英美文学重要文学术语的背景分析与总结

文学界

..摘要：英美文学的学习，既要细细欣赏每一篇著作，又要对每个时期的文学样式及文学特点有清新的认识，学好英美文学中的各个术语，不仅可以帮助我们更好的了解文学史的发展进程，而且也有利于我们加深对不同历史时期的文学特点的理解。本文主要是对英美文学中常见的及重要的文学术语进行的概括与总结，有利于广大英美文学学习者对各个术语有全面而系统的认识。

关键词：英国文学；美国文学；术语；文学史；文学特点中图分类号：I106

文献标识码：A

文章编号：1673-2111（2012）07-0106-03

纵观英美文学的发展史，两者主要的文学时期有相似的文学形式出现，但由于美国的历史不如英国悠久，于是英国早期的文学时期在美国文学史上则不存在，为了清楚明了起见，本文就分别按照英国文学史、美国文学史发展的时期对文学术语进行总结概括。

1英国文学时期的重要文学术语

1.1中古英国文学时期

这一时期可分为盎格鲁-撒克逊时期以及盎格鲁-诺曼时期两个阶段。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的文学形式比较典型的是长篇史诗，可分为异教徒文学和基督教文学；从8世纪开始，一些早期散文家开始用拉丁文进行散文写作；公元1066难诺曼底人入侵，带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，也带来了一些说法语的贵族。古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响，文学上开始盛行用韵文写骑士传奇。14世纪后半叶，中古英国文学达到了高峰①。这一时期的重要文学术语有：

1）古英语（Old English ）：盎格鲁-撒克逊人讲的语言被称为古

英语，古英语是英国语言和文学的基础。因而盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的文学也叫古英语时期文学。

2）头韵(Alliteration)：头韵是一种修辞手法。在头韵体诗歌里，

一行里的几个单词以相同的辅音开头，形成一定的韵律，古英语时期的英国文学主要为头韵诗体歌。如：might and main,saints and

sinners.

3）史诗(Epic)：史诗是用严肃或庄严的语言写成的叙事长诗，

歌颂传奇英雄或历史英雄的丰功伟绩。

4）传奇故事(Romance)：传奇故事是盎格鲁-诺曼时期的主要文

学形式，它主要用韵文或散文形式描写贵族英雄，尤其是骑士的冒险经历和生活，深受上层社会钟爱。

5）民谣(Ballad)：民谣流行与15世纪，是一种用于吟唱或背诵

的民间叙事歌谣形式，通常为4节，每节4行，第2、4行押韵。

1.2文艺复兴时期

文艺复兴于14世纪始于意大利，欧洲大陆各国先后进入文艺复兴时期。由于地域局限等原因，英国直到15世纪后期才兴起文

艺复兴运动。这一时期的文学从思想内容到创作方法与中世纪文学都有根本的不同。它打破了中世纪宗教的桎梏，将人文主义作为核心思想，主张以人为本，反对神权；鼓励对古典文化的研究，倡导对古希腊、古罗马作家文风的模仿；它运用民族语言以现实主义的方法描述广阔的社会生活②。这一时期的重要文学术语有：

1）斯宾塞诗体(Spenserian Stanza)：每个诗节共有9行，前8行

为抑扬格五音步，最后一行为抑扬格六音步。斯宾塞体是英国诗歌历史上的重要诗体。文艺复兴时期的著名诗人埃德蒙-斯宾塞在其代表作《仙后》中首先使用这种诗体，遂以他的名字命名。

2）无韵诗(Blank Verse)：每行有10个音节组成，每首行数不

拘，不押韵。音步类型都采取抑扬格五音步。克里斯托弗-马洛让无韵诗成为戏剧和叙事诗主要的表现形式。

3）十四行诗(Sonnet)：最初流行于意大利，总共包括14行，有两

节四行诗和两节三行诗组成，每行11个音节。托马斯-怀亚特最先将十四行诗引入英国文学，后经莎士比亚发展成由三节四行诗组和一个对句构成，每行10个音节，这被称为莎士比亚十四行诗。

