专业英语部分段落翻译

第一段Industrial hygiene has been defined as "that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and wellbeing, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community"

工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自于工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或使工人或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服”。

第三段Physical hazards include excessive levels of nonionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, and extremes of temperature and pressure. Any of these have or can have serious adverse effects upon your workforce. You should identify any of these which exist in your work environment and which present a risk to your employees.

物理危害包括过量的非电离与电离辐射，噪声，振动，和极端的温度和压力。所有这些已经或可能对你的员工产生严重的不利影响。（作为雇主）你应该找出任何存在于你的工作环境这些因素，并识别出那些对你的员工是有危险的。

第五段Noise is a serious hazard when it results in temporary or permanent hearing loss, physical or mental disturbance, any interference with voice communications, or the disruption of a job, rest, relaxation, or sleep. Noise is any undesired sound and is usually a sound that bears no information with varying intensity. It interferes with the perception of wanted sound, and is likely to be harmful, cause annoyance, and/or interfere with speech.

当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音，它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。它干扰人们对正常声音的辨别，可能是有害的，能使人烦恼，并（或）干扰人们说话。

第八段Noise dose limits are now required for workplaces to minimize hearing loss from occupational exposure. Although louder noise is allowed for brief periods during the workday, the mandatory noise level limit (set by OSHA), is 90dBA. An employer must make hearing protection available, provide training, and provide hearing tests when the noise level exceeds 85dBA, time-weighted average. As

a basic rule, if you cannot hear dBA, employers must assure that protection is being used. Heat stress is a serious physical hazard that should always be considered on a construction jo

b site especially during the summer months. The chance of developing heat stress increases with increased humidity, hot environments, and the use of personal protective equipment. Sweating is the most effective means of losing excess heat, as long as adequate fluids are taken in to replace the sweat. When individuals are severely stressed by the heat, they may stop sweating with the most severe consequences of heat stress occurring. Adequate rest periods, availability of large amounts of replacement fluids ，and frequent monitoring are essential to prevent the consequences of heat stress which may occur without warning symptoms. The body maintains a normal temperature (98.6°F) in a hot environment by two methods:

Sending more blood to the skin

Sweating

现在工作场所要求降低噪音指数从而减少暴露在工作场所的工人听力危害。虽然刺耳的噪声在工作日是短暂允许的,但是强制噪声水

平限制是90分贝(职业安全与健康标准设定)。当噪声水平累积时间的平均值超过85分贝时雇主必须确保听力保护措施可用，同时提供培训,并提供听力测试。作为一个基本的规则,如果你不能在一臂的长度范围内听到你的手指发出的“啪”的声音时，你必须采取听力保护措施。噪音超过90分贝时,雇主必须保证已使用听力保护措施。高温中暑是一种严重的物理性危害，在建筑工地总是应该被考虑,特别是在夏季的几个月。伴随着湿度增加、热环境、个人防护设备的使用，高温中暑发展的机会增加。只要有足够的液体来补充汗水，出汗是失去多余的热量最有效的手段,。当个人的压力热量严重时，他们可能会停止出汗，最严重后果是发生的高温中暑。充足的休息时间,可获得的大量的替代液体,和及时的监测足以防止发生没有征兆高温中暑。身体在高温环境下维持一个正常的温度(98.6°F)的两种方法: 加速血液流通

出汗

第十段Radiation is divided into tow major categories ,based its effect on living tissue :1,non-ionizing;2,ionizing radiation .Ionizing radiation has the ability to change or destory the atomic (chemical) struction of cells ,

non-ionizing radiation does not . Some types of non-ionizing radiation that we are exposed to everyday include microwave energy used for cooking , and radio waves used

in broadcasting over radio and television .Types of ionizing radiation we are cosmic rays from the sun and the stars , terrestrial radiation from the earth , nuclear radiation from reactors ,and medical radiation from X-rays.

