2英汉互译中的which从句

英译汉和汉译英中的which定语从句

?可以说，我们在翻译时频繁遇到的从句句型恐怕要数定语从句（五个关系代词，三个关系副词所引导），而非限定性定语从句中出现最多、功能最全的恐怕就是which引导的。在科技英语中，关系代词which 的用途更广, 用来引导定语从句时, 可以替代主句中的一个词、词组，甚至整个主句，称为先行词，有时其意义甚至相当于一个状语从句。

译写教程P114

?英语定语从句（包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）的通常译法是：前置定语译法、分句译法、压缩融合译法以及状语化译法。?（一）译成前置定语法

?(4) The moon, which had hidden in the clouds all day, now came out in all its beauty.

?整天躲在云彩后边的月亮，现在又露出了美丽的面容。

?(5) Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.

?采用体积较小的晶体管可以使先前那种又大又笨的收音机变得

又轻又小。

?（二）分句译法

?有些定语从句的结构较复杂，译成前置定语会显得太长，不符合汉语表达习惯，可以将此类定语从句单译成一个句子，置于主语之后。例如：

?(1) A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.

?燃料是一种物质，在适当的温度下能够燃烧并释放出热量。

?(2) Between those two tiny particles, the proton and the electron, there a powerful attraction that is always present between negative and positive

electric charges.

?在质子和电子这两个微粒之间，有一个很大的吸引力，这个吸引力总是存在于正、负电荷之间。

?(5) The process of combining with oxygen is oxidation, of which burning is one type.

?与氧结合的过程就是氧化，燃烧就是其中的一种。

（三）压缩融合法

英语中的“there be”结构和谓语动词是be的句子中所含的定语从句，还有其它与主句的关系比较密切的定语从句，汉译时往往将主句和定语从句融合在一起译成一个简单句，将原句中的定语从句翻译成单句中的谓语部分。例如：

(2) There will be a special discount for anybody who orders the shoes of size 34.

任何人订购34码的鞋都将享受特殊的折扣优惠。

(3) We are people that are ready to support the cause of other nations.

我国的人民总是乐于支持他国人民的事业。

(4) Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.

好闹钟的钟摆可以自动补偿温度变化造成的误差。

(5) He used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.

他驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有某些国籍标志。

?（四）状语化译法

在英语中，有些定语从句和主语的关系不密切，它从语法上看是定语从句，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主语、谓语或全句的，起状语作用。在这种情况下，要从意义入手，把句子中的定语从句译成汉语偏正复句中的一个分句，即表示表示原因、结果、条件、目的、让步等关系的状语从句。例如：

?1、译为表示目的的状语从句

?(1) They have built up a new university there, where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists.

?他们在那里建了一所大学，以培养工程师和科学家。

?(2) The Security Council passed a resolution on enforcing economic sanctions upon Iraq, which extends support to Kuwait in safeguarding its sovereignty.

?安理会通过了一项经济制裁伊拉克的决议，旨在支持科威特捍卫自己的主权。?(3) Mary decided to wear that beautiful white dress, which would distinguish her from others at the ball.

?玛丽决定穿那件漂亮的白色裙子参加舞会，以使自己与众不同。

?2、译为表示原因的状语从句

?(1) He didn’t watch the soap opera, which he thought uninteresting. ?他没看那部电视连续剧，因为他认为那部连续剧没意思。

?(2) The little boy who was afraid of waking his father walked quietly out of the living-room.

?因为担心吵醒父亲，那个小男孩悄悄地走出了起居室。

?(3) Beware of white flowers in Japan where they are often associated with death.

?在日本使用白花要小心，因为白花常常和死亡连在一起。

?3、译为表示结果的状语从句

?(1) Copper, which is widely used for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance.

?铜的电阻很小，所以被广泛用来传输电力。

?(2) There was something original, independent, and heroic about the music that pleased all the listeners.

?这首乐曲富于创造性、独具一格，很有魄力，因此听者都很喜欢它。

?4、译为表示条件的状语从句

?(1) The remainder of the atom from which one or more electrons are removed must be positively charged.

?如果从原子中移走一个或多个电子，则该原子的其余部分必定带正电。

?(2) It is now understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important element are missing.