1.317世纪英国文学时期

17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一，由于君主专制和资

产阶级之间的矛盾，爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的“光荣革命”。与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想。因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长，并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向。这一时期的主要文学术语有：

1）寓言（Allegory ）：在诗歌或散文中引用的包含两层含义：字

面义及比喻义的故事叫做“寓言”。寓言的代表作为约翰-班杨的《天路历程》③。

2）“玄学派”诗歌（Metaphysical Poems ）：诗人使用一些奇特的

比喻，通过喻体与喻指之间的非常规的相似性带给读者以心灵的震撼，形式精巧，内容思辨，这些诗歌作品被称为“玄学派”诗歌。代表人物是约翰-多恩。

1.418世纪英国文学时期

18世纪的前30年为新古典主义文学阶段，崇尚古典文学的

创作及美学原则；40年代到80年代为现实主义小说阶段，以丹尼尔-笛福和乔纳森-斯威夫特为代表；再后来是感伤主义和前浪漫主义时代，代表人物为劳伦斯-斯特恩等。这一时期的重要文学术语有：

1）启蒙运动（The Enlightenment ）：18世纪的启蒙运动是一场

遍及全欧的声势浩大的思想文化运动，主要特征是用唯物主义思想反对唯心主义，反对神权和宗教压迫，提出天赋人权的理论，崇尚理性，倡导“自由、平等、民主”。

2）新古典主义（Neo-classicism ）：新古典主义是一种新的复古

运动。开始于17世纪末，延续至19世纪。新古典主义文学尊崇古

作者简介：许东莉（1990-），女，本科，浙江海洋学院外国语学院学生；傅佳青（1991-），女，本科，浙江海洋学院外国语学院学生；刘鹏飞（1989-）,男，本科，浙江海洋学院石油化工学院学生；龚智喜（1990-）,男，本科，浙江海洋学院石油化工学院学生英美文学重要文学术语的背景分析与总结

许东莉1，傅佳青1，刘鹏飞2，龚智喜

2

（1浙江海洋学院外国语学院，浙江舟山316000；2浙江海洋学院石油化工学院，浙江舟山316000）

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希腊、罗马的经典作品，认为各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条率和规则，标志着秩序、情理、克制、逻辑、精准和礼节的回归。

3）感伤主义（Sentimentalism）：18世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中出现的文学思潮。其特点是排斥理性，崇尚情感，注重对思想、感情的自由抒发。感伤主义犹如一座桥梁横跨于18世纪古典主义和19世纪浪漫主义之间，起着过渡作用，也称前浪漫主义。因英国作家斯特恩的小说《感伤的旅行》而得名。

1.5浪漫主义时期

在英国工业革命和法国大革命的作用下，英国浪漫主义文学于18、19世纪之交兴起。威廉-华兹华斯和塞缪尔-泰勒-柯勒律治于1798年合著的《抒情歌谣集》通常被看做是浪漫主义文学的开端，1832年最后一个浪漫主义文学家沃尔特-司各特的去世宣告浪漫主义文学的结束。这一阶段以浪漫主义诗歌为主体。同时，这一时期女性第一次登上英国文学的舞台，简奥斯汀是英国第一位女小说家④。

1）浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义作为一种创作风格，在表现手法上强调主观与主体性，侧重表现理想世界，把抒情和想象提到创作的首位，常用热情奔放的语言、超越现实的想想和夸张的手法塑造理想中的形象。

2）湖畔派诗人（Lake Poets）：湖畔派诗人是指19世纪英国浪漫主义文学中较早产生的一个流派，以歌吟湖光山色和田园风光来逃避对现实的不满，以华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞为代表⑤。

3）颂诗（Ode）：颂诗实际是一种抒情诗，诗人用来赞扬或用来献给他们感兴趣的人或物。

4）挽歌（Elegy）：挽歌或挽诗是专门为悼念逝者而写的充满哀伤的诗文或歌曲。

1.6维多利亚时期

维多利亚时期即维多利亚女王的统治时期，被认为是英国工业革命的鼎盛时期，也是大英帝国经济文化的全盛时期。维多利亚时期的作品多关注平民的命运，浪漫主义开始让位给现实主义。这个时期是英国小说发展的黄金时期，涌现出了一大批批判现实主义的小说家，如狄更斯、勃朗特三姐妹等，他们关注社会中的人，同情穷苦百姓，并通过忠实的反映英国资本主义的罪恶而成为文学界的最强音。同时，维多利亚时期的诗人创作了大量的诗歌，并在诗歌主题和技巧上为20世纪的现代诗歌铺平了道路⑥。这一时期出现的重要文学术语有：

1)诙谐短诗（Epigram）：诙谐短诗短小机智，表达一个耐人寻味的简单思想或观察。奥斯卡-王尔德以他的诙谐短诗著称。

2)现实主义（Realism）：现实主义指艺术或文学中客观地将事物、行为或社会状况按照现实的本来情况进行描述，而不是用抽象的或者理想化的形式来表现。

1.720世纪英国文学时期

进入20年代后，现实主义逐渐成为英国文学的主流。现代主义小说着重描写人物心理活动，因而有是被称为“现代心理小说”。20世纪50年代开始，英国剧坛呈现多流派的繁荣局面。这一时期重要的文学术语有：

1)意识流（Stream of Consciousness）：意识流用来描述人类流动的思维活动，现在它广泛的使用在文学语境中，指一种叙事方法。通过这种方法，作家可以通过人物直接或间接的“内心独白”来描述人物内心的思绪和情感，而不必借助于客观的描述或传统的对话。

2)象征主义（Symbolism）：象征主义兴起于19世纪后期，象征派主张强调主观、个性，以心灵的想象创造某种带有暗示和象征性的神奇画面，他们不再把一时所见真实地表现出来，而通过特定形象的综合来表达自己的观念和内在的精神世界⑦。

2.美国文学时期的重要文学术语

2.1殖民地时期

在欧洲殖民者入侵美洲之前，美洲的原住居民是印第安人。但美国文学不是起源于印第安文化，而是源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。他们是16世纪中叶英国国教会内以加尔文学说为旗帜的改革派，因要求清除腐败而遭迫害，后逃到北美大陆。美国文学的最早形式主要是英国移民写的关于移居美洲的游记和日记。殖民地时期的文学主要反映的是清教精神。这一时期的重要文学术语是美国清教主义⑧。

美国清教主义（American Puritanism）：清教徒净化信仰和行为方式，认为上帝决定一切，而他们自己是上帝的选民。他们主张近乎苛刻的宗教和道德原则，向往着在完美秩序下生活，以不屈不挠的勇气工作，建立一个新的伊甸园。这种理念发展成为美国清教主义。勤奋、节约、虔诚和节制的清教主义精神是早期殖民地时期美国文学的主导思想。

2.2理性与独立革命时期

独立革命是美国民族文学诞生的背景。早在战争爆发之前，美国殖民地人民在欧洲启蒙主义学说影响之下，已经具有民族独立的意识。独立革命期间充满反抗与妥协之间的尖锐斗争，迫使作家们采取政论、演讲、散文等直接而又犀利的形式投入战斗。这一时期文学的主要内容和形式与殖民地时期截然不同，具有浓烈的政治论辩风格。此时期出现的重要文学术语是自然神论。

自然神论（Deism）：自然神论推崇理性原则，把上帝当作唯一值得膜拜的神；他认为人能通过自己的道德意识和智慧来取得进步；人类应该追求真理和行善；教育和科学是创造幸福的重要手段。

2.3浪漫主义时期

浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学的繁荣时期，所以也称为“美国的文艺复兴”。这一时期大部分作家的思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮的双重影响，他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感受，认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代了美国早期的主要文学形式------说教类及宣言类作品，称为这一时期文学的主要形式。这一时期的重要文学术语为超验主义和自由诗体。

1)超验主义（Transcendentalism）：超验主义的基本精神是挑战传统的理性主义和怀疑论哲学，特别是挑战作为清教主义理论基础的加尔文教思想。超验主义极不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，他只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗舒服的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分。

2)自由诗体（Free Verse）：自由诗体结构自由，段数、行数、字数没有限制；语言用自然节奏，没有固定的节拍，也没有规律的韵脚。以诗人惠特曼为创始人⑨。

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2.4现实主义文学时期

南北战争是美国文学从浪漫主义走向现实主义的起点。现实主义文学第一个构成部分是废奴小说，虽然废奴小说产生于南北战争之前，但此时它具有鲜明的现实主义特性，最伟大的现实主义大师为马克-吐温，继他的乡土文学后另一个重要的现实主义流派是自然主义，以杰克-伦敦等为代表。自然主义成为这一时期重要的文学术语。

自然主义（Naturalism）：自然主义发生在19世纪80年代至20世纪40年代的文学运动。它一方面排斥浪漫主义的想象、夸张、抒情等主观因素，另一方面轻视现实主义对现实生活的典型概括，而追求绝对的客观性，崇尚单纯的描摹自然，着重对现实生活的表面现象作记录的式的描写，并企图以自然规律特别是生物学规律解释人和人类社会。

2.5现代主义文学时期

美国现代主义时期以“一战”为起点，经历了经济大萧条一直延续到“二战”。这一时期的文学突破了传统现实主义文学正常的时空结构，从根本上否定事件、思维发展的连贯性和因果关系。出现的新的文学术语主要有：

1）现代主义（Modernism）：现代主义抛弃过去的伦理，宗教和文化价值，强点从群体到个体、从客观到主观的转变的必要性。它摒弃理性，将外部的、客观的物质世界排斥在关注的范围之外，并抛弃几乎所有传统的文学因素，如故事、情节、人物、按时间顺序的叙事等。

2）意象派（Imagism）：它是1909至1917年间的文学运动，它是当时盛行于西方世界的象征主义文学运动的一个分支。其宗旨是要求诗人以鲜明、准确、含蓄和高度凝炼的意象生动形象地展现事物，并将瞬间的思想感情融于诗行中。它提倡诗歌的节奏自由，避免一些太过神秘的主题。

3)迷惘的一代（The Lost Generation）：产生与第一次世界大战以后。他们曾怀着民主的理想奔赴欧洲战场，目睹人类空前的大屠杀，历经种种苦难，深受“民主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”口号的欺骗，对社会人生大感失望，故通过创作小说来描述战争对他们的残害，表现出一种迷惘、彷徨和失望的情绪。以海明威为代表。

2.61945年以来的美国文学

“二战”摧毁了美国人对传统伦理、道德观念和社会价值的认同，而战后一系列矛盾的爆发加剧了社会的动荡。美国当代作家目睹社会的纷乱，以反传统、反文化的方式对种种是他们感到不安和焦虑的社会现实加以嘲讽和鞭鞑。在小说方面，主要流派是“黑色幽默”，它们通常突出表现人物周围世界的荒谬、自我境遇的可悲、个人与社会的相互排斥和敌对；在戏剧方面，同样变现对美国社会道德的堕落和传统观念的缺失；在诗歌方面，也力求摆脱正统的形式和格律，强调直抒胸臆和口语化⑩。随之出现的重要文学术语有：

1)垮掉的一代（The Beat Generation）：垮掉的一代是“二战”之后出现于美国的一群松散的结合在一起的年轻时人和作家的集合体，后来演变为一种广泛的文化现象。他们的文学创作理念往往是自发的，有时甚至非常混乱。他们的作品通常不遵守传统创作的常规，结构和形式上也往往杂乱无章，语言粗糙甚至粗鄙。他们支持精神自由和性解放；认为文学作品享有不受审查制度约束的自由；主张普及生态保护意识；尊重本土文化和原著居民。

2)黑色幽默（Black Humor）：这一派作品中并不变现一种单传的滑稽情趣，而是带着浓重的荒诞、绝望、阴暗甚至残忍的色彩。作品以一种无可奈何的嘲讽态度表现环境和个人之间的互不协调，并把这种互不协调的现象加以放大，扭曲，变成畸形，使它们显得更加荒诞不经，滑稽可笑，同时有令人感到沉重和苦闷。

3结束语

英美文学是英语本科生的必修科目，学习英美文学不仅让我们欣赏到了国外的优秀佳作，同时也使我们对外国的历史、文学发展史有了一定的了解，而文学中各个时期文学术语的出现就代表了此时期文学的主要样式，准确理解各个文学术语有助于我们更加深刻地领悟外国文学，希望此文章对热心学习英美文学的同学有帮助。

注释：

①刘绍龙等编著.英语专业八级人文知识与改错[M].广东：世界图书出版社，2008，10

②吴伟仁编著.英国文学史及选读[M].北京外语教学与研究出版社，1992：45-66

③施叶丽主编.英语国家概况[M].西宁：青海人民出版社，2008：78-86

④何其莘、张剑等编.英国文学选集[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2004：33-54

⑤刘炳善编.英国文学简史[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1981：102-123

⑥金东雷编.英国文学史纲[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限公司，2010：56-78

⑦宫玉波等编著.英国文学简读教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2007：49-62

⑧王卓等主编.美国文学史[M].武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2010：32-36

⑨童明著.美国文学简史[M].南京：译林出版社，2002：78-91

⑩杨凌雁等主编.美国文学简史[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2008：30-55

外国文学108

文学界..

英美文学史名词解释

英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-

英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,

英美文学名词解释(1)

Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not

英美文学重点整理

What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。

48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?

**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.

英美文学术语(英文版)_literary_terms

英国文学 Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母） Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型 Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated Black humor:黑色幽默 Metaphor: 暗喻 Ballad: 民谣about the folk loge Epic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./Chivalry Euphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons. Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。The Faerie Queene Conceit:奇特的比喻is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. 不像的事物 Sonnet: 十四行诗a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. Blank verse: 无韵体诗written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Elegy 挽歌 The Heroic Couplet:英雄对偶句 Lyric:抒情诗is a short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts and emotion or illustrates some life principle. often concerns love. A red, red Rose. Byronic Hero: refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Stream of Consciousness:意识流the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique. Renaissance:文艺复兴14-15th, originated in Italy, encouraged the reformation of the Church and humanism. Humanism: 人文主义it is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Metaphysical poetry:玄学派诗歌it is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With the rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. John Donne, George Herbert. The Enlightenment Movement:启蒙运动18th century flourished in France. Enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. reason, rationality, equality and science and universal education. John Dryden, Alexander Pope. Neoclassicism:新古典主义17-18th centuries of classical standards of standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson. Sentimentalism:感伤主义18世纪60-80年代，came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners i n social reality. use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. The Graveyard School: 墓畔派whose poems are mostly devote to sentimental lamentations or meditation on

英美文学名词解释

1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .

北京外国语大学英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及03

北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。

基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌

英美文学名词解释(1)

1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young

英美文学术语

1. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the aut hor’s time, but some are aimed at a special group. 2. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes. 3. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning poi nt. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax. 4. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English. 5. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity. 6. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society. 7. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations. of other meters. 8. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect. 9. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usual ly ironic. 10. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern cr itical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects. 11. Theme（主题）：The term is usually applied to a general concept or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which an imaginative work is designed to incorporate and make persuasive to the reader. 12. Multiple Point of View （多重视角）：It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment. 13. Flashback（闪回）：interpolating narratives or scenes which represent events that happened before the time at which the work opened; for example, it is used in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. 14. Plot（情节）：The plot in a dramatic or narrative work is constituted by its events and actions, as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving particular artistic and emotional effects.

英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)

Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized

英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)

Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a