辐射分为两大类,通过对活体组织:1、电离;2、电离辐射。电离辐射有能力改变或破坏原子(化工)结构的细胞群,电离辐射不会。我们每天都暴露在的某些类型的电离辐射包括：用于烹饪的微波能量，和用于广播在收音机和电视的无线电波。我们所暴漏在的电离辐射的类型有来自太阳和星星的宇宙射线, 来自地球的地面辐射、核反应堆辐射及医学x光片的辐射

第十四段ergonomic hazards include improperly designed tools or work areas. improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions, or repeated motions in an awkward position can result in accidents or illnesses in the occupational environment. designing the tools and the job to be done to fit the worker should be of prime importance. when repetitive motion injuries occur, they often result from continuous use of a body part often in an unnatural posture employing more force than is normal for the body part. this may result in irritation, fluid build up, or thickening of the tendons and ligaments in the wrists, or damage to nerves or

blood vessels. severe pain may occur along with numbness, and loss of movement may occur. weakness of the

hand ,arm or other body part may occur, making it difficult to hold objects and perform grasping motions. the worker may drop objects, be unable to use keys, or count change because of these injuries. surgical treatment may be necessary if the symptoms are severe and if other measures do not provide relief. other ergonomic hazards include manual handling of objects and materials where lifting and carrying are done. lifting is so much a part of many everyday jobs that most of us do not think about it .but it is often dong wrong, with unfortunate results such as pulled muscles, disk injuries, or painful hernias. intelligent application of engineering and biomechanical principles is required to eliminate hazards of this kind.

人机工程学方面的危害包括生产工具和作业场所的设计不当。不合适的提升及传送（动作），不良视觉条件，长期地以不合适的姿势进行重复性动作在职业场所中会导致疾病或事故。设计符合工人的工具和工作机制是至关重要的。重复性运动损伤通常是由于身体的某一部分连续不断的处于一个不自然的姿态，并使该身体部位使用比平时更多的力量所造成的。剧痛可能伴随着麻木一起发生，丧失行动能力也可能发生。手臂或身体其他部位的无力或虚弱也可能发生，并导致难以

抓持物品或执行抓取动作。由于这些伤害，工人可能跌落物品，失去使用钥匙的能力，或者造成类似的改变。如果以上症状日益严重，并且没有采取疗养措施，可能必须进行手术治疗了。其他人机工程学方面的危害存在与那些需要手工处理的物品及材料的搬运提升场所。提升工作是日常工作中的很大一部分，但是我们却很少去考虑它。同时提升工作常常以错误的方式进行，可能会造成肌肉拉伤，扭伤或者疼痛的疝气。智能应用工程和生物力学原理，应该用来消除这种危害。第十五段Chemical hazards arise from excessive airborne concentrations of mists , vapors, gases ,or solids that are in the form of dusts or fumes. In addition to the hazard of inhalation, many of these materials may act as skin irritants or may be toxic by absorption through the skin. Them are thousands and thousands of potentially harmful chemicals found in the workplace. Workers face the possibility of exposure on a daily basis to these harmful chemicals. The majority of the occupational health hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases ,dusts, fumes and mists ,or by skin contact with these materials. The degree of risk of handling a given substance depends on the magnitude and duration of exposure. To recognize occupational factors or stresses, a health and safety professional must first know about the chemicals used as

raw materials and the nature of the products and byproducts manufactured. This sometimes requires great effort. The required information can be obtained from the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)that must be supplied by the chemical manufacturer or importer to the purchaser for all hazardous materials under the Hazard Communication Standard. The MSD is a summary of the important

health ,safety ,and toxicological infom1ation on the chemical or the mixture ingredients. Other stipulations of the Hazard Communication Standard require that all containers of hazardous substances in the workplace be labeled with appropriate warning and identification labels. The MSDS or the label does not give complete information but only trade names ,it may be necessary to contact the manufacturer of the chemicals to obtain this information. Many industrial materials such as resins and polymers are relatively inert and non-toxic under normal conditions of use, but when heated or machined, they may decompose to form highly toxic by-products. Information concerning these types of hazardous products and by-products must also be included in the company's Hazard Communication Program-Breathing of some materials can irritate the upper

respiratory tract or the terminal passages of the lungs and the air sacs, depending upon the solubility of the material. Contact of irritants with the skin surface can produce various kinds of dermatitis.