?人们现在已经懂得，如果饮食中缺少了某些成分，即使其中不含任何有害物质，也会引起严重疾病。

?(3) Many laid-off workers become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.

?许多下岗工人拼命想得到工作，不管什么工作，只要能维持一家人的生活就行。

?5．译为表示让步的状语从句

?(1) Electric computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man.

?尽管电子计算机有很多优点，但是他们不能进行创造性的工作，也不能取代人。

?(2) Air will completely fill any container, in which it may be placed.

?不管空气装在什么样的容器里，它都能把容器装满。

?(3) There was no respect even for Albert Einstein in Hitler's Germany, who only wanted to think of the problems beyond time and space and politics.

?即使像爱因斯坦那样只想考虑那些超脱时间、空间和政治问题的人，在希特勒统治下的德国也没有受到尊重。

?汉译英中灵活运用Which从句

?长句汉译英时，我们首先要挖掘出汉语句子内隐含的逻辑关系，再找出我们将要使用的相应的英语从句。

Which在汉译英中的代替和补缺作用

Which 的代替作用：在汉语句中，同一个主语在两个简单句中都出现，翻译成英语时，为了避免重复，可以用which来引导一个定语从句来代替。

例如：

在所谓高等动物中，生物体由许多细胞组成，这些细胞进而组成高度分化的组织和器官，执行特殊功能。

In the so-called higher forms of life, organisms are composed of many cells, which （in turn）constitute highly specialized tissues and organs to perform specific functions.

Which的补缺作用：在汉语句中，为了语气的通顺和简练，本该在两个分句中都出现的名词，在后面的句子中被省略，翻译成英语时，可以用which来补缺。

例如：为了求压强，我们把力除以它所作用的面积，从而得出单位面积上的压力。

To find the pressure, we divide the force by the area on which it presses, which gives us the force per unit area. （有因果关系在其中）

?More examples for the use of a non-restrictive relative clause

?例1：农业是国民经济赖以生存和发展的基础，没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续。

?Agriculture is the basis for the survival and development of the national economy，without which people could not exist and neither can social production continue.

?例2：一切科技成就都是建立在理性思维的基础上的，没有理性思维就不能有科学。

?All scientific achievements are based on rational thinking, without which there could have been no science.

例3：在过去的十几年里，可能没有任何其它话题比领导艺术更受到管理研究者的关注。在管理人员的培训和开发方面，领导艺术也是热门话题之一。这表明专业管理人员对探索卓有成效的领导艺术的奥秘感兴趣。（同等学力英语考试真题）

在过去的十几年里，可能没有任何其它话题比领导艺术更受到管理研究者的关注

Over / In the past few decades，dozen years perhaps no other topic has drawn/ received / attracted more attention from management researchers than the art of leadership.

Another version

?It is also one of the hottest topics in the training and

exploiting of management personnel，which indicates that professional management are interested in probing the mystery of effective leadership.

?It is also one of the hottest topics in the management training and development，which shows that professional management are interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership.

课外练习

1. 在所谓高等动物中，生物体由许多细胞组成，这些细胞进而组成高度分化的组织和器官，执行特异性的功能。Organism, higher forms of life highly specified

2. 空气是一种气体混合物，在该混合物中氧气的体积占21%。

3. 能量对这些生命活动是必需的，而能量在正常情况下从食物中获得。

4. 空气是一种混合物，它的组成成分在化学工业中有很大的用处。

5. 动物呼吸空气，通过肺把其中的氧气吸收到血液里。

1 In the so-called higher forms of life, organisms are composed of many cells, which constitute highly specialized tissues and organs to perform specific functions.

2 Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 per cent by volume.

3 Necessary for these life processes is energy, which is normally obtained from foods.

4 Air is a mixture, the components of which are of great use in the chemical industry.

5 Animals inhale air from which the oxygen is absorbed through lungs.

6. 高层大气被认为是由若干近似同心层concentric layers构成的，包括对流层和同温层troposphere and stratosphere 。

7. 部分能量被转化为热，来帮助维持体温在37℃。

8. 用5%硼酸溶液boric acid solution处理10-20分钟，对减轻疼痛，防止继发性感染secondary infection有一定的作用。

9. 为了求压强，我们把力除以它所作用的面积，从而得出单位面积上的压力。

10. 如果病人在医院治疗，通常的办法是不给这种药，因为这药的效果不如其它两种药好，而且容易引起副作用。

6 The upper atmosphere is believed to consist of a number of roughly concentric

layers which include one troposphere and stratosphere.

7 Some of the energy is converted into heat, which helps to maintain our body

temperature at about 37 C.

8 Five percent boric acid solution is applied over the burnt area for 10-20 minutes,

which helps to relieve the pain and prevent secondary infection.

9 To find the pressure, we divide the force by the area on which it presses, which

gives us the force per unit area. （有因果关系在其中）

10 If the patient is being treated in hospital the usual practice is to omit this drug,

which is less potent than the other two and more liable to cause side-effect

英语中定语从句的基本用法(一)

英语中定语从句的基本用法(一) 摘要]本文通过实例浅析了英语中定语从句的基本 用法,如有不当之处,望大家批评指正。 关键词]定语从句用法宾语主语 英语,作为一门学科,每天有很多人在其中徜徉,可是也有 很多人虽为它倾注了很多精力却依然觉得举首无措?的确,在 英语中有很多的学问,需要我们去了解和掌握,下面就其中的某 个方面——定语从句,通过实例,分析一下它的基本用法,和大 家一起学习。 在句子中用作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句通常位 于它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语 从句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语和定语等等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。 I.由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that引导的定 语从句。 i.who代替人,在从句中作主语。 e.g.Amanwhodoesn’ttrytolearnfromotherscannot hopetoachievemuch. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。 ii.whom代替人,在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略。 e.g.Theengineerwhomwemetyesterdayhaveworked outanewautomaticdevice. 我们昨天碰到的工程师研制出了一种新型的自动化装置。 iii.whose代替人或物,在从句中作定语。 e.g.MadamCurieisagreatscientistwhosenameis knownallovertheworld. 居里夫人是一位世界闻名的伟大科学家。Theyliveinthehousewhosedoorandwindowsareall broken. 他们住在一间门窗都已破败不堪的房子里。 iv.which代替物,在从句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语。作宾 语时,通常可以省略。 e.g.Adirectcurrentisacurrentwhichflowsinone directiononly. 直流电是沿着一个方向流动的电流。Themusictowhichwelistenedlastnightwaswrittenby myfather. 我们昨晚欣赏的音乐是由我父亲写的。 v.that代替人或物。在从句中作主语或宾语,但不能作介 词宾语。作宾语是通常可以省略。 e.g.HeistheonlyoneamongusthatknowsEnglish. 他是我们中间唯一懂英语的人。ThecarthatalmostcrashedintomebelongedtoBrown.

where定语从句特殊用法

Where引导定语从句，先行词不一定都表示地点 1. We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly. A.which B.as C.why D.where 2.He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car. A.which B.as C.why D.where 两道题都选where ，但是case, situation 都不是地点，如何理解？ 在“先行词不是表示地点的名词”的前提下，如何判断是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题是一个高频考点。就是说，关系副词where所指代的先行词不只是表示地点的名词。 用Where引导定语从句，先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解，当where引导定语从句时，它的先行词就是表示地点的名词，但事实并不是我

们想象的那么简单。很多情况下，where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请看以下几个例句： 1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other. 请记住，最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。 点评：这里where引导的定语从句修饰先行词one，也就是relationship (此处one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地点名词，但此处却用了where来引导，where在这里表示“在这样的感情关系下”。从定语从句的结构来看，定语从句不缺主语和宾语，引导词where在从句中充当的是状语。 2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low. 欺诈行为在这种情况下最有可能发生：利益重大， 而且欺诈行为被发现的可能性小。

定语从句中which和that用法

定语从句中which和that用法 在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。 一、宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况. ①先行词为不定代词all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one 等 1. We should do all that is useful to the people. 2. There's nothing that can be said about it. 3. Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday ②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。 1 .The only thing that we could do was to wait. 2 .That's the very word that is wrongly used. 3 .The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works. 4 .You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free. 5 .I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them. ③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。 1. When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake. 2. This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term. ④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。 1. This is the best that can be done now. 2. The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on. ⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如： writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known . rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police. ⑥被修饰词为数词时. 1. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .

名词性从句用法详解

名词性从句用法详解 一、概说名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从高考的考查的实际情况来看，名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句，再次是表语从句，而同位语从句则很少考查。 二、名词性从句的一般引导词 1. 连接词 that 只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如： I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。（宾语从句可省） That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。（That引导主语从句不能省） 2. 连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引导宾语从句时，可换成 if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。 He asked whether [if] I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句，不能用 if 代替 whether) 3.连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如： That’s why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。 When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。 4.连接副词 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。如： The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。 When she’ll be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。 Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。 三、名词性从句的重要引导词 1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“…所…的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。 如： I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。 I don’t know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。 2. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所…的一切事或东西”、“任何…的人”、““…的任可人或物”等。如： Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 I’ll do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子： 任何人来都欢迎。 误：Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome. 正：Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome. 另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论…”、“不管…”，其意相当于no matter who [what, which]。如： Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what)

定语从句及其引导词用法

一、基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 关系副词有：when, where, why. 二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 1．作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door. The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen. 2．作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如： The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 3．作定语用whose, 如： (a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which) He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4．作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. （二）关系副词的用法： 1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,

定语从句特殊用法

定语从句中的特殊用法 定语从句是起定语作用的,修饰,说明名词,代词或句子内容的从句,被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句，并在句中担任成分的词叫做关系代词或关系副词。定语从句是高考常考内容之一，使用时要尤其注意以下十种特殊用法。 一、只用that不用which的情况 1、当先行词是all, little, few, much, something,everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。如：Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.当时发生的一切就像是一场噩梦。 I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞会上跟我说的话全都告诉他。 2、当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。例如：The only thing that we could do was to wait.我们能做的只是等待。 That’sthe very thing that we can do.那正是我们能做的事。 3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。 This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。 4、被修饰词为数词时。例如： Yesterday I caught two fishes and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。 5、主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。例句：There’sstill a room that is free.还有一个空房间。

定语从句中that 和which的用法

定语从句中的that和which的用法 引导定语从句的关系代词有：that（指人或物）,which （指物）,who (指人）.指人时可用that或who ；指物时可用that 或which 。 That和which在从句里都可以做宾语和主语，做宾语时可以省略。指物时，两者一般可以互换，但在下列情况下只能用that： 1）当先行词是all ,any ,anything ,everything ,nothing 或被它们修饰时.例如： Is there anything that I can do for you 有什么可以为你做的吗? All that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做. 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时.例如：That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop . 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一. The first thing that we should do is to get some food . 我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的. 3）当先行词有：the only ,the very ,the same ,the last 等修饰时.例如：

My necklace is not the only thing that's missing . 我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西. 4）当主句以who或which开头时,定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或who .以避免重复.例如： Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat 正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁? 5）当先行词既有人又有物时,用that .例如： The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known . 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名. 请注意: 以下几种只能使用which的情况: 1.引导非限制性定语从句，用which。 2.在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词必须用which。 如：The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。 This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。 注意：如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首，which就可换为that，例如：This is the question which/that we've had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we've had so much discussion.

【英语】英语名词性从句解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案)

【英语】英语名词性从句解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案) 一、初中英语名词性从句 1．_______ makes me feel worried is _______ singing stars are centered on by masses of teenagers today. A. What; what B. That; that C. What; that D. That; what 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：让我感到担忧的是，今天的歌星是以青少年为中心的。分析句子可知，主语从句中的谓语动词makes 缺少主语，主语从句中缺少宾语一般用what，因此选择 what 来引导主语从句；系动词 is 后面的表语从句句意完整，不缺少成分，因此选择 that 引导表语从句。分析选项可知C项符合题意，故选C。 【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及what引导的主语从句和that引导的表语从句的应用。 2．________ is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties. A. As; whose B. It; whose C. As; whom D. It; whom 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：我们都知道，那位老科学家，过去生活很艰苦，到了八十多岁还在努力工作。第一空it is known to us all that…是个固定句型，意为“众所周知…”；第二空为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，先行词the old scientist指人，作介词for的宾语，只能用whom，故选D。 【点评】考查名词性从句和定语从句，本题涉及固定句式it is known to us all that…和whom引导的限制性定语从句。 3．Some people believe _______ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. A. whatever B. whenever C. wherever D. no matter what 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：一些人认为之前发生的或现在正在发生的任何事情在将来都会重复发生。Whatever has happened before or is happening now是一个主语从句，whatever既引导起这个主语从句，也在句中做主语。BC项都属于副词的性质，都不能做主语，通常只能做状语；no matter what只能用来引导状语从句，故选A。 【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及"特殊疑问词+ever"引导的主语从句。 4． is even more important is the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.

