2015年职称英语考试(理工类A)真题及答案解析

第一部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）

下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.

A. control

B. observe

C. regulate

D. accept

答案：D

2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.

A. sense

B. talent

C. flavor

D. taste

答案：B

3. Most people find rejection hard to accept.

A. excuse

B. client

C. refusal

D. destiny

答案：C

4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.

A. pleased

B. powerful

C. brave

D. sensible

答案：C

5. They were locked in mortal combat.

A. deadly

B. open

C. actual

D. active

答案：A

6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.

A. amount

B. supply

C. tempt

D. sum

7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.

A. clear

B. necessary

C. special

D. correct

答案：A

8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.

A. Service

B. danger

C. disorder

D. threat

答案：C

9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.

A. survive

B. last

C. die

D. move

答案：C

10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.

A. fair

B. full

C .coexisting

D. public

答案：C

11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.

A. policy

B. value

C．equality

D. integration

答案：D

12. A salesman?s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.

A. principal

B. official

C. simple

D. legal

答案：A

13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation

B. praise

C .assure

D. complain

答案：B

14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear

A. emotional

B. nervous

C. terrible

D. Continuous

答案：D

15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.

A. common

B. unexpected

C. unforgettable

D. Pitiful

答案：D

第二部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）

下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

Lack of Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth

Scientists have long speculated as to why animal species didn?t flourish sooner, once sufficient oxygen covered the Earth?s surface. Animals began to prosper at the end of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about the billion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also was plenty of oxygen?

Well, it seems the air wasn?t so great then, after all.

In a study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and his colleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period were only 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth?s atmosphere couldn?t have supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancements were poised to occur.

“There is no que stion that genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise of animals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level of oxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with Christopher Reinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We?re providing the first evidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentially prevent the rise of animals.”

The scientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancient sediments

from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium is found in the Earth?s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directly linked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.

Specifically, the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near the shore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger locales known to have higher levels of oxygen.

Oxygen?s role in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists. “We were miss ing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gave us the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today?s conditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygen was already plentiful enough to support animal life.

In the new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highly dynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes. However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference in the nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.

“If we are right, our results will really change how people view the origins of animals and other complex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” said co-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be a game changer.”

“There?s a lot of interest right now in a broader discussion surrounding the role that environmental stability played in the evolution of complex life, and we think our results are a significant contribution to that,” Reinhard said.

16. The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoic period.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：B

17. Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：A

18. The team was funded by several research institutes.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：C

19. Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：B

20. The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：A

21. The study revealed that chromium found in Earth?s continental crust remained stable before and after the rise of animals.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：B

22. Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案：C

第三部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23—30题，每题1分，共8分）

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

First Image-recognition Software

1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.

2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则) for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素) data in images and potentially video — rather than just text — to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from

text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned (收集) from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions (图片说明), making for more accurate document search results.

3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia data set, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨) of it by looking at the

pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search."

4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.

23. Paragraph 1_____F_______

24. Paragraph 2_____A______

25. Paragraph 3_____D_____

26. Paragraph 4____B_____

A. Function of the new system

B. Improvement in document retrieval

C. Publication of the new discovery

D. Problems of the existing search engines

E. Popularity of the new system

F. Artificial intelligence software created

27. The new system does document retrieval by ________A_______.

28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _____D______.

29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _______E______.

30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _______C______.

A. using photos

B. description of the HTML page

C. current popular search engines

D. document search

E. information in images

F. machine vision systems

第四部分：阅读理解

(第31—45题，每题3分，共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu

IF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.

But it?s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemi

C. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. “We don?t want people wearing them everywhere,” said the CD

C. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.”

When that?s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask i f you are in one of the three following situations. First, you?re healthy and can?t avoid going to a crowded place. Second t you?re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you. Third, you live with so meone who?s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.

Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experience

D. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.

During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren?t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.

Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you?ve been expose

D. It?s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.

Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.

【国家参照教材p99】

【张可华版得分技巧教材p48】

31. What is the passage mainly about?

A. Widespread use of face masks.

B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreak

C. New discoveries of a face mask research.

D. Effectiveness of wearing face masks

答案：D

32. The CDC suggests that people

A. stay alone when being sick.

B. wear face masks when going to a crowded place.

C. wear face masks wherever possible.

D. remain at home if living with someone who?s sick.

答案：B

33. The word "that" in Paragraph 3 refers to

A. making preparations.

B. avoiding exposure

C. coming up with guidelines.

D. wearing face masks everywhere.

答案：B

34. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.

B. Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.

C. Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.

D. Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.

答案：D

35. One of the concerns the CDC has is that

A .masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.