化学品危害产生于空气中过量的烟雾，蒸汽，气体或固体，它们以粉尘或烟雾的形式存在。除了吸入的危险，这些危险品中的多数可能刺激皮肤或可能通过皮肤吸收使人中毒。人们发现在车间有成千上万的潜在有害化学品。工人面临每天都有可能暴露在这些有害的化学品中。大多数的职业健康危害是通过吸入化学试剂的蒸汽，气体，粉尘，烟尘和烟雾，或皮肤接触这些试剂。处理某一物质的危险程度由接触的量和时间决定。要认识到职业的要素或重要性，职业健康安全专家必须首先知道所使用的化学品原料的性质,产品和副产品的性质。这有时需要很大的努力。这些信息可从材料安全数据表（MSDS）获得，MSDS必须由化学品制造商或进口商的购买者提供,所有有害物质归类于《危害物信息标准》中。MSDS是一个简要的重要的关于化学或混合物的健康，安全，和毒理学信息。《危害物信息标准》的其他规定，要求所有在车间的有害物质的集装箱都要被标示适当的预警和识别标签。MSDS或标签给的信息不完整，只有商品名称，有必要联系制造商以获取此信息。许多工业材料，如树脂和聚合物在正常条件下相对惰性和无毒，但加热或加工时，他们可以分解成剧毒的副产物。有关这些类型的危险产品和副产品，也必须包括在该公司的危害物信息程序中，呼吸有些材料会刺激上呼吸道或肺的终端通道和气

囊，这取决于这些材料的溶解度。皮肤表面接触刺激物与会产生不同类型的皮炎。

自动化专业英语课文重点句子翻译(精)

In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、

专业英语翻译

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 141 (2011) 133–138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /v e t i m m Short communication Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreases in?ammatory responses induced by F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in porcine intestinal epithelial cells Galliano Zanello a ,b ,1,Franc ?ois Meurens a ,1,Mustapha Berri a ,Claire Chevaleyre a ,Sandrine Melo a ,Eric Auclair b ,Henri Salmon a ,? a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA),UR1282,Infectiologie Animale et SantéPublique,F-37380Nouzilly (Tours),Indre et Loire,France b SociétéIndustrielle Lesaffre,Lesaffre Feed Additives,Marcq-en-Baroeul,France a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19October 2010Received in revised form 13December 2010 Accepted 31January 2011Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Pig Intestinal epithelial cells Cytokines Chemokines a b s t r a c t Probiotic yeasts may provide protection against intestinal in?ammation induced by enteric pathogens.In piglets,infection with F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)leads to in?ammation,diarrhea and intestinal damage.In this study,we investigated whether the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc ,strain CNCM I-3856)and S.cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb ,strain CNCM I-3799)decreased the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines and chemokines in intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Results showed that viable Sc inhibited the ETEC-induced TNF-?gene expression whereas Sb did not.In contrast,killed Sc failed to inhibit the expression of pro-in?ammatory genes.This inhibition was dependent on secreted soluble factors.Sc culture supernatant decreased the TNF-?,IL-1?,IL-6,IL-8,CXCL2and CCL20ETEC-induced mRNA.Furthermore,Sc culture supernatant ?ltrated fraction <10kDa displayed the same effects excepted for TNF-?.Thus,our results extended to Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)the inhibitory effects of some probiotic yeast strains onto in?ammation. ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)are pathogenic gram negative bacteria which infect humans and sev-eral species of farm animals such as calves and pigs.ETEC interacts with intestinal epithelial cells,colonizes the small intestine and secretes enterotoxins such as the heat-labile enterotoxins (LT),the heat-stable enterotox-ins (STa and/or STb),and the enteroaggregative E .coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1(EAST1)(Nagy and Fekete,2005).In pigs,ETEC infection and enterotoxin secretions can induce intestinal in?ammation and diarrhea resulting in reduced growth rate,increased mortality and economic ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+33247427331;fax:+33247427779.E-mail addresses:salmon@tours.inra.fr ,henri.salmon@tours.inra.fr (H.Salmon).1 These authors contributed equally to this work.loss (Fairbrother et al.,2005).Moreover,F4+ETEC strain induce pro-in?ammatory response in intestinal epithe-lial cells (Devriendt et al.,2010).Administration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb )has been shown to protect pigs in reducing ETEC transloca-tion (Lessard et al.,2009).In vitro studies showed that Sb secretes soluble factors that decrease the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines induced by enteric pathogens (Zanello et al.,2009).However,to our knowledge,there is no in vitro data regarding the anti-in?ammatory effects of S.cerevisiae (Sc )secreted soluble factors.Sc and Sb are members of the same species but they differ geneti-cally,metabolically and physiologically (Edwards-Ingram et al.,2007;Hennequin et al.,2001).Thus,in this study,we assessed if the non-commensal and non-pathogenic yeasts Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)and Sb (strain CNCM I-3799)secreted factors allowing the down-regulation of pro-in?ammatory gene expression in intestinal epithe-lial cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Sc (strain CNCM I-3856) 0165-2427/$–see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.018