定语从句的基本用法

定语从句的基本用法 先请认真阅读下列各句，下列各句中的黑体部分均为该句所包含的定语从句： 1.This is the teacher who played basketball with us yesterday. 2.Tom is the boy whom they are looking for. 3.The house , which they built last year looks very new. 4.Physics is the most interesting subject that we learnt in the middle school. 从以上各句中我们可以看出定语从句是用来修饰它前面的名词或代词的，它起着修饰或限定作用。当然定语从句也可以用来修饰一个句子，在此我们不作讨论。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句所修饰的词是一个、一些或一类特定的人或事物，一般不能省略，拿掉后剩下的部分则没有意义，或者表述不清。非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，拿掉以后剩下的部分仍然可以成立，常常用逗号将其隔开。例如： This is the place where the Chinese Communist Party was founded. 此句中的定语从句是限制性定语从句。如果拿掉则This is the place.一句没有意义。 This message was left by Xiao Wang, who telephoned you just now. 此句中的定语从句是非限制性定语从句。如果拿掉则This message was left by Xiao Wang,一句仍有意义。 被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词称为关系代词或关系副词。常见的关系代词和关系副词有who, whom,that,whose,which,where,when,why等。现在我们侧重讨论如何使用这些关系代词和关系副词。如果关系代词在从句中作主语时一般不能省略，而作宾语时一般可以省略。 一，关系代词who, whom的用法。 1.who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须表示人），在从句中可以担任主语。也可以在 从句中担任宾语，但是它的前面不能带介词，如果带介词则必须使用宾格whom。 whom在从句中只能担任宾语。例如： a)This is the teacher who often tells us interesting stories in class. b)Mary is the girl who/whom Tom wants to marry. c)Mrs White is a teacher whom every student likes. d)She is the girl with whom I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 2.在定语从句中当先行词表示人时who和that是通用的。例如： a)Miss Green is the new teacher who/that teaches us spoken English. b)John’s father is an engineer who/that came to see him last Wednesday. 但在下列情况下则宜用who 而不用that。

英语语法：定语从句中的that和which

英语语法：定语从句中的that和which 英语语法：定语从句中的that和which That which代表物，区别听我来叙述; 先行若是不定代，that就把which 踹; 当先行词为anything，everything，nothing，all，any，much，many，one等不定代词时，只能使用“that”,不用“which”。 例：Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能给你做点什么吗? 先行词前有两数，就用that定无误; 当先行词是基数词或序数词修饰时，只能使用“that”，不用“which”。 例句： That is the second time that I have been to Japan. 那是我去日本的第二次。 The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week. 坐落在泰晤士河岸边的那两座大楼上星期倒塌了。 先行词前最高级，还用that必无疑; 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，只能使用“that”,不用“which”。 例句：This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had. 这是我度过的最美好的时光。 句中若有there be, that应把which替; 例：There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to pre dict natural disasters. 说动物拥有神秘的第六感，可以预知自然灾害，这是没有根据的。 先行主中做表语，避免重复从句里; 例句：1)This is not the hospital that it used to be.

