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第三章 几何光学 1．证明反射定律符合费马原理 证明：设界面两边分布着两种均匀介质，折射率为1n 和2n （如图所示）。光线通过第一介质中指定的A 点后到达同一介质中指定的B 点。 （1）反正法：如果反射点为'C ，位于ox 轴与A 和B 点所著称的平面之外，那么在ox 轴线上找到它的垂足点"C 点，.由于'''''',AC AC BC BC >>,故光线'AC B 所对应的光程总是大于光线''AC B 所对应的光程而非极小值，这就违背了费马原理。故入射面和反射面在同一平面内。 (2)在图中建立坐xoy 标系，则指定点A,B 的坐标分别为11(,)x y 和22(,)x y ，反射点C 的坐标为(,0)x 所以ACB 光线所对应的光程为： 1n ?= 根据费马原理，它应取极小值，所以有 112(sin sin )0d n i i dx ?==-= 即： 12i i = 2．根据费马原理可以导出在近轴光线条件下，从物点发出并会聚到像点的所有光

线的光程都相等。

证：如图所示，有位于主光轴上的一个物点S 发出的光束经薄透镜折射后成一个明亮的实象点'S 。设光线SC 为电光源S 发出的任意一条光线，其中球面AC 是由点光源S 所发出光波的一个波面，而球面DB 是会聚于象点'S 的球面波的一个波面，所以有关系式SC SA =，''S D S B =.因为光程 ''' ' SCEFDS SABS SC CE nEF FD DS SA nAB BS ??=++++???=++?? 根据费马原理，它们都应该取极值或恒定值，这些连续分布的实际光线，在近轴条件下其光程都取极大值或极小值是不可能的，唯一的可能性是取恒定值，即它们的光程相等。 3．睛E 和物体PQ 之间有一块折射率为1.5的玻璃平板，平板的厚度d 为30cm 。求物体PQ 的像' ' P Q 与物体PQ 之间的距离 2d 为多少？ 解：根据例题3.1的结果 '1(1)PP h n =- '1 30(1)101.5 PP cm =?- = 题2图 ' 1.5n =