英美文学选读完美中英对照版
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴
的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.
人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特
拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。
7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，
而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即
将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，
意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合
起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为
鲜明生动的表现出来。
8. The most famous dramatists in the
Renaissance England are Christopher
Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and
Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著
名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威
廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。
9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the
first important English essayist.费兰
西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的
散文家。
(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞
10. the theme of Redcrosse is not
“Arms and the man,” but something
more romantic-“Fierce wars and
faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非
“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩
的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。
11. It is Spenser?s idealism, his love
of beauty, and his exquisite melody
that make him known as “the poets?
poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美
的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是
他成为“诗人中的诗人”。
(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵
夫.马洛
12. As the most gifted of the
“University Wits,” M arlowe
composed six plays within his short
lifetime. Among them the most
important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I
& II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta
and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才
子”中最富才华的人，在他短暂的一
生中，他完成了六部剧本的创作。
其中最负盛名的是：《帖木尔》，
《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《马耳他
岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。
13. Marlowe?s greatest achievement
lies in that he perfected the blank
verse and made it the principal
medium of English drama.马洛的艺
术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗，并
使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体
形式。
14. Marlowe?s second achievement
is his creation of the Renaissance
hero for English drama.马洛的第二
项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的
英雄形象。
15. His brilliant achievement as a
whole raised him to an eminence as
the pioneer of English drama.他对戏
剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，
它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。
16. The passionate shepherd to his
love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘
This short poem is considered to be
one of the most beautiful lyrics in
English literature.这首短诗是英国
文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。
(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士
比亚
17. The first period of his dramatic
career, he wrote five history plays:
Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard
III, and Titus Andronicus; and four
comedies: The Comedy of Errors,
The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The
Taming of the Shrew, and Love?s
Labour?s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的
第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：
《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰
托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错
误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，
《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。
18. In the second period, he wrote
five histories: Richard II, King John,
Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry
V; six comedies: A Midsummer
Night?s Dream, The Merchant of
Venice, Much Ado About Nothing,
As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and
The Merry Wives of Windsor; and
two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and
Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了
五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约
翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五
世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，
《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，
《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温
莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.
凯撒》。
19. Shakespeare?s third period
includes his greatest tragedies and
his so-called dark comedies. The
tragedies of this period are Hamlet,
Othello, King Lear, Macbeth,
Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and
Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two
comedies are All?s Well That Ends
and Measure for Measure.第三阶段
诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称
的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：
《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李
尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利
奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西
达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜
剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。
20. The last period of Shakespeare?s
work includes his principle romantic
tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline,
The Winter?s Tale and The Tempest;
and his two plays: Henry VIII and
The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个
时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：
《伯
里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》
与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨
利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。
21. Shakespeare?s sonnets are the
only direct expression of the poet?s
own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎
翁直抒胸臆的成果。
22. Shakespeare?s history plays are
mainly written under the principle
that national unity under a mighty
and just sovereign is a necessity.莎
翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在
一个强大英明的君主统领下的国
家，统一是非常必要的。
23. In his romantic comedies,
Shakespeare takes an optimistic
attitude toward love and youth, and
the romantic elements are brought
into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎
士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青
春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。
24. The successful romantic tragedy
is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes
the faithfulness of love and the spirit
of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成
功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽
叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福
的追求。
25. Shakespeare?s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》26. “The King?s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。
27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。
28. He holds that literature should be
a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。
29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。
30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。
31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。
(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根32. The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类：
第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的
进展》（用英文著述）《新工具》
（是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补
版）
33. One is the knowledge obtained
from the Divine Revelation, the other
is the knowledge from the workings
of human mind.他将知识分为两种：
一种是通过神的启示获得的知识，
另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得
的知识。
34. According to Bacon, man?s
understanding consists of three parts:
history to man?s memory, po etry to
man?s imagination and creation, and
philosophy to man?s reason.培根认
为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：
基于人类回忆的历史学，基于人类
想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理
性的哲学。
35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect,
shows the new empirical attitudes
toward truth about nature and
bravely challenges the medieval
scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培
根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实
验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲
学家们提出挑战。
36. Bacon?s essays are famous for
their brevity, compactness and
powerfulness.培根的散文以简洁，
紧凑，有力度而著名。
37. The essays are well-arranged and
enriched by biblical allusions,
metaphors and cadence.这些散文不
仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》
的典故，隐喻和基调。
38. Of Studies 论学习
Reading maketh a full man,
conference a ready man, and writing
an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论
使人机智。
(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩
39. The imagery is drawn from the
actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实
生活中提取的。
40. His poems give a more
inherently theatrical impression by
exhibiting a seemingly unfocused
diversity of experiences and attitudes,
and a free range of feelings and
moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏
剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经
历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与
心境。
41. The Sons and Sonnets, by which
Donne is probably best known,
contains most of his early lyrics.《歌
与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集，囊
括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。
42. In his gloomy poem “Farewell to
love,” we can see his disillusionment.