英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案

1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.

《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分

第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及

各专业的英文翻译剖析

哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws

服装专业外语重点段落翻译

Fashion,which is as old as time and as new as tomorrow,is one of the most powerful forces in our lives .It influences what we wear,the way we talk,the foods we eat,the way we live,how and where we travel,what we travel,what we look at,and what we listen to.Fashion is what lead us todiscard a product that is still useful but is no longer ―in‖.It is also what makes us sometimes wear more clothes than we may actually need,and sometimes less than is needed to product us from the ccold or the sun. 流行是这样一种事物，是我们抛弃了还可以使用，但不再时髦的产品。有时候使我们穿比我们真正穿的衣服多，有时候比我们穿抵御严寒酷暑的少。 If there is one absolute constant pertaining to fashion,it is the fact that it is always changing-sometimes rapidly,sometimes slowly,but it is never static or dormant.This element of change is recognized in the definitions of fashion itself cited earlier,by the use of such words as ―prevailing‖or ―a given period of time.‖To ignore the element of change is like looking at a still photograph in place of a motion picture.The still tells you what is happening here and now ;the motion picture shows you what came before and what may lie ahead. 如果存在着一种符合流行的绝对永恒，那就是流行是永远变化着的这一事实，（这种变化）时快时慢，但绝不会固定下来或呈休止状态。 “Fashion is a social phenomenon which reflects the same continuing change that rides through any given age .‖Change in fashion ,he emphasized,‘correspond with the subtle and often hidden network of forces that operate on society……’ “流行是一种社会现象，它反映了任何特定年代同样都要经历的持续变化。‖他强调说：“流行变迁与那些作用于社会的影响力量所具有的微妙，而又常常是暗藏着的系统是一致的。”It is only in restrospect that fashion changes seem marked or sudden .Autually ,they come about as a result of a series of gradual shifts from one season to the next.For example ,when women’s skirts began inching up from midcalf in the 1960s,this gradual shortening was not particularly noticeable at first .It was only when skirts moved thigh-high,in the form of minis and micro-minis ,that people took notice of the approaching extreme.Similarly,when men begin to abandon ultrannarrow ties and suit lapels in favor of more and more width,the changs are not noticed at first. 只有当追溯过去的时候，流行的变迁才显得特别引人注目或突然，实际上，这些变迁的发生是从一个季节到另一个季节的一系列逐渐变化的结果。例如，女裙的逐渐变短的时候并没有被注意到，。 ………………………………………………………… Color can be the basis for a whole group or line .It is the first element to which consumers respond .People relate personally to color,usually either selecting or rejecting a garment beccause of its ccolor appeal.Therefore,designers must cconsider their customers and provide colors that are both appealing and flattering. 色彩是整个款式系列中的基本要素，它是能够引起顾客回应的第一要素。人们把色彩和个人联系起来，他们往往根据颜色来选择或拒绝一件衣服，因此设计师必须考虑他们的顾客，并且提供出令他们喜爱和满意的色彩，消费群体。 In clothing,neutrals such as beige,tan,brown,white ,gray,and black are even more popular than the ccolors just mentioned.The reason is probably that they present a pleasing background for the wearer without completing for attention. Neutrals are part of every season‖s fashion picture ,as either a strong fashion statement or a way to round out a color story. 在服装中，中色调例如灰中色，深褐，褐色，白灰和黑色，甚至还有比刚刚提到的更多的

研究生专业英语第一到第六单元句子翻译修改版

Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.

测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)

Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)