(精品word)自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整(良心出品必属精品)
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家)
[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴
1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。
7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the
emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。
8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。
9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。
(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚
17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。
18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。
19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his
so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。
20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。
21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。
22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。24. The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。
25. Shakespeare’s greatest tr agedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble
hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》
26. “The King’s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。
27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。
28. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。
29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。
30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。
31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。
(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿
44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.
他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。
45. Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three gro ups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。
46. Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。
47. The them e of Paradise Lost is the“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人性。
48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。
49. It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。
50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and
a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
【英国】Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义
1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about
a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。
9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。
10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。
11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。
12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。
13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。
14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与传
统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。
16. From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classicliterary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。
17. Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。
18. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。
(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.
28. His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。
29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精
神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。
30. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。
31. Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。
32. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。
33. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。
34. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。
35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《鲁宾逊漂流记》：整部小说分为三个部分
The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。
(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特
36. In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his
name as a satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。
37. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。
38. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。
39. In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。
40. His“A Modest Proposal”is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。
41. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。
42. He defined a good style as“proper words in proper places.”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。
43. Swift’s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapi er’s Letters(1724-1725), Gulliver’s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。
44. Gulliver’s Travels: Jonathan’s best fictional work, the book contains
four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁
45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。
46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。
47. a“comic epic in prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in human n ature.“散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。
48. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。
49. “The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。
50. The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。
51. the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小说不仅
供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。
52. Fielding has been regarded by some as“Father of the English novel,”for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。53. he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a“comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。
54. He“thinks the thought”of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。
55. Fielding‘s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。
56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。
57. Tom Jones brings its author the name of the“Prose Home.”The pan oramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。
【英国】Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
1. This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
2. In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。
3. The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed
a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。
4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。
5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner
world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。
6. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7. They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。
8. Wordsworth defines the poet as a“man speaking to men,”and poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。
9. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
11. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。
12. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。
13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14. Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.
15. The major theme of Jane’s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships.简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想
主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,
她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.
16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。
17. Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的描写。
(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克
18. He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad. He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解，认为他是个天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。
19. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and
historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中，童年是布莱克主要描述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
20. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。
21. The“marriage,”to Black, means the reconciliation of then con traries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
22. Blake felt bound to declare that“I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision”and that“The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布：“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”
23. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。
24. Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。
(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯
25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the“Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。
26. In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。
27. According to the subject, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into
two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题，华的短诗可分为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。
28. Wordsworth is regarded as a“worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。
29. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。
30. His works contain“The Solitary Reaper”,“To a Highland Girl”,”The Old Cumberland Beggar”and“The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》，《致高地姑娘》，《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。
31. In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest,“Resolution and Independence”is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题，同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度，“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论，这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。
32. Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。
33. Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
34. he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源，他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历，普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。
35. William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。
36. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌，开创了
运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱
57. He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗教，战争与剥削。
58. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人
的思想。
59. One of Shelley’s greatest political lyrics is“Men of England. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”，这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。
60. Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s“Ode to the West Wind”; here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”，这首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。
61. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来
临，春天还会远吗？”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。
62. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound，The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as“the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，它赞扬了人类自身的潜力，雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。
63. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，他是个备受推崇的诗人，他的作品博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。
(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀
75. Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands; and Northanger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品，讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程；《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。
76. Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness ; Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存；《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思；《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照。
77. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and
clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位，而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。
78. And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上，她提倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的原则。
79. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。
80. It is her conviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子，儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业，信仰---同样重要。
81. plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题，角色，社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活，总是三，四口之家的日常生活。
82. ride and Prejudice, originally drafted as“First Impressions”in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen’s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。
83. Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。