专业自动化英语句子翻译

专业英语翻译

1.In the case of a resistor(电阻), the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance.

就电阻而言，电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。

2. the fundamental law that is applied in（被应用）th is method is Kirchhoff’s first law, which states that the algebraic sum of the voltages（电压的代数和）around a closed loop is 0,or ,in any closed loop, the sum of the voltage rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops.

这里用到的基本定理是基尔霍夫第一定理，这一定理指出：闭合回路电压代数和为0，在任何闭合回路中，电压增加总量与电压下降的总量相同。

3.Mesh analysis consists of assuming that currents—termed loop（回路）currents—flow in each loop of a network, algebraically summing（代数和）the voltage drops around each loop, and setting each sum equal to 0.

网孔分析指的是：假设有一个电流—即所谓的回路电流—流过电路中的每一个回路，求每一个回路电压降的代数和，并令其为零。

4．One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains ,Au or Ai, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system.

对应于像广义放大器这样的电子器件存在一个问题就是他们的增益Au or Ai 取决于双端口系统的内部特征。

5. The operational amplifier, or Op-Amp, is designed to minimize this dependence and to maximize the ease of design.

运算放大器被设计的使它尽可能的减少对其内部参数的依赖性，最大程度地简化设计工作。

6．The transistor amplifiers, which are the building blocks from which Op-Amp integrated circuits are constructed , will be discussed.

作为构建运算放大器集成电路的基本模块，晶体管放电器，将会被讨论。

7. Integrated circuit technology allows construction of many amplifier circuits on a single composite “chip” of semiconductor material（半导体材料）.

集成电路技术使得在非常小的一块半导体材料的复合“芯片”上可以安装许多放大器电路。

8. One key to the success of an operational amplifier is the “cascading” (串联)of a number of transistor amplifiers to create a very large total gain.

运算放大器的成功的关键是串联许多个晶体管放电器以产生非常大的总增益。

9. A second important factor is that these circuit can be built in such a way that the current flow into each of the inputs is very small.

第二个重要因素是这些回路是按照流入的每一个输入电流都很小的原则来设计制作的。

10. This is one of the features of Op-Amp design –the action of the circuit on signals depends only upon the external element which can be easily varied by the designer and which do not depend upon the detailed character of the Op-Amp itself.

这是运算放大器设计的重要特征之一—在信号作用下，电路的动作仅取决于能够容易被设计者改变的外部元件，而不取决于运算放大器本身的微观特性。

11.Note that if A=100000 and (R1 +R2)/R1=10, the prize we have paid for this advantage is that we have used a device with a voltage gain of 100000 to produce an amplifier with a gain of 10.

注意，如果A=100000 而(R1 +R2)/R1=10，那么为此优点而付出的代价是用一个具有100000倍电压增益的器件产生一个具有10倍增益的放大器。

12.we shall now briefly discuss the relevance of such terminology（术语）,and in so doing we shall bring out the special aptness of the designation “true” and “false” to identify the possible values of a variable.

现在我们将简要讨论一下这些术语之间的联系，并在此过程中我们应该阐明用特殊标示“真”和“假”来识别一个可能值的变量。

13.Finally let us connect the inputs to the devices on the chairs of pilots A and B and arrange that an alarm bell, connected to the output Z, respond when the output is V2(“true”) and not otherwise.

最后，让我们把输入和飞行员A和B座位下的装置联接起来，并安装一个与输入Z相连的警铃，当输出是V2（”真“）时响应，否则不响应。

14.Just as other algebras deal with variable which have a numerical significance, Boolean algebra deal with proposition and is an effective tool for analyzing the relationships between propositions which allow only two mutually exclusive alternative.

和其他处理有数字意义变量的代数一样，布尔代数处理的是命题，而且布尔代数对于分析仅有两个互反变量的命题之间的关系是一种有效的工具。

15.Similarly, if an effective is to be produced by a change in a logical variable , it is preferred that the logical variable so involved（有关的逻辑变量）be defined in such manner that the effect is achieved when the logical variable goes to logic 1.

