黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)

跨文化考试总结

考试构成：

一、单选 1*10=10分。（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。

二、判断1*10=10分。（A—>true,B—>false) 课后习题第二大题，其中某些题是变动的。要注重理解。

三、搭配1*20=20分。matching 四组搭配，概念的对应，每一章课后的summary中的黑体字。

四、阅读理解1*20=20分。四篇。与课文中的专有词有关。

五、完型填空1*10=10分。

六、案例分析3*5=15分。五个案例。书中案例有四个，课外一个。

七、写作15分。150+words。可以准备一些跨文化、交际的文章。四十分钟的写作时间。8:00——8:40.作文提前收！

注：前六大题是客观题即选择，只有写作是主观题。

课后题：

（课后题第一第二大题老师也让多多关注，我这里就不多写啦，除了课后第一第二大题，我这里都全啦）

1、P28——P30

2、P58——P61

3、P95——P97

4、P124——P126

5、P159——P162

6、P194——P197

7、P237——P240

8、P270——P272

9、P304——P306

所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：

Chapter 1 Culture

Keywords

(1) Culture (from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations o

f human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。）

(2) Culture (from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and im plicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctiv e achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential c ore of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”.（从人类学角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。）

(3) Culture ( from psychological perspective): culture is the collective programming of he mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another。（从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。）

(4) Culture (from socialogical perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, gro up-related perception—including both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior. (从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。)

(5) Culture ( from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. （从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。）

(6) Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic gr oup.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）

(7) Subculture：

refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region. （亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。）

Subcultures exist within dominant culture ,and are often based on economic or social clas s,ethnicity,race,or geographic region.

(8) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characte ristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough t o distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture. （共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。）

(9) Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not nece ssarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in th e same way as cultures do. （亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。）

Case 2: White Dress

Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.

?(6) Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）

Case 4: Coconut-skating（用椰油保养地板的方法）

Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case t hat culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things eve n as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this w ay of mopping from her own culture.

Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication

Keywords

(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）

(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）

(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）

(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）

(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a messag

e. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。)

(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）

(7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）

(8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, incl uding external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）

(9) Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语

境。）(10) Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whos e cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。)

(11) International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rathe r than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)

(12) Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)

(13) Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）

(14) Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among me mbers of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）

(15) Communication :is derived from the Latin word communicare,meaning to share with or to make common,as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts,hopes,and kn owledge.

Case 12: Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza?

This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and ho w ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most peopl e are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, t he American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation. Chapter 3 Culture’s Influ ence on Perception

Keywords

(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their envir onment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。)

(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and espe cially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order co gnition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。)

(3) Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli an

d information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。)

(4) Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structur

e on what we observe in a meaningful way. （组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）

(5) Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。）

Case 16: Different Responses to Noise

This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they c ome from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it is very common for them to have totally diffe rent sensations even towards the same condition. In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same mot or for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.

Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers

Keywords

(1) Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。）

(2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings a nd behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。)

(3) Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming fro m another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. （假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。）

(4) Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the stand ards of one’s own culture.（种族或民主中心主义：是指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）

(5) Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals bas ed on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）

(6) Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）

(7) Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristi cs or status to individuals based on their race.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。）

Case 21: A Danish Woman in New York

This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people ”and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this ca se, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is co mmon in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable i n her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict ha ppens.

Case 23: Girl-ness

This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different langua ges. Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Conce rning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, "girl" means someone who is young and single. In a wa y, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For m ost people, "woman" means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be ca lled "women". While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any wo man who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vo te, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the "women's liberation movement in the 1960s". The term "' girl" is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.

Case 24:An Unfair Decision

This case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towar ds another group of people. In this case, Mr. Bias decided to select someone else, instea d of applicant from the country Levadel, for the position. That is just because he holds pr ejudice towards people from the country Levadel.

Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication

Keywords

(1) Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural back grounds communicate with each other by using language.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际

(2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people. 方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。

(3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. （社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。）

(4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purpo ses such as trading. 洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。

(5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permane nt language of a region, it is called a Creole. 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言是，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合语

(6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of c ommunication. 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。

(7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite. 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。

(8) Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary. 委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。

（9）

Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special need s of particular professions such as medicine and law. 行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。

Case 25:Success Story

One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case w as different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was expecting a mu ch more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really payi ng attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication

Keywords

(1) Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words. （非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。)

(2) Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。）

(3) Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body m ovement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。）

(4) Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。）

(5) Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augme nt its meaning.（辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。）

(6) Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。）

(7) Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, beha viors and impressions of others.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。）

(8) Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。）

(9) Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）

(10) Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoi ng interaction during which the participants have time to think,check or suppress an emo tion,encode a lengthy response,or inaugurate another line of thought.

(11) Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance .it also serves as nonverbal symbol s.

Case 33:Are Americans Indifferent?

This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual inter cultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures. Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich faci al expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, b

ecause of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, t he American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show s he still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being ind ifferent and selfish by the Chinese.

Case 36:Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm

This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Differe nt cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring th e microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relativ ely close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultur es consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a sy mbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the soci al taboo of body touch very clearly,so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultur al taboo at all.

Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns

Keywords

(1) Cultural pattern: Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable ov er time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns. (文化模式是指在相对稳定的共有的信仰、价值观、标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。)

(2) Context：

It is the information that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the mean ing of the event.（语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的意义解读具有重要参考价值。）

(3) High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. （高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。）

(4) Low context communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. （低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。）(5) Uncertainty avoidance：deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty. （不确定性规避指某一文化的成员对于不确定性因素的规避程度。）

(6) Power distance：is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions an

d organizations accept that power is distributed unequally. （权力距离是指机构或组织中

权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程

度。）3. Brief Explanations to the Cases of this Chapter

(7) Belief:a belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.

(8) Values:involve what a culture regards as good or bad,right or wrong,fair or unfair,just or unjust,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,valuable or worthless,appropriate or inappropria te,and kind or cruel.

(9) Norms:are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.

(10) Social practices:are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typi cally follow.

(11) Human-nature orientation:我真的不知道该怎么总结这个概念！大家自己看看吧，在书上P239

(12) Person-nature orientation:consists of three categaries:mastery over nature;harmony with nature;subjugation to nature.

(13) Time orientation:as far as time orientation is concerned,cultures may belong to 1,th

e past orientation;2,the present orientation;3,the future orientation.

(14) Activity orientation:the activity orientation involves three groups:1,the doing orientat ion;2,the being orientation;3,the being-in-becoming orientation.

(15) Relational orientation:consists of three categaries1,individualism;2,lineality;3,collater ality

(16) Individualistic cultures:give more importance to individuals' needs when they do thin gs such as setting goals.

(17) Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between i n-groups and out-groups.

(18) Masculine and feminine cultures:没看懂啊没看懂！！！郁闷！

Case 41: Getting Frustrated

Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply i n Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him. Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman (and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners. The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it. The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well. Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating. However, they are also concerned with hygiene. They reserve the left hand f or cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating. Saudis have a number of norm

s related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religio us beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners. Case 43: The Improvement Does Not Work

Following their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly c omfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups. How ever, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance. In the United States, workers are often motivated by the o pportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for indi vidual achievement. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by bei ng a part of a cohesive and productive team. Individualism and collectivism are terms tha t describe whole cultures. But cultures are not pure. Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value colle ctivist ideals. For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualisti c tendencies. In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to establish ed traditions and customs. Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalit arian. At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist a nd to stand out from the group. In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.

Case 44:When Shall We Meet For Dinner?

Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented bel ow,Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States , possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.In the dialogue above, K eiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. Without a plan, how will Keiko kno w how to act?

Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts

Keywords

Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is know n as the communication context. （交际无法脱离外部环境的影响：所有的人类交际都或多或少受到社会、物理和文化场景的影响。这些场景被称为交际语境。）

Case 48:Gift from a Chinese

Chinese people love giving gifts. Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how imp ortant the receiver is in the sender’s eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about

whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of fac e.Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Ch inese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a si gn of respect.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide. Such gifts are treasured; ho wever, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or oth er tokens.

Case 50:Refuse to Be Treated?

In the case just described, the U.S. American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries o r illness. Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next, and so seriousness of in jury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first. However, the cultura l system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treat ed first. Their position, age, and wisdom demanded respect. For younger members of th e community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectful. The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and mor ally responsible. Because the U.S. Americans were in a better position to adapt than an e ntire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good that they were willing to do so. Sadly, this is not always the case.

Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation

Keywords

（1）Acculturation：

It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new hos t culture. （文化适应：文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。）

（2）Assimilation：

It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant cult ure, losing their culture in the process. (同化：同化指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。)

（3）

Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the h ost culture while maintaining identity with their native culture. This kind of acculturation i s called integration. (文化融合：文化融合指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。

（4）Separation：

When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated mic rocultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native

culture, the mode of acculturation is called separation. （分离：分离指人们在文化适应过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定认同、保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可）。

（5）Segregation：

It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the i ntercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.（隔离：隔离当经济和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。）

（6）Marginalization：

It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture. (边缘化：边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。)

（7）

Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter wh en entering a different culture. （文化冲击/文化休克：文化冲击/文化休克指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。）

（8）

Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment. (跨文化适应：跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。)

Case 54: A Fish out of Water

This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms. Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involv es the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonve rbal communication of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems. Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli t hat are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed. In this case, when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture i s removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychologic al symptoms due to culture shock.

Case 55: Missing China!

This case can reflect reverse culture shock. When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native c ulture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again. In this case, John, whose comes from Canada, has been living in China for quite a long t ime and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture. Therefore, when he returns to Can ada, he cannot adapt well to his native culture.

研究生年度自我鉴定

研一即将结束，回顾一年来的学习、工作及生活，有经验也有教训。通过对思想觉悟、专业理论学习、实践和生活这四个方面的总结，做自我鉴定如下：在思想上觉悟上，始终以高标准要求自己，主动和党组织靠拢，积极学习党章，渴望早日加入党组织。通过学习和实践更加懂得自己所担负的社会责任。如今的中国多灾多难，人民的生命财产安全蒙受局的损失，是党中央国务院及时指挥展开灾后救援、救济工作，彰显出了党的先进性。在为灾区募捐活动中我也献出了自己的微薄之力。学习党的先进性，不只体现在挽救人民生命财产安全上，在学术研究中也有深刻的体现，八荣八耻告诉人们诚实守信为荣，时刻提醒我们遵守学术规范，杜绝剽窃现象。在今后的研究和论文书写中，我将牢记党组织、校组织的谆谆教导，做一个有学术道德的研究生。 在专业课程的学习上，有针对性的研读了有关自身研究方向的经典文献，从宏观层面上对自己所研究方向有了更深刻的了解，为今后的研究工作打下基础；同时加强对外语的学习，以期提高外文文献阅读能力，为论文的撰写做准备。在导师的指导下，认真查阅学术期刊和参考文献，进一步提高自己的理论知识水平，确定了论文选题。 在实践方面，由于师范专业的特殊性，要求我们具有较强的教学实战能力，所以在正课之余，努力学习中学数学教材知识，积极备课，模拟讲课，一直都在培训班锻炼讲课，认真体会新课标在课堂上的体现，及时将自己所学的教育学、心理学知识运用到教学中，使自己的教学能力有了提高。 在平时生活中，为人处世和善热情，真诚的为每位同学服务，和同学关系融洽。 一年的研究生生活收获很多，学然后知不足，自己有很多不足的地方有待于今后完善，比如：学习成绩还有待提高，在以往学习中有急进与焦躁心理，日后要克服，做到稳扎稳打，循序渐进，踏实走好每一步；人际关系方面，除课堂上，平时与同学接触不多，不能及时沟通学习及生活心得，缩小了的自己的眼界。这与自己的时间安排和性 格内向有直接关系，在今后的生活中要合理安排时间，与同学更多的沟通、交流。

高三期中考试反思总结大全

高三期中考试反思总结大全高三期中考试反思总结一学习是一个不断总结的漫长过程，因此对于高中学习的每一次阶段性的总结是很有必要的。总的来说这次考试有喜也有忧，喜在这里就不多说了，针对“忧”，我对每门科做了一些简单的总结。 语文，出人意料的课外文言文作为题目，可以知道光注重课本是不行的，应在“以本为本”的基础上进行适当的课外延伸，这是有必要的。另一问题是素材积累与语言综合应用的匮泛，我想这与平时的语文学习中的习惯和态度是分不开的，应多积累，多总结，多运用，针对语文的这些不足，自己在下学期应加以解决。 数学，所有的题型都见过的，但有的会做，有的却不会，为什么呢?，我想这与数学学习的两大要点是分不开的：“多练”，"多想".所谓多练就是巩固基础，适当延伸，勤加练习，这些方面体现了自己缺少练，所谓多想就是多总结多回想，总结这一类题型的常用方法与技巧，回想这一题的解题思路等。可见对于这方面我是比较欠缺的。总结起来就是一句话：贵在持之以恒。 英语:从初中以来，英语的不足主要就在于听力与完型这两部分，但却一直没有引以为戒，导致影响不断加深，因此我想应做到以下几点：1.对于语法，应日积月累;2.平时要训练听力，在理解课文的基础上多听课文听力，同时也应

多读以加深印象;3.阅读与完型也是在与平时的训练和不断积累技巧与经验;4.多预习、复习、总结、积累。 物理：有的人说这次物理很难，有的人却说很简单，的确卷子很简单，但有人却没考好，我想一定主要是考试心态的影响，例如某某，他做的物理题可以说是很多了，我和他补课知道。一些难题他基本都会，但这次考得却不太理想，我认为应该是考试心态的影响，做物理是一门来不得半点马虎的过程，只有经过深思熟虑后才能制胜，因此要切记勿马虎，同时考试心态要平稳，我的不住在这次考试中没有完全的体现出来，可能是幸运吧，但对于一些易错题，我想还是应该多反思反思的。我想物理的学习正如王老师所说的：“当天的任务当天完成，当天的知识当天消化!” 化学：初中时化学很好，但进入高中却不理想，这与我对化学学习态度有关。一开始以为化学基础好就行了，但却应知道：高中的化学知识点是很多的，大部分是从来没有接触到的。因此自己对于化学的学习态度就可以体现在化学考试上。虽然这次成绩比上次肯定要好，但卷子上70%的题目都已经考过，自己却不能完全做对，从这一点就反映了自己有必要提高学习态度，不要轻视任何一科，尤其是书本上的知识必须掌握透彻。 生物：从这次考试中的题目不难发现，对于平常最容易

研究生英语复习总结

1.Only twenty-seven new members had been ____________ since the Leeds Congress, and the total membership still stood at less than one hundred. A. ceded放弃 B. enrolled C. faded D. departed 2.You could go for advertising ____________, the catchy floor displays or the flashy packaging. A. design B. description C. hype宣传 D. propaganda 3.The desk was ____________ with files, but the chair behind it was vacant. A. cluttered凌乱 B. depicted C. defined D. represented 4.____________ is a meal typically eaten late in the morning as a combination of a late breakfast and an early lunch. A. Dinner B. Brunch早午餐 C. Banquet D. Feast 5.The improvement of the highway will ____________ pressure on the trains to some extent. A. ensure B. relieve减轻 C. protect D. guarantee 6.John's hands were ____________ as he put down his papers and started his speec h at the first time. A. quivering颤抖 B. waving C. shaking D. lifting 7.His mood was an explosive mixture of ____________ self-pity and forced gaiety, the latter predominating as he got drunk. A. maudlin脆弱 B. nasty C. painful D. outright 8.Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to ____________ revenue by limiting commerce. A. disregard B. challenge C. diminish减少 D. reject 9.In women's magazines and educational material the apple ____________ good food and health. A. anticipates B. conjures想象的 C. Designates D. presupposes

【高三英语】人教版高中英语总复习知识点归纳

人教版高三英语总复习知识点归纳 1.a great/good many: a large number of许多。修饰可数名词复数。 I’m quite busy. I have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有很多事要做。 若复数名词前有限定词或其修饰的为代词时，应加of . ①A great many of the books have been sold out. 已经卖了很多书了。 ②A great many of them are out of work.他们很多人失业了。 2.able(可以的，有能力的，可能的)①He is an able man.那人本事不小。 enable(v)使……能 ②We must learn more to enable us to face all the difficulties.我们要多学知识以便能面对各种困难。 disable:有残疾的，不能干的；the disabled表示一类人（残疾人） able作词辍时 ①可以……的，值得……的（有被动含义） eatable可食用的，measurable可以测量、估计的；readable可读的 ②其他含义：conformable舒适的、安逸的；suitable 合适的，恰当的 3.above, over, on 三个词都可以表示“在……上“，但用法不同。On表示与某物体表面接触；over 表示在某物体垂直的上方，含“布满、覆盖、跨越”之意，与under 相对；above 表示位置高于，但不一定垂直，与below相对。注意：与数字、数量、长度词连用时，多用over,同more than。如：over10,000people一万多人；表示年龄、刻度多用above，如a man above fifty五十开外的人；above zero零度以上。

研究生学年自我总结【3篇】

每一个学年研究生们都会对自己的学习对自己的工作进行总结，分析，不断完善自我。下面是搜集整理的研究生学年自我总结，欢迎阅读。更多资讯尽在自我总结栏目! 研究生学年自我总结 又是一个新的学年，将在华中农业大学度过的第七个年头。现实是历史的延续，现将硕士二年级进行总结。 总体来说，这一学年，是一个富有挑战性的、转折性的一年。于学业、于个人人生发展来说。 这一年，也就是硕士二年级，我们结束了长达2019年的教师教授学生自学的学习模式，开始了科研的初步探索。这是一种与单纯汲取知识完全不同的模式，需要很多的主观能动性的创新。这种转变是一个痛苦的过程，唯有经历过这种痛苦，才会渐渐成长起来。我们渐渐地对搞科研入了门，却马上面临着毕业了。说实话，很是不舍。不舍自己破茧重生后积累的经验迅速的贬值，封尘于人生的藏宝箱。 幸好，做学问，学业亦或科研，上升到哲学的角度，与做其他事情都是有共性的。在这一年之中，我更大的收获是对自己性格方面、处理事情方面的历练。 科研是需要独立完成的。从最初的无所适从，到现在的渐渐地适应自己给自己提出一个思路，然后当机立断的执行，并对自己的创意、自己的执行力负责。这种独立性的培养，这种责任心的培养，对整个人生是大有裨益的。 另外，科研极大的磨练了我的心智。除却培养了我的独立性以外，大大提升了我的执行力。渐渐地明白，有些事情是逃不掉的，无论早晚，自己去做并且做好，没有人可以代劳，早执行早得出结果，而且无论再繁杂，都要一步一步按部就班地执行，急躁不得。这一年的磨练让我的行动力和耐力得到极大的提升。 这一年，我离开了从20岁到25岁待久了习惯了它的美丽、它的亲切的校园。来到了天津的这个研究所做联合培养生。在一个熟悉的环境呆得太久，对新环境的适应能力都有些忘却了。 研究生学年自我总结 本人自入学以来，秉承“笃学慎思、明辨尚行”的校训，通过不懈努力，圆满地完成了硕士研究生阶段的学习任务。在学习上，极为珍惜研究生院良好的学习氛围和条件，刻苦学习，乐于登攀，通过良师的悉心教导和自身的刻苦努力,掌握了技术经济及管理领域的基础理论和专业知识，具备了较强的业务能力和英语运用能力;在思想品德修养上，认真学习实践科学发展观，牢固树立了为党、为国、为民贡献青春的信念，党性觉悟得到锤炼，思想政治素质进一步提高;在生活上，崇尚质朴的生活方式，养成了正直的作风和良好的生活习惯，待人诚恳、热情，尊敬师长、团结同学，在同学中具有一定的威信;在工作上，勤勤恳恳、扎扎实实，重视小事、关注细节，能够独立承担一些工作任务，适应性强，得到领导和同事的好评。在过去的三年里，本人所获颇丰，这些经历和积累都将成为我人生道路上的宝贵财富。在今

高三英语复习总结

高三英语复习总结 高三一年，面对时间紧、任务重、压力大的难题，如何在有限的时间内获得最大的效率是我们最值得认真思考的问题。认真反思，仔细研究，深入分析，制定周密的具体的复习计划和进行具体落实是必须的，而我认为课堂复习的效率是最重要的。向每一节课要效率，每一节课要达到什么学习目标、知识点要落实到什么程度，都应做到心中有数。对于难度较大的知识点，课外还要通过巩固练习，让其落实到位，在高三一年的紧张学习中，要做到有条不紊、张弛有度而游刃有余。 1. 明确学习英语的重要性: 面向高考，为未来做准备。 2. 熟悉高考题型: 高考是我们高中英语学习的目的之一，那么我们应了解高考题型，做到心中有数：（一）Listening (20小题，30分) （二）Multiple-choice (20小题，10分) （三）Cloze Test (20小题，20分) （四）Reading (5篇文章+1，25小题，50分) （五）Proof –Reading (10小题，10分) （六）Writing (1小题，30分) 3. 反思自己的高中两年的英语学习： 1）高中英语成绩 --- 题型上的得失：听力、单选、完形、阅读、改错、写作 2）英语的语言基础知识和基本能力：语音、词汇量、语法（词法和句法）；听、说、读、写 3）学英语的兴趣、方法及投入的时间 4. 提出建议： 1、夯实基础，抓词汇、习语、句型的理解、记忆和运用； 2、扩充阅读材料，拓展知识面，扩充知识量； 3、查缺补漏，加大练习量，进一步提高语言的综合运用能力； 4、提高自学能力，掌握最适合自己的最佳学习方法。 各大题复习小结： LISTENING: 听力训练除了模拟PETS二级的题型外，在课堂上还采用CCTV 9 的一些材

研究生学年鉴定表自我总结

研究生学年鉴定表自我总结 随着一学年的结束，作为研究生的我们需要做好自我总结，通过对以往学习的回顾，让我们找准以后努力的方向。以下是由小编为大家整理的“研究生学年鉴定表自我总结”，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。 研究生学年鉴定表自我总结（一） 在过去的这一年里，我认真学习专业理论知识，积极参加各项活动，严格要求自己，在思想、学习、科研等方面都得到了充分的培养和锻炼。现对本年度的得失进行自我总结。 一、思想方面 努力学习政治理论知识，不断提高自己的思想政治觉悟，具有良好的道德品质和思想修养。积极拥护国家的各项路线、方针、政策，自觉遵守法律、法规和学校的各项规章制度。 二、在学习方面 认真学习并完成各项专业课程。学习目的明确，态度端正、学风良好，勤奋学习，刻苦钻研。根据自身研究方向的要求，有针对性的认真研读了有关核心课程，认真阅读教材、查阅学术资料和参考书籍，在课堂上吸收各个知识点。积极参加学校组织的学术讲座。课外之余，参与了导师相关课题的研究，使自己的理论知识与实践水平得到了进一步的

增强和提高。在英语学习方面，我顺利通过了大学英语六级考试，具备了较强的英语听、说、读、写能力。 在科研工作上，根据导师的指导，阅读了大量与本专业相关的书籍和论文，逐步明确了研究方向。认真开展实验研究，不断提高自己的实验技能，以及解决问题，分析问题的能力。通过自身不断的努力，以及与师长同学间的探讨交流，取得了一些比较满意的成果。在这期间，查阅资料，综合分析等基本素质不断提高，书面表达的能力也得到了提高，为自己的科研工作打下扎实基础。 三、在生活方面 为人处世和善热情，尊敬师长，团结同学。根据自身爱好和能力，并积极参加学校各种文体活动。加入了学习部，热情为同学们服务，认真完成各项工作，为个人综合素质的全面发展打下基础。 总体来说，这一学年，是一个富有挑战性的、转折性的一年。今后，我将再接再厉，在以后的工作和学习中，不断地完善自我，继续保持并发扬严谨治学的作风，努力成为一名优秀的学生，做一个对社会有用的人。 研究生学年鉴定表自我总结（二） 时光匆匆如流水，转眼之间研究生生涯即将结束。站在时间的年轮上，暮然回首，才发现研三学年是如此的精彩。现对本学年总结如下。

高三班主任学期末工作总结3篇

高三班主任学期末工作总结3篇 高三班主任学期末工作总结一： 过去的一学期里，我班在学校领导的统一组织、年级组长的带领、任课老师的大力支持和配合下，各项工作顺利开展，学习、工作等方面都取得较突出的成绩，现将我做的一些工作向大家汇报： 一、完善班级管理建设，重视发挥班委作用本学期通过民主选举更换了部分值日干部，对值日干部进行随时与及时的指导，主要是如何站在与同学平起平坐的立场管理，同时利用值日干部与个别同学的矛盾，在班上开展讨论与思想教育，让学生明白值日干部的付出，让学生学会换位思考，进一步树立值日干部的威信，经过半个多学期的努力逐渐培养出一批工作能力强、责任心强、威信高的值日班干部，并进一步带动了班风学风的好转。班主任对班干部，不能只是使用，还应该进行教育和培养。我经常教育他们树立为集体服务的光荣感和责任感，要求他们努力学习、团结同学、以身作则，鼓励他们既要大胆工作，又要严格要求，注意工作方法。当然，选出的干部毕竟不是完人，因此对他们不能过分苛求、指责，特别是在工作出现失误的时候。对班委会的工作要经常检查，而切要给予具体的指导和帮助，既不能包办代替，也不能班上的工作全部推给班干部自己放手不管。我

还坚持定期召开班干部会议，组织他们学会制订计划及具体措施，检查落实情况，总结得失，并加以改进，教会他们如何分辨是非，及时阻止同学中的不良行为。而对于班干部在班级中的不良行为，决不姑息，鼓励他们以身作则并带动其他同学，促进整个班级的管理工作。 二、加强班级管理，深入了解学生，以身作则，全面深入地做好班级工作首先，三(10)班是一个普通班，学生的基础不好，但是为了升学，学生的压力很大，情绪也很不稳定，为了使学生放下思想包袱，一方面我每周利用班会以轻松的形式，去讨论各种问题，以此放松学生紧张的心情;另一方面我还经常利用课间、中午、自习等时间深入到学生中去，了解学生的思想动态，为学生排忧解难。其次，为了培养学生良好的学习习惯，我自己也以身作责，努力做学生的榜样，每天早上比学生早到校，对学生的各项要求，自己必须首先做到，然后再要求学生去做。再者，班干部和我配合的很好，对班级的任何事情都及时的向我汇报，以至于我能够及时掌握班级动向，调整好班级的各项事情。 三、鼓舞士气，培养班风 高三年级是学生的世界观发展、变化的重要阶段，同时，面临着毕业、升学等实际问题，再加上我班实际情况，随着课时和知识复杂程度的加重，不难想象有的学生甚至会感到迷惘，对前途失去信心。

研究生英语二课后答案总结

第一单元 一、1. The tranquil atmosphere of the inn allows guests to feel totally at home. 2. Technological advances might ultimately lead to even more job losses. 3. In the aftermath of the shootings, there were calls for tighter controls on gun ownership. 4. Her kindness and generosity cancel out her occasional flashes of temper. 5. He was beginning to wonder if he would survive the ordeal 6. Foreign food aid has led to a drastic reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation. 7. Perhaps her most important legacy was her program of educational reform. 8. There were food shortages and other deprivations during the Civil War. 9. The new economic policies could prove suicidal for the party. 10. The building will be completed around six months earlier than anticipated. 11. The experience was enough to keep him preoccupied for some time. 12. The road to happiness is paved with adversities. 13. She aspires to nothing no less than the chairmanship of the company. 14. He might be influenced by nostalgia for the surroundings of his happy youth. 15. In retrospect, I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action. 二、1. Watching your baby being born is a mind-blowing experience(极其令人兴奋的经历). 2. There is built-in storage space(内置储藏空间) in all bedrooms. 3. This handout focuses on self-protection measures(自我保护措施) under difficult climatic conditions. 4. I’m sure we could offer you some short-term employment (短期的工作). 5. So, how is it that we all, or at least many of us, have such a distorted and negative self- perception(歪曲的、否定的自我观念)? 6. Helen Hunt stars as a character undergoing life-changing events(改变了生活的事件) in Then She Found Me. 7. She has written a book that is beautiful because of the honesty and the raw emotion that is portrayed in all-encompassing details(无所不包的细节). 8. Having a decent job contributes to a good self-image(一个好的自我形象). 三、What then is a good mind? It is the w hole mental …… 1、searches 2、connections 3、inventive 4、discerning 5、anticipates 6、future 7、individual8、identifies9、fallacy10、self-discipline 四、翻译 1、I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung 。。。。。。。the silent tarn—a pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”) 译文：我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空气。那种空气并非生发于天地自然，而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水。那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦，凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅。 2、She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a 。。。。。。。。l of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. 译文：（她的）容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐约可见的小小的钟面，报告时刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然越来越深沉，却也越来越接近新生的太阳。

高三第一学期期末总结1000字

工作汇报/工作计划/期末工作总结 姓名：____________________ 单位：____________________ 日期：____________________ 编号：YB-ZJ-024713 高三第一学期期末总结1000字The first semester of senior high school final summary 1000 words

高三第一学期期末总结1000字 高三的第一个学期就这样结束了.迎来了盼望已久的寒假. 时光飞逝，斗转星移。转眼高中生活已经过了一大半了。回首这三年的点点滴滴，朝朝暮暮，心中顿生了许多感触。这三年中经历的每一天，都已在我心中留下了永久的印记，因为这些印记见证我这样一个新生的成长。在过去三年的内，通过不断地学习，我收获了很多.时间就是这么无情头也不回的向前走着，而我们却在为了不被它丢下死命的追赶着。是的，谁都不想被时间丢下.而我们也随着时间的流逝一点一点的成长.而美好的纯真随着风雨的磨灭化成了成熟.或许这正是成长的代价.回想自己还是考生的那段日子，显得是那么的遥远。我在憧憬中懂得了来之不易的珍惜；在思索中了解了酝酿已久的真理；在收获后才知道努力的甜美。突然觉得自己似乎明白了许多事情，但是仔细琢磨后又不尽然……原来过去所见所识都是那么的偏见而又肤浅，以前的天真似乎在一瞬间幻化成无知和可笑，我想谁又不是这样的呢？或许在以后也回嘲笑现在的渺小……我们不得不笑着回首我们所走过的路. 在学习上：我深知学习的重要性。面对二十一世纪这个知识的时代，面对知识就是力量，科学技术是第一生产力的科学论断，我认为离开了知识将是一个一无是处的废人。以资本为最重要生产力的"资本家"的时代将要过去，以知识为特

高三英语一轮复习反思与总结

和《二轮复习》的措施（1） 高三英语组赵璐 高三的一轮复习已经基本结束了，回头看看近半年的教学与实践，有许多的经验及教训。 一、经验 1.本次一轮复习，我采取了与以往不同的顺序，先复习选修六到选修八，然后复习必修一到必修二。因为孩子们刚刚学完选修，对课本中所涉及的知识记忆犹新。通过复习，我们对所有必考知识进行了系统的梳理，通过梳理知识体系，深化了对核心知识点及关联的理解。尽管已经带过一轮高三，但由于考纲考点的变化以及自己年龄的增长，记忆力的衰退，对课本知识体系已经很模糊，所以本届一轮复习我专门用笔记本对基本知识体系进行细致科学的构建。一是注重单元与单元之间、单词与单词之间、句子与句子之间的联系，梳理出核心知识点的地位；二是注重对重点知识的细化，总结出运用时应当注意的问题；三是对于每本书和每个单元都梳理出了最核心的知识点，并归纳出考查角度，整理出了答案要点，给所有学生下发；四是总结出每个单元的语法考点并联系近几年的高考真题，有的放矢给学生进行考题训练；五是积极跟组内同仁探讨，有计划地对学生进行听力训练，六是仔细研究考纲，总结出了高考的考查变动方向。通过这些做法，本届一轮复习从首先从我这个教师层面上对教材的宏观把握更好、更细。

和《二轮复习》的措施（2） 高三英语组赵璐 高三的一轮复习已经基本结束了，回头看看近半年的教学与实践，有许多的经验及教训。 2. 通过仔细研究近几年的高考试题及考纲走向，通过对真题及各个地方模考试题的收集与整理，优化了自己的知识结构，基本上能够较好地把握命题的方向和规律。近几年的高考英语阅读试题，大多来自英美国家的新闻报道及实时跟踪，所以，在仔细研究考纲的同时，大量阅读英美国家是实时报道，并改变这些新闻知识成为学生的阅读材料，增加学生的知识构建；增加了学生的时政知识。另外通过专业网站，不断地学习高考的新变化和新要求，且学到了许多方法规律的总结，使自己的专业素养得到了很大提升。三是通过对几年来主观题设问的归类分析，总结出必修一到必修五，选修六到选修八的高频考点，总结出各类题目的答题技巧。 3、积极实践高阶思维导图，受益匪浅。在指导学生制作思维导图的时候，加强了自身对于各个课本和各个单元之间的联系与渗透；通过设置图表引导学生归纳总结核心知识和核心方法，并尝试让学生当堂自主命题，组织答案。通过这些大胆的尝试和学习，让自己懂得了启发学生思维的重要性，也给自己以后的课堂实践操作带来了一些可借鉴的价值。

研究生个人学年总结

研究生个人学年总结 一、研究生必备四本 俗话说好记性不如烂笔头，所以一定要首先养成做笔记的好习惯!作为研究生下面这几个本子是必不可少的 1，实验记录本(包括试验准备本)，这当然首当其冲必不可少，我就不多说了; 2，Idea记录本，每次看文献对自己有用的东西先记下，由此产生的idea更不能放过，这可是做研究的本钱，好记性不如烂笔头，以后翻翻会更有想法的; 3，专业概念以及理论进展记录本，每个人不可能对自己领域的概念都了如指掌，初入门者更是如此，这时候小小一个本子的作用 就大了; 4，讲座记录本，这本本子可能有些零杂，记录听到的内容，更要记录瞬间的灵感，以及不懂的地方，不可小视! 这四本是你必不可少的，不过作为我们这些非英语专业的研究生来说，还有一个应该具备的本子就是英语好句记录本。 二、论文写作要点1、选题要小，开掘要深;不要题目很大，内 容却很单薄。 2、写作前要读好书、翻阅大量资料、注意学术积累，在这个过程中，还要注重利用网络，特别是一些专业数据库 3、“选题新、方法新、资料新”的三新原则(老板教导的) 4、“新题新做”和“小题大做 总之，一点之见即成文。 三、如何撰写实验研究论文(唐朝枢)

论文发表意识：基础研究成果的表达方式;是否急于发表(创新与严谨的关系);发表的论文与学位论文的区别(反映科学事实而不是反 映作者水平) 论文格式：原著、快报、简报、摘要。不同于教科书、讲义，更不同于工作总结。撰写前的准备工作：复习和准备好相关文献;再次 审定实验目的(学术思想，Idea);实验资料完整并再次审核 1.Introduction: 问题的提出;研究的现状及背景;以前工作基础;本工作的目的;思路(可提假说);对象;方法;结果。在模型上，观察指标，以探讨(目的) 2.M&M ⑴材料的写法和意义;伦理. ⑵程序与指标。操作程序：能序贯，可操作性;方法：多指标方 法的排序;引出参照文献简述;改良之处;哪些详或简?⑶统计学处理 3.Results ⑴指标归类描述，忌流水帐。不分析不解释，但要体现思路 ⑵文字、图、表相对独立，但避免重复 ⑶避免统计错误：对照，均衡，随即，重复。计量-计数、绝对 值-相对值、专一指标—综合指标的转换。盲判与非盲判。技术资料 直接概率法与卡方检验;多组资料与两组资料;等级相关与直线相关; 多因素与单因素分析;配对资料与独立样本资料;非正态分布资料;例 数不当;平行管，混合样本;突出差异(绝对值，Δ值，变化%;联合×、÷比值，分亚组等)有效位数的保留。统计学结论与专业结论。 4.Discussion ⑴背景材料：展开问题的提出;有关本研究的一些基本知识内容(不要离题太远)⑵本实验结果分析：各指标的意义(与文献值比较)，结果说明什么问题

高三期末考试总结800字

高三期末考试总结800字 高三期末考试总结800字紧张的考前复习，压制神经的考试，下考场后的议论纷纷，有人欢喜有人忧。全县统考结束后顿时感觉轻松了很多，暂且不去说考试成绩的好坏，至少这种感觉让人感到发自内心的放纵。随后而来的便是对考试成绩的焦急等待和新一轮学习的开始也许以我这次的考试成绩并不能说成是优异，可以说算个中等吧。但对于我个人来说这也是一个进步，虽然有几科成绩不尽人意。下面就认真分析分析吧。 先说说英语和历史吧。总体来说进入高中以来我的英语成绩呈现直线下滑趋势，这次也毫不出意外的只考了87分。我很清楚的明白考低分的原因平常老师让默写单词时不写，让记语法时不记。一到考试的时候就开始发愁，特别是在做单项选择题的时候，单词不知道什么意思感觉哪个选项都对，语法不知道怎么运用感觉哪个选项都是答案，结果只有乱猜了，这次考试在这方面就吃了大亏了。历史这科自我感觉还是挺简单的，因为上次考试还得了80多分呢，我想的是这次至少可以考85分的，结果非常完美的验证了一个词语眼高手低。成绩下来只考了66分。虽然说这次全校历史成绩都有所下滑，但是得高分的还是有的。这次历史成绩给了我不小的打击，更何况老班是就是由历史老师，的确有点不给他面子了。平常历史学的还挺卖劲的，对历史也是有浓厚的兴趣的，可考试毕竟是考试，后面的非选择题基本上都是只

得了一半的分，以后可得注意了。再说说政治吧。说句实话生活与哲学这一册的知识比较难理解，平常的学习也只是死记，根本不太理解其中的含义，平常做练习题也不注意总结，结果考试的时候后面的问答题基本上是胡写的，想到哪一点就写哪一点，没有头绪没有要点。有因必有果有两个大题不得分，有一大题只得了一分，在整张卷子上拉了将近30分，虽然选择题做的还可以，但分数也基本上定格了，只考了59分。看看分数再想想自己在课堂上的表现睡觉，发呆特别是老师讲练习题的时候基本上是不听的，以至于对张老师讲的问题分析、做题思路都毫无印象，考试的时候随心所欲，乱答一气。现在终于知道自己有多笨了，真后悔。

研究生英语口语总结

Hiolidays I like the Spring Festival most among various traditional festivals in China as it is the biggest and most exciting festival for Chinese. I like the Spring Festival also because I can eat a lot of delicious food and do a lot of interesting thing. For me, I have enough time to visit my classmates who isn’t in the same city with me and we can visit our teacher together. Everytime our teacher see us, she is very happy. The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. All people living away from home go back. Current customs to observe traditional Chinese festivals get more and more simplified and the old customs are gradually gone. For some people, festivals only mean the symbolic foods, such as moon cake for the Mid-Autumn Festival. The growing popularity of Western holidays in China might be one reason for the weakening cultural elements in China's traditional holidays. Another important reason I think is that many festivals, considered important days on China's lunar calendar, are not public holidays, especially in cities, as people have to work.

高三英语复习知识点总结.doc

高三英语复习知识点总结 高三英语复习知识点总结（一） (1)—How about coming to my house? —I’d love to if it doesn’t give you so much trouble. 在hope, like, love, promise, want, wish等词后作宾语的不定式常省略。再如： You may go if you want to. She can get a job if she hopes to. —How about going hunting with me tomorrow? —I’d like to, but I have no time. (2)Don’t close the window until I ask you to. 在allow, ask, tell 等词后作宾语补足语的不定式常省略。再如：Don’t touch the light unless your mother allows you to. Don’t plant potatoes until the peasant tells you to. (3)He didn’t want to hand in his composition, but he had to. 在be able to, be going to, have to, need to, enough to, used to等后的不定式需省略。再如： I don’t sing much, now, but I used to a lot. If you don’t want to say anything at the meeting, you don’t need to. She didn’t go out last night, because she was afraid to. 在afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry等词后作状语的不定式常省略。再如：—Will you go with me to see the film tonight?