B. the sick may not wear masks and go out.

C. flu virus may spread via public transportation.

D. healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.

答案：A

第二篇What?s killing the Bats

First it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affecte

D. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.

One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌）known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists don''t know If the fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.

Another possible cause is a lack of foo

D. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can?t eat enough food, they starve to death.

Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠）bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.

Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren''t enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.

How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.

36. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. All species of bats in North America are dying.

B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of bats

C. The bat deaths are a serious problem.

D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.

答案：D

37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?

A. Bees have been dying mysteriously.

B. The first article on the website is about bees.

C. Bees usually die before bats.

D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.

答案：A

38. The word “pipistrel le" in Paragraph 1 refers to

A. a kind of fungus.

B. an area in the U.S.

C. a special cave.

D. a kind of bat.

答案：D

39. The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example of

A. diseases that kill bats.

B. Insects that bats eat.

C. animals that have diseases.

D. bat species that are starving to death.

答案：B

40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

A. To get people to stop killing bats.

B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.

C. To ask people not to touch dead bats.

D. To tell the public how to help bats.

答案：D

第三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven?t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That?s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn?t a very efficient way to gather heat. That?s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it?s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen?s University, Canada.

Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don?t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

“That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explain s，which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You don?t hav e to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce?s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they boosted the solar cell?s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

【国家教材p255】

13;41. PVTs are not efficient in

A. creating electricity.

B. cooling silicon solar cells.

C. generating heat.

D. powering solar thermal collectors.

答案：C

42. One of the problems PVTs have is that

A. their thermal applications are costly.

B. they are too expensive to afford.

C. they occupy too much space.

D. it is hard to fix them on the roof.

答案：C

43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?

A. They are electrically efficient.

B. They are less expensive.

C. They are flexible.

D. They are environment friendly.

答案：A

44. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because

A. their advantages are not well-recognized.

B. they do not work well if exposed to light.

C. they need improving in appearance.

D. they are not advertised.

答案：B

45. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Thin-film silicon''s electrical efficiency improves when heated up.

B. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.

C. Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.

D. A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.

答案：A

第五部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）

下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

Gorillas have a word for it

Koko is the first gorilla to have been taught sign language (a way of communicating by using hands and fingers rather than speech). With a vocabulary of more than1000 words, she is the first

to prove we share a world with other intelligent beings who feel emotions, look forward to celebrations and also have a sense of humour.

The 30-year study of Koko has redefined science''s concept of gorilla intelligence. 46.C. But what had not been recognised by the scientific community was that gorillas have the ability to learn a language and have complex emotions.

Koko lives in the Santa Cruz mountains in North America, in a wooded spot overlooking a valley.

47.D. She has a barrel on which she likes to sit when ''talking'' to humans - gorillas feel more secure when they can look down on others - while her toys are spread everywhere. In addition she has an outside enclosure where she spends her days when it is not raining.

It is her conversations with her teacher, Dr Penny Patterson, that are inspiring. Penny explains: …The reality of my discovery is that our abilities as humans, our skills, sensibi lities and emotions are very similar to the great apes. 48.E.

When she began teaching Koko sign language, placing the little fingers of the one-year-old gorilla into the correct positions for ''drink'', ''eat'', ''more'', and rewarding her with food, Dr Patterson had no idea how quickly Koko would learn. “At first, it seemed Koko was using sign language as a tool to get something,” says Patterson. ''It became the kind of reward system that you could expect of a cat or a dog. But early in her training, she began to combine signs that made me think she was capable of more.? 49.F. For example, she didn''t know the word for ''ring'', so she combined the signs for …finger? and ''bracelet'' to express it.

Dr Patterson continues: …Koko loves babies and young pe ople. And when she is asked what gorillas like best, she always says "Gorilla love eat, good??.'' One of Patterson''s favourite stories demonstrates Koko''s sense of humour. 50.A.

From the age of three, Koko shared her accommodation with Michael who was intended as a mate. However, Michael died suddenly two years ago of a heart attack. …Koko went into a depression following Michael''s death,? says Patterson. “She would sit for hours with her head hung low looking upset.”

Dr Patterson asked her if she was looking forward to moving to Hawaii, where Patterson is raising money to build a gorilla refuge. Koko signed “Yes”, provided she could have curtains in her new home!

A. When a visitor asked her to show him something scary, she held up a mirror to his face!

B. ？

C. According to some scientists, genetically there is only a 2% difference between gorillas and humans: we share the same blood type, have the same number of hairs per square inch and also the same temperament.

D. She has her own home, with curtains, and a nest of blankets, which is her bed, in one corner.

E. What we have learnt is that gorillas are more complex than we ever imagined.

F. Now Koko is so proficient in sign language that if she doesn''t know a word she invents one.

第六部分：完形填空（第51～65题，每题1分，共15分）

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into 51, from computer commands made miles away. They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day, said Shane Farritor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.

For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to 52 off the lane at that time. And they can return to the 53 place at the end of the day. “It just seems like a very good application for robots.” Farritor said. “The robotic cones would also help 54 people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,” Farritor said in a report on his creation.

Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. The 55 allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard. The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are 56 enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. “It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said. “57 there?s a kind of rubbery, black base to them. We replace that 58 a robot.”

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most 59 to what they might need.

The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, 60 now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation 61. “That way you don?t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation ,” Farritor said.

62 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has 63 for a patent and is considering what to do next. He is thinking about starting a small business. He is also thinking about 64 the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may 65 from them.

51. A. work

B. place

C. order

D. action

52. A. block

B cut

C. set

D. turn

53. A. clean

B. important

C. entire

D. original

54. A. employ

B. observe

C. remove

D. instruct

55. A. idea

B. report

C. demand

D. fund

56. A. helpful

B. beautiful

C. small

D. huge

57. A. Kindly

B. Normally

C. Greatly

D. Strangely

58. A. at

B. on

C. in

D. with

59. A. related

B. typical

C. useful

D. visible

60. A. why

B. where

C. when

D. what

61. A. proceeds

B. functions

C. finishes

D. improves

62. A. If

B. While

C. Since

D. Because

63. A. applied

B. asked

C. called

D. argued

64. A. saving

B .marketing

C. moving

D. devising

65. A. benefit

B. protect

C. learn

D. inspire

答案：BADCD CBDCB ABABA

职称英语等级考试试题-综合

职称英语等级考试试题-综合A6 第三篇Play Play is the principal business of childhood, and in recent years research has shown the great importance of play in the development of a human being. From earliest infancy, every child needs opportunity and the right materials for play, and the main tools of play are toys. Their main function is to suggest, encourage and assist play. To succeed in this they must be good toys, which children will play with often, and will come back to again and again. Therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child’s development. In recent years research on infant development has shown that the standard a child is likely to reach, within the range of his inherited abilities, is largely determined in the first three years of his life. So a baby’s ability to profit from the right play materials should not be underestimated. A baby who is encouraged and stimulated, talked to and shown things and played with, has the best chance of growing up successfully. In the next stage, from three to five years old, curiosity knows no bounds. Every type of suitable toy should be made available to the child, for trying out, experimenting and learning, for discovering his own particular ability. Bricks and jigsaws（七巧板）and construction toys; painting, scribbling(涂鸦) and making things; sand and water play; toys for imaginative and pretending play; the first social games for learning to play and get on with others. Bt the third stage of play development-from five to seven or eight years-the child is at school. But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning, at home or at school. It is easier to see which type of toys the chills most enjoys.

职称英语考试真题及答案

2016职称英语考试真题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题l分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线，请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、Have you talked to her?lately? https://www.sodocs.net/doc/97383694.html,stly B.finally C.shortly D.recently 2、 About?one quarter of?the workers in the country are employed in factories. A.third B.fourth C.tenth D.fifteenth 3、 The dentist has decided to?extract?her bad tooth. A.take out B.repair C.push in D.dig 4、 We shall keep the money in a?secure?place. A.clean

B.secret C.distant D.safe 5、 This table is strongand?durable. A.long-lasting B.extensive C.far reaching D.eternal 6、 He endured agonies before he finally?expired. A.fired B.resigned C.died D.retreated 7、 There are only five minutes left, but the?outcome?of the match is still in doubt. A.result B.judgement C.estimation D.event 8、 The great changes of the city?astonished?every visitor to that city A.attacked

2015年职称英语综合A真题及答案汇总

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2015职称英语综合类B级真题答案(词汇选项) 第1部分词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious

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M Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and urban development. She warns that many of the world’s fast -growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely1 suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. “Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. “But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents. ” Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings3 highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefits The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing without access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments,therefore,should take measures to protect their residents. “Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses,” Romero Lankao writes. “They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile, use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of’ climate change on cities. Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study. Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy “LDL ” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data4 has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person ’s heart attack risk In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology, Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake. Dr Francis, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the senior author of the study, said: “Statins don ’t cut out all of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries. It ’s better to avoid fatty food altogeth er. But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack, taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it. ” It ’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provided free of charge. It would cost less than 5 pence per customer —— not much different to a sachet of sugar, “ Dr Francis said. When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they ’re encouraged to take measures that lower their risk, like wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a stain is a rational way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal. Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat. That ’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it ，s also a space problem ：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s Universi ty, Canada." Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon ， but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don ’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately ，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

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https://www.sodocs.net/doc/97383694.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found