类似的，如果效果将通过逻辑变量的变化而产生的，那么最理想的是以这样的方式定义有关的逻辑变量，即当逻辑变量转到逻辑1时达到此效果。

16. control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.

控制系统被人们用来扩展自己的能力，补偿生理上的限制，或把他们从规矩，单调的工作中解脱出来，或者用来节省开支。

17.The analysis phase is concerned with determination of the response of a plant the controlled object）to commands, disturbances, and changes in the plant parameters.

系统分析关注的是命令，扰动和系统参数的变化在被控对象响应中的决定性作用。

18.If the response is unsatisfactory and modification of the plant is unacceptable, a design phase is necessary to select the control elements(the controller) needed to improve the dynamic performance to acceptable levels.

如果响应不满足要求且修改的参数不被接受，就需要进行系统设计，来选择使动态性能达到接受要求的控制元件。

19.In those more complex cases where it is not adequate, the classical approach solution may aid in applying the modern approach and may provide a check on the more complete and exact design.

在那些更复杂的情况中，经典方法虽不能满足，但解决方法可以对应用现代方法起辅助作用，而且可以对设计进行更完整和准确的检查。

20.Modern control theory has arisen with the advent of high-speed digital computers and can be characterized by the states variable concept（状态变量的概念）with emphasis on matrix algebra and with analysis and design principally in the time domain.

现代控制理论是随着高速数字计算机的出现而发展起来的，它以状态变量的概念为特征，重点在于矩阵代数，分析和设计主要是在实域中。

21. Intuitively, a stable system is one that remains at rest (or in equilibrium) unless excited by an external source and returns to rest if all excitation are removed.

直观地说，一个稳定的系统是保持稳定的（或平衡）,除非受到外部激励，并且如果所有的外部激励去除后回到稳定状态。

22. So, a necessary and sufficient conduction for the system to be stable is that the roots of the characteristic equation have negative real parts. This ensures that the impulse response will decay exponentially with time.

所有说，一个系统稳定的充要条件是特征方程有负实根。这确保脉冲响应随时间呈指数衰减。

23. The Routh criterion: All the roots of the characteristic equation have negative real parts if and only if the elements of the first column（列）of the Routh table have the same sign. Otherwise, the number of roots with positive real parts is equal to the number of changes of sign.

劳斯判据表明：特征方程的所有根有负实部，当且仅当劳斯表中第一列元素有相同符号。否则，正实部根的数量等于符号改变的数量。

24. time constant 时间常数

Dominating pole 主极点

Settling time 调节时间

Maximum percentage overshoot 最大超调量

Peak time 峰值时间

Rise time 上升时间

25.the section introduces the internal architecture of a computer and describes how instructions are stored and interpreted and explain how the instruction execution cycle is broken down into its various components.

这个部分介绍了电脑内部的体系结构，描述指令是如何被储存，编译和解释指令执行周期怎么分解成几个部分。

26.For the Intel 8086/87 and Motorola MC68000 microprocessors, a word is 16 bits long, but each memory location has only 8-bit locations and thus two 8-bit locations must be accessed to obtain each data word.

对于Intel 8086/87或者Motorola MC68000 微处理器，一个字节的长度为16位，但每一个内存单元只有8位，因此，两个8位单元必须被访问为得到每个数据字节。

27.Instruction stored in memory stored in memory are fetched by the CPU and unless program branches occur ,they are executed In the sequence they appear in memory. 存储在存储器中的指令由CPU获取的并且除非程序跳转，它们仍然会按内存中出现的顺序被执行。

28.In order to increase the number of memory location , the address fields and hence the instructions must be longer than 16 bits if we use the same approach.

为了增加内存的内容，如果我们用相同的方法，地址段及指令必须比16位更长。

29.For efficient use of the memory space and processing time, most computers provide the capability of manipulating data of different lengths and representation in memory.

为了有效的使用内存空间和处理时间，许多电脑提供了不同的长度和表示在内存中的数据操作的能力。

30.Decording means that the operation code is examined and used to determine the steps of the execution sequence.