在忧伤的诗作《告别爱情》中，我
们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破
灭。
43. With the brief, simple language,
the argument is continuous
throughout the poem.议论依附于一
种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于整首
诗作。
(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿
44. he was entirely occupied with the
thoughts of fighting for human
freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自
由而战的思想。
45. Milton?s literary achievements
can be divided into three groups: the
early poetic works, the middle prose
pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔
顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗
作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟
大诗作。
46. Milton wrote his three major
poetical works: Paradise Lost,
Paradise Regained, and Samson
Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：《失
乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。
47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the
“Fall of Man”. In the fall of man
Adam discovered his full humanity.
失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉
沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人
性。
48. Milton held that God created all
things out of Himself, including evil.
他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造
出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。
49. It opens the way for the
voluntary sacrifice of Christ which
showed the mercy of God in bringing
good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开
辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人
类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情
心。
50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole
poem strongly suggests Milton?s
passionate longing that he too could
bring destruction down upon the
enemy at the cost of his own life.在
力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着
弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一
样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于
尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself
a real revolutionary, a master poet
and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生
都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的
诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不
强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示
英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical
Period(1660-1798)新古典主义
1. In short, it was an age full of
conflicts and divergence of values.总
之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧
的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is
also known as the Age of
Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.
英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义
时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the
whole world with the light of modern
philosophical and artistic ideas.运动
的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想
的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality
or reason should be the only, the
final cause of any human thought
and activities. They called for a
reference to order, reason and rules.
启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否
为人文主义服务。
9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and
intellectual art developed.由此一种
温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文
学艺术发展起来。
10. Neoclassicists had some fixed
laws and rules for almost every genre
of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式
中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作
的规矩与条框。
11. Drama should be written in the
heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter
rhymed in two lines); the three
unities of time, space and action
should be strictly observed;
regularity in construction should be
adhered to, and type characters rather
than individuals should be
represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧
（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；
时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵
循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作
品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是
个性化。
12. But it had a lasting wholesome
influence upon English literature. (套
话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产
生过持久的全面的影响。
13. The poetic techniques and certain
classical graces such as order, good
form, unified structure, clarity and
conciseness of language developed
in this period have become a
permanent heritage.在这一时期出现
的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，
优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的
语言都成为永恒的文学传统。
14. The mid-century was, however,
predominated by a newly rising
literary form---the modern English
novel, which, contrary to the
traditional romance of aristocrats,
gives a realistic presentation of life
of the common English people.十八
世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学
形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与
传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描
写英国普通百姓的生活。
15. Among the pioneers were Daniel
Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry
Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias
George Smollett, and Oliver
Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有
丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.
费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.
斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。
16. From the middle part to the end
of the century there was also an
apparent shift of interest from the
classic literary tradition to originality
and imagination, from society to
individual, and from the didactic to
the confessional, inspirational and
prophetic. 从十八世纪中叶至十八
世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向
独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会
描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏
悔，鼓励及预示的转移。
17. Gothic novels---mostly stories of
mystery and horror.哥特式小说----
主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。
18. Jonathan Swift?s A Modest
Proposal being generally regarded as
the best model of satire, not only of
the period but also in the whole
English literary history.乔纳森.斯威
夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认
为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。
(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬
19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a
conscientious study of the Bible and
firmly believed in salvation through
spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清
教徒，他认真学习《圣经》，并深
信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到
拯救。
20. he made it possible for the reader
of the least education to share the
pleasure of reading his novel and to
relive the experience of his
characters.他的语言具体生动，情节
鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能
享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。
21. Bunyan?s other works include
Grace Abounding to the Chief of
Sinners, The Life and Death of
Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The
Pilgrim?s Progress, Part II.班扬其他
的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》，
《拜得门先生生死录》，《圣战》
以及《天路历程》第二部
22. The Vanity Fair.名利场（节选
《天路历程》第一部）
The Pilgrim?s Progress is the most
successful religious allegory in the
English language. Its purpose is to
urge people to abide by Christian
doctrines and seek salvation through
constant struggles with their own
weaknesses and all kinds of social
evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。
(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯23. Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire. 蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。
24. For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。
25. Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。
26. Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. 蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗
人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调
文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺
度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高
雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡
量。
27. He worked painstakingly on his
poems, developed a satiric, concise,
smooth, graceful and well-balanced
style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽
刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风
格。
(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
28. His quick mind, abundant energy
and never-failing enthusiasm always
brought him back on his feet after a
fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，
旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败
后能重新站起。
29. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure
story very much in the spirit of the
time, is universally considered his
masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一
部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，
是笛福的代表作。
30. In most of his works, he gave his
praise to the hard-working, study
middle class and showed his
sympathy for the downtrodden,
unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品
中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中
产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的
穷苦人的同情。
31. Defoe was a very good
story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。
32. His sentences are sometimes
short, crisp and plain, and sometimes
long and rambling, which leave on
the reader an impression of casual
narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，
朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨
如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲
的印象。
33. His language is smooth, easy,
colloquial and mostly vernacular.他
的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚
至是俗语方言。
34. There is nothing artificial in his
language: it is common English at its
beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大
众英语。
35. Robinson Crusoe: The novel
consists actually of three parts. 《鲁
宾逊漂流记》：整部小说分为三个
部分
The realistic account of the
successful struggle of Robinson
single-handedly against the hostile
nature forms the best part of the
novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a
typical eighteenth-century English
middle-class man., the pioneer
colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣
的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精
彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的
英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中
产阶级人士。
(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫
特
36. In 1704 he published two
powerful satires on corruption in
religion and learning, A Tale of a
Tub and The Battle of the Books,
which established his name as a
satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术
界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小
品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书
籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他
在讽刺作品中的地位。
37. Even today Swift is still
respected as a national hero in
Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊
为爱尔兰的民族英雄。
38. In his opinion, human nature is
seriously and permanently flawed.
To better human life, enlightenment
is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重
的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，
人们需要启蒙。
39. In his writings, although he
intends not to condemn but to reform
and improve human nature and
human institutions.在他的作品中，
他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为
改良人性与人为的机构。
40. His “A Modest Proposal ” is
generally taken as a perfect model.他
的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一
篇完善的典范。
41. Swift is one of the greatest
masters of English prose.斯威夫特
是一名优秀的散文作家。
42. He defined a good style as
“proper words in proper places.”
Clear, simple, concrete diction,
uncomplicated sentence structure,
economy and conciseness of
language mark all his
writings---essays, poems and novels.
他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰
当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散
文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。
43. Swift?s chief works are: A Tale
of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier?s
Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver?s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。
44. Gulliver?s Travels: Jonathan?s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. 《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁45. During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。46. Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。
47. a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in
human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”，
主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性
进行了真实的讽刺。
48. The dominating qualities of the
novel are its excellent
character-portrayal, timely entrances
and exits, robustness of tone and
hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出
特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出
场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的
幽默。
49. “The Great Man, properly
considered, is no better than a great
gangster”----The History of Jonathan
Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟
大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒
--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。
50. The History of Tom Jones is a
masterpiece on the subject of human
nature. 费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼
斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人
性的讽刺。
51. the purpose of the novel was not
just to amuse, but to instruct, the
object of novel was to present a
faithful picture of life, “the just
copies of human manners,” with
sound teaching woven into their
texture, so as to teach men to know
themselves, their proper-spheres and
appropriate manners.，小说不仅供娱
乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说
的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之
成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将
说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认
识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。
52. Fielding has been regarded by
some as “Father of the English
novel,” for his contribution to the
establishment of the form of the
modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为
“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小
说模式的创立作出很大贡献。
53. he was the first to set out , both
in theory and practice, to write
specifically a “comic epic in prose,”
the first to give the modern novel its
structure and style.他第一个在理论
与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史
诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结
构和风格。
54. He “thinks the thought” of all his
characters, so he is able to present
not only their external behaviors but
also the internal workings of their
minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，
因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行
为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活
动。
55. Fielding …s language is easy,
unlaboured and familiar, but
extremely vivid and vigorous. His
sentences are always distinguished
by logic and rhythm, and his
structure carefully planed toward an
inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语
言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩
栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻
辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是
水到渠成，顺理成章。
56. Tom Jones, the novel consists of
18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the
story, he became a national hero,
he---honest, kind-hearted,
high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but
impulsive, wanting prudence and full
of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18
卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中
的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，
忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，
鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。
57. Tom Jones brings its author the
name of the “Prose Home.” The
panoramic view it provides of the
18th-century English country.《汤姆.
琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”
的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英
国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全
景图。
(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
58. The years between 1737 and
1755, he did translations, wrote
poems, essays and so on.1737年至
1755年这段时间对他来说充满了
艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编
书,编辑杂志。
59. In his famous Literary Club,
where he was surrounded with
respect by the elite of the literary
circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满
了敬仰他的文学精英。
60. Johnson was an energetic and
versatile writer. He had a hand in all
the different branches of literary
activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多
艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。
61. His chief works include pomes:
“London”, and “The Vanity of
Human Wishes”; a romance: The
History of Rasselas, Prