelt among the untrodden ways

Beside the springs of Dove

A maid whom there were none ot praise

And very few to love.(William Words worth: Lucy Poems)

→He lived amidst th‘untrodden ways

To Rydal Lake that lead,

A bard whom there were non to praise,

And very few to read. (Hartley Coleridge)

3. Familiarity breeds contempt.

→Quality breeds success.

4. Failure is the mother of success.

→Necessity is the mother of invention.

5. But Jusus said unto him, Follow me; and let the dead bury their dead.

→Trust no Futu re, howe‘er pleasant!

Let the dead Past bury its dead!

Act --- act in the glorious Present!

Heart within, and God o‘erhead. (Henry W Longfellow; A Psalm of Life)

7.I must to the sea again

To the lovely sea and the sky

→I must to the sea

To the lively sea and the sky

I left my vest and socks there,

I wonder if the y‘re dry

VII. Portmanteau word 融合词，拼缀法A new word is formed by drawing from two or more words some certain phonological parts.

For example:

1. young and easily freudened (means: young and easily frightened from Freud‘s depth-psychology)

Chapter 12 Figures of speech (VI)

rhetorical Exploitation of Errors（误用收效修辞格）

some errors are used rhetorically in literary works to cause specific effects.

1.Anachronism 超前夸张

For example: this prophecy Merlin shall make; for I live before his time.

―C orset‖ for Cleopatra in Shakespeare‘s Anthony and Cleopatra.

2.Bull言辞矛盾Illogical thoughts cause illogical collocations of words or grammatical

structure.

Eg. 1. Find them out, whose names are written here? It is written, that the show maker should meddle with his yard, and the tailor with his last, the fisher with his pencil, and the painter with his nets.(Romeo and Juliet)

英语18种重要修辞手法

18种重要修辞手法一、语义修辞 1明喻（simile）俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field. 2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 认真观察以上各例，我们会发现它们的特点，由（as）... as, like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显，所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。 2暗喻（metaphor）也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.（他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。） 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。) 3.Hope is a good br eakfast, but it’s a bad supper. 由以上各例可知，暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然，前句是暗喻，后句是明喻。暗喻时，比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄，猛一看它们毫无关系，实际却有着某种内在联系。谈到暗喻，有必要说说它的两种变体（variety）：博喻（sustained metaphor）和延喻（extended metaphor），它们是英语比喻中的特殊类型。（1）博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体的方法就叫做博喻。比如： There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpe nt and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverber ation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电，她像蛇一样蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧绿，轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻就用了三个喻体，spring of a serpen t（动态），shout of a fiend（声音），green as an emerald(颜色)，它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪电呈现在读者面前。由此可见，多喻体的使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。（2）延喻据Longman Modern English Dictionary解释，延喻即make a n initial c omparison and then develop it, expanding the author’s id ea（作出初次比较再扩展，以延伸作者的意图）。请看下例： A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. (摄影师像鳕鱼，产卵百万为的是长成一条。) 摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod，再进一步用cod的习性比喻之，生动地道出了摄影师的艰辛。这里which后的从句就显示了延喻的功能。与一般比喻相比延喻的使用更复杂。一般比喻只需抓住主、喻体之间的相似之处，延喻不仅要注意比喻本身，还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说，延伸部分应当是喻体的一部分，不能游离于其外。延喻的构成分以下几种： ①由动词构成

高级英语课文修辞总结

高级英语课文修辞总结（1-7课）第一课Face to Face With Hurricane Camille Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire) 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train) Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.) Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.)

英语修辞手法讲解

英语19种修辞手法解读 1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。例如： 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。 2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。 3.Metonymy 借喻，转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。 I。以容器代替内容，例如： 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了。 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称，例如： Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 III。以作者代替作品，例如： a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI。以具体事物代替抽象概念，例如： I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气，他们就用我的力气赚钱。 4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体，或用全体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。例如： 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory。(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人。 2>.He is the Newton of this century。(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿。 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap。(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。 5.Synaesthesia 通感，联觉，移觉这种修辞法是以视。听.触。嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物。通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“微风过处送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。例如： 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice。(用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花)

英语中的修辞手法

明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人.

(完整word版)高级英语第一册修辞总结1--11

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar 1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9) 2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”. e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1) 2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7) 3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)…make a point of protesting 4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7) a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5) 2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5) 6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5) Unit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of America V. Rhetorical devices 1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson 2. e.g. 1) Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para. 1) 2) Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. (Para. 15)

高级英语第一册修辞手法总结.docx

Lesson 1 1．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4)metaphor 2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.、metaphor simile 4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed:“ Get us through this mess, will You”(Para. 17)alliteration 5. It seized a 600,000-gallon personification Gulfport oil tank and dumped it miles away. 6.Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. simile 、onomatopoeia( 拟声 ) 7.Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.（Para. 20）transferred epithet 8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished. （P ara. 20） simile 、 personification 9.and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads. simile and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphor Lesson 4 1. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2)Transferred epithet 2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3)Synecdoche

高级英语修辞手法总结(最常考)

英语修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；

英语中19种修辞手法及解释

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.

2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

高级英语修辞总结完整版

高级英语修辞总结 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】

Rhetorical Devices 一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如： 1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。三、Allusion（暗引）

英文修辞手法总结

英语中常见的修辞手法11928

英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中，马克.吐温是位伟大作家，他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)（eternal和endless都是夸张用语，表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。） 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如：The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.） The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) （这里作者运用了拟人手法，将秋天比做人，秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力，让人有身处其境的感觉）（大学英语第三册第六课课文A） 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如： “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了，于是出现了上面的这句话，通过反语达到讽刺的效果，从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)

高级英语修辞手法总结归纳

英语修辞手法明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.

III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。

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