译码意味着操作码被检查和用于确定执行序列的步骤。

31.A total program cycle comprises（包含）many instruction cycles, each institution cycle can be divided into its component machine cycles, and each machine cycle comprises a number of clock cycles.

一个程序包含许多指令周期，每一个指令周期分解为机器周期，并且每个机器周期包含许多时钟周期。

32.The third type of input is the bus request ,or direct memory access(DMA) request. It is possible to have a terminal interface that stores up all the characters in a line of text until it receives a “carriage return”.

第三种类型的输入是总线请求，或直接存储器寻址请求。一个终端接口有可能用来储存正文的所有特征，直达接到一个“回车”。

33.Automation of many different processes, such as controlling machines or factory assembly lines, is done through the use of small computers called a programmable logic controller.

自动化有许多过程，例如控制机器或工厂装配线，是通过用叫PLC的小型电脑控制的。

34.custom hardware can hardly be connected directly the PLC internal bus. A solution consists in integrating the custom hardware with a standard fieldbus interface by means of specific cards.

自定义硬件很难直接连接到PLC总线内部。解决方案在于通过特定的卡来整合自定义硬件的标准现场总线接口。

35.the hardware configuration describes the modules and the order in which they are installed in the PLC, the address of the I/O are automatically generated according to this order.

硬件配置描述了（输入/输出和通信）模块和他们安装在PLC中的顺序，输入/输出的地址是按照这个顺序自动生成的。

36.By using modularization and declaration of variables, each program is structured and simplified, increasing its reusability.

采用模块化和声明的变量，每个程序被结构化和简化，增加重复性。

37.Today’s PLCs offer faster scan times, space efficient high-density input/output systems, and special interfaces to allow non-traditional devices to be attached directly to the PLC.

现代的PLC提供更快的扫描时间，空间高效高密度输入/输出系统，和特殊接口允许非传统设备直接连接到PLC。

Network 网络，电路amplifier 放大器

Resistor 电阻器integrated circuit 集成电路Inductor 电感器potential 电势

Capacitor 电容器circuitry 电路

flip-flop 触发器= trigger loop current 回路电流Boolean algebra 布尔代数voltage drop 电压降Differential 微分的或微分variable 变量

Gate 门电路，门abound 大量存在

Damp 阻尼，减幅，衰减dynamic response 动态响应‘Disturbance 扰动parameter 参数

Transfer function 传递函数state variable 状态变量Open-loop 开环closed-loop 闭环

Discrete 离散的lead 导线

Resistance 阻抗uniform 一致的

Probability theory 概率论model 模型

Hardware 硬件phase 状态，相位Oscillation 震荡amplitude 振幅Characteristic equation 特征方程decay 衰减

Overshoot超调peak time 峰值时间

Rise time 上升时间Instruction set 指令集Processer 处理器binary-coded 二进制编码Central processing unit (CPU) 中央处理器opcode 操作码

Operand 操作数decode 解码，译码

I/O-mapped 输入/输出映射的memory-mapped 存储器映射的Electric charge 电荷

自动化专业英语考试翻译

PART 3 Computer Control Technology UNIT 1 A 计算机的结构与功能 这一节介绍计算机的内部体系结构，描述了指令如何存储和译码，并解释了指令执行周期怎样分解成不同的部分。 从最基本的水平来讲，计算机简单执行存储在存储器中的二进制编码指令。这些指令按照二进制编码数据来产生二进制编码结果。对于通用可编程计算机，四个必要部件是存储器、中央处理单元（CPU，或简称处理器），外部处理器总线，输入/输出系统，正如图 3-1A-1所示。 外部处理器总线 存储器CPU输入/输出 图 3-1A-1 计算机的基本元件 存储器储存指令和数据。 CPU读取和解释指令，读每条指令所需的数据，执行指令所需的操作，将结果存回存储器。CPU所需的操作之一是从外部设备读取或写入数据。这利用输入/输出系统来实现。 外部处理器总线是一套能在其他计算机部件之间传送数据、地址和控制信息的电导线。 存储器 计算机的存储器是由一套连续编号的单元所组成。每个存储单元是一个能存二进制信息的寄存器。单元的编号称为地址。初始地址为0。制造商定义处理器的一个字长为单元的整数长。在每个字中，各位表示数据或指令。对于英特尔8086/87和摩托罗拉MC68000微处理器来说，一个字是16位长，但每个存储单元仅为8位，因此两个8位单元来存取获得一个数据字长。

为了使用存储器中的内容，处理器必须取来右边的内容。为了完成这一次读取，处理器把所需单元的二进制编码地址放到外部处理器地址总线的地址线上，然后，存储器允许处理器读取所寻址的存储单元的内容。读取存储单元的内容的这一过程并不改变该单元的内容。 存储器中的指令存储器中的指令由CPU取来。除非发生程序转移，它们按在存储器中出现的顺序来执行。用二进制形式所写的指令叫做机器语言指令。一种得到（指令）有效形式的方法是将（这些）位分成段，如图3-1A-2所示。每一段都包含一个不同类型信息的代码。 在简单的计算机中，每条指令可分为四段，每段有四位。每条指令包括操作代码（或操作码，每条指令有唯一的操作码）、操作数地址、立即数、转换地址。 在一个实际的指令集中，有很多指令。也有大量的存储单元来存储指令和数据。为了增加存储单元的数目，如果我们使用同样的方法，地址段的指令一定长于16位。除了增加指令长度外，还有很多增加微处理器寻址范围的方法：可变指令段、多字指令、多寻址模式，可变指令长度。我们不将详细讨论它们。 存储数据数据是存储器中代表代码的信息。为了有效利用存储空间和处理时间，大多数计算机提供了不同长度和表示方法的处理数据能力。能被处理器识别的各种不同表示称作数据类型。常用的数据类型有：位、二进制码、十进制数字（4位字节，BCD）、字节（8位）、字（2个字节）、双字（4个字节）。 有一些处理器提供了可处理其他数据类型。例如单精度浮点数据类（32位）和双精度浮点数据（64位）等的指令。还有另一类的数据–––特征数据。通常也表示为8位。在标准键盘上，每个计算机终端键和键的组合（例如shift和control功能键）有定为美国信息交换标准码的7位码。 存储器类型在数字控制系统的应用中，我们也关注不同存储技术的特征。对主存储器来说，我们需用它临时存储信息，并逐次地从不同单元写入或获得信息。这种类型的存储器称作随机访问存储器（RAM）。在某些情况下，我们不想让存储器中的信息丢失。因此我们愿使用特殊技术写入存储器。如果写入只在物理改变连接时才能实现，那么这种存储器称为只读存储器（ROM）。如果相互连接的模式可由程序设定，那存储器叫做可编程只读存储器（PROM）。如果需要实现改写的情况，我们有可擦的可编程只读存储器（EPROM）。电可擦除的PROM缩写为EEPROM。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、

财务管理专业英语 句子及单词翻译

Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity. 财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。 Decisions involving a firm’s short-term assets and liabilities refer to working capital management. 决断涉及一个公司的短期的资产和负债提到营运资金管理 The firm’s long-term financing decisions concern the right-hand side of the balance sheet. 该公司的长期融资决断股份资产负债表的右边。 This is an important decision as the legal structure affects the financial risk faced by the owners of the company. 这是一个重要的决定作为法律结构影响金融风险面对附近的的业主的公司。 The board includes some members of top management(executive directors), but should also include individuals from outside the company(non-executive directors). 董事会包括有些隶属于高层管理人员(执行董事)，但将也包括个体从外公司(非执行董事)。 Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses only on stockholders whereas maximization of firm value encompasses all financial claimholders including common stockholders, debt holders, and preferred stockholders. 股东财富最大化只集中于股东，而企业价值最大化包含所有的财务债券持有者，包括普通股股东，债权人和优先股股东。 Given these assumptions，shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run。 根据这些假设，从长期来看，股东财富最大化与利益相关者和社会的最好利润是相一致的。 No competing measure that can provide as comprehensive a measure of a firm’s standi ng. 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