名词性从句用法详解

名词性从句用法详解 一、概说 名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从高考的考查的实际情况来看，名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句，再次是表语从句，而同位语从句则很少考查。 二、名词性从句的一般引导词 1. 连接词that 只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如： I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。 That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。 2. 连接词whether 也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引导宾语从句时，可换成if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成if。如： He asked whether [if] I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句，不能用if 代替whether) 3. 连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如： That’s why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。 When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。 4. 连接副词when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。如： The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。 When she’ll be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。 Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。 三、名词性从句的重要引导词 1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“…所…的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如： I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。 I don’t know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。 2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，其后修饰名词。如： I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。 He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。 注：what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词，并且后接不可数 名词时，有时可有little修饰，两者的区别是：what+不可数名词=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如：

定语从句之关系副词用法和特殊用法及专项练习

定语从句三 (关系副词的用法) 一．关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when指______，在定语从句中做________。 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where指_______，在定语从句中做_________。 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why指_______，在定语从句中做________。 、 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词＋关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city where/in which I was born. 二．关系代词和关系副词的区别 1. 取决于从句中的谓语动词。 不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须用关系副词或介词+关系代词； 及物动词后接宾语，就要求用关系代词。 ~ 2. 要看他们在从句中充当什么成分而定，即先行词在从句中是作主语、宾语还是作状语而定。 (1) This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. (2) I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you. (3) I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 【专项练习3】 用关系代词、关系副词或介词+关系代词填空 1. I’ll never forget the days __________ we spent together in Paris. 2. I’ll remember the days __________ we stayed together in Paris. 3. This is the factory ____________ we visited last year. ) 4. This is the farm ____________ Lincoln once worked 5. The reason ___________ he missed the speech is that he forgot the time.

最新定语从句中的that和which的区别

定语从句中的that和which的区别： that和which在从句里都可以做宾语和主语，做宾语时可以省略。在定语从句中,有种说法叫"关宾省",意思是关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语可以省略,不管是that，which，还是whom。但是which能引导非限制性定语从句，that则不行。 只能用that的几种情况： 1. 当先行词为all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所构成的复合不定代词时。We should do all that is useful to the people. Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 2. 当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时。 You can take any seat that is free. There is little work that is fit for you. 3. 当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时。 When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing. This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term. 4. 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 The best that I could do was to apologize. This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read. 5. 当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时。 This is the very book that I’m looking for. The only thing that we could do was to wait. 注意：先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词也可用as。 I need the same book that / as you have. 6. 当先行词既包含人又包含物时。 They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them. 7. 当先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时。 Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him? Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？ 8. 当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时。 That’s a good book that will help you a lot. Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. 9. 先行词为time时，当time表示次数，引导词用that, 可省略。当表示时间，可用that 或when引导，都可省略。 I do remember the first time(that) I had ever heard the sweetest voice in the world. I did't remember the exact time （when/that）I arrived in Shanghai last month. 只能使用which的情况: 1. 在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词必须用which。 The house in which we live is very large. This is the reference book（参考书）of which the teacher is speaking. 注意：如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首，which就可换为that。 This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 2. 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时，关系代词通常只用which而不用that。 You should grasp well those skills which may be used in the future work.

名词性从句用法详解

高一语法专题：名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在 复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性 从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。 引导名词性从句的词叫做连接词，包括：1. 连词（在名词性从句中只起连接作用，不 作成分） 2. 连接代词（在名词性从句中作主语、宾语 或表语） 3. 连接副词（在名词性从句中作状语） I 主语从句：是在主句中作主语的从句。它由连接词引导，通常位于谓语动词之前。 连接词：

1. 连词：在从句中不充当任何成分，常见的引导主语从句的连词有that, whether。 That he got the first prize excited him much. 他获得一等奖一事使他非常兴奋。 It is doubtful whether we can get there on time. 我们能否按时到达那儿还不确定。 1）that引导的主语从句：在从句中不作任何成分，也没有实际意义。一般情况 下that不可省略。 That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光沿直线传播。 That you don't like him is none of my business. 你不喜欢他不关我的事。 2）whether引导的主语从句：常置于句首，表示“是否”之意；

Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance. 他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。 Whether you can succeed or not depends on how hard you work at it. 你能否成功取决于你努力的程度。 2.连接代词：在从句中起名词或代词的作用，常作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语，有具 体意义且不能省略。常见的连接代词有who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever。 What we should do with the problem is undecided. 我们如何处理这个问题还未作出决定。（what引导主语从句，不表疑问意义） Whom the letter was from is still unknown.