研究生三年级个人学年总结

研究生三年级个人学年总结 篇一：研究生年度个人总结时间飞快，自从20**2年9月我进入华北电力大学数理学院开始研究生生活，不知不觉间已匆匆过半。在这段时间里，自己一直努力学习，注重德、智、体各方面的积累和提高，取得了一些成功和进步，当然也经历了失败和挫折。总的来说，进步大于退步，收获多于失落，我又成长了许多。这一阶段在导师赵引川教授的细心指导下，在各位同学的热情帮助下，在自己的努力下，我基本完成了研究生前期的学习任务，在思想上、学习上以及科研实践各个方面都取得了一定的进步。现将自己在这一年半期间的表现，从思想政治、学习以及科研等几个方面作如下总结。 一、学习方面 研究生的第一年是我们学习各类专业知识的一年。在这一年中，我认真学习，刻苦钻研，努力学好各门课程，各科课程成绩都合格，比较好的完成了第一年的学习任务。参加了学校开展的各类学术论坛和学术交流，聆听了学术大师和教授们的优秀的学术报告，受益匪浅。入学后很长一段时间，读书的目的性、针对性不强，读书的篇目比较多，涉及的内容比较杂，除了部分专业书籍外，更多的是非专业的或与专业关系不大的书籍，总有事倍功半的感觉；好在及时得到导师的指点，重新认识到有些书是可以生吞活剥的，有些书是需要慢慢咀嚼的，而有些书则是需要充分消化的。在此原则下，很快与导师商定了必读书目，这才纠正了自己在读书问题上的偏差，从而取得了较大的收获。

研究生的第二年，我比较好的完成了我们的毕业设计开题工作，在开题的过程中，我阅读了大量的文献，拓宽了我的专业知识面，同时培养了收集资料及对资料进行归纳总结的能力。尤其认真翻译了一些外文资料对我的英文阅读能力，写作能力上都有很大帮助。总的来说，在各种学习机会中给我的知识库增加了很多的存储。 二、思想政治方面 在思想上，我始终坚决拥护中国共产党的领导。没有共产党就没有新中国，新中国取得的举世瞩目的成就离不开中国共产党的领导，我们现在学习研究所用到的完备的物质条件和优越的环境也离不开中国共产党的领导。光荣的加入了中国共产党，成为一名入党积极分子，我严格要求自己，思想上积极上进，认真学 习党的理论知识和相关政策，以“三个代表”思想和“科学发展观”指导自己的学习实践。 平时注意作风纪律养成，能够自觉遵守条令条例和研究生队的各项管理规定；入学后，很快探索出与导师、同学和谐相处的适宜方式，迅速适应了学习生活环境改变、身份变化的要求；尊重师长，团结同学，与人为善，力求做到待人接物谦和有序，礼节礼貌周到得体；在担任副班长期间，认真履行职责，科学管理，热情服务，并保质保量完成领导和导师交给自己的各项工作任务；关心学院、学员队建设，努力发挥共产党员的先锋模范作用，积极关注国家的大事。在党组织生活中，积极参加各种党内生活，在研究生中挖掘、培养和吸收新的党员，为研究生支部补给新的血液。并且在党内开展了自我剖析，自

最新高三期中考试总结范文

最新高三期中考试总结范文 作为一名高三的学生在考完试之后进行总结是很有必要的,这样能找到自己的缺点从而改进。下面是由小编为大家整理的“2020高三期中考试总结范文”,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。 2020高三期中考试总结范文（一） 期末考试结束了,我所剩下的中学生活随着一次又一次的考试逐渐变短,这次考试比上次有些进步,我认真分析了原因： 1、在考试前我并没有深入复习,只不过是看了看书。 2、临阵磨枪,突击,平时不善于积累。 3、复习没有重点。 其实,语文一直是我这三科中最不理想的科目,我对此也非常的着急,所以我在今后的学习中会更加重视学习。 数学一直是我的强项,可这次发挥的也不是很令自己满意,但也没有发挥出自己应有的水平。这是什么原因呢？主要是自己思想上的问题,我总认为没什么,靠自己的功底完全可以应付,但是事实与自己所想的是完全相反的。 经过这次考试,我也明白了,随着年级的升高,我们所需要掌握的知识也在不断的增多,我以前学的那些知识已经远远不够,所以,既是自己的强项,就更不能落下,就更应该跟着老师好好的学。在语文方面,我还应该加强阅读训练,使自己的阅读能力有所提高。 努力,是我们熟得不能再熟的字眼,但这两个字就够一个人做一辈子的了,而且它是永远做不完的。所以我更应该珍惜时光,为自己的

目标而奋斗！好的成绩是靠良好的学习方法。许多教育专家认为,将来的“文盲”,不再是目不识丁的人,而是一些没有学会如何获取知识,不会自己钻研问题,没有预见力的人。这就要求我们不仅要掌握知识,更重要的是必须学会如何学习。 学习的方法因人而异,因学科而异,正如医生用药,不能千人一方。同学们应当从实际出发,根据自己的情况,发挥特长,摸索适合自己特点的有效方法。但良好的学习方法绝对离不开预习、认真听课和课后复习。 然而在这三点中,我认为听讲是最重要的,或许这已经是老生常谈了,但是,只有听讲你才能取得事半功倍的效果。认真听老师的讲课,甚至比做10道练习题还要好。 预习,不仅仅是简单的看书,对于语文,应该画一些重点字词、概念和一些重要的知识点；数学则要着重地看例题和定理、概念。看完书以后,可以试着做一下课后的练习题。这样可以帮助你知道你是否已经基本了解了这些新知识。英语只要了解基本的句型构成,再多背几个单词就可以了。 人长得越大,记忆力就越是递减。因此,常常复习很重要。不过不必天天复习,毕竟我们也没有那么多的时间。你可以把学的知识积累下来,利用周末的时间复习。每周都是这样,一个月后,来一次总的复习,把前四周的内容再巩固一下。如果一个月后你记住了这些新知识,那么,以后,只要你有空的时候再看看,就一定可以牢牢记住了。 除了这三点,还有三个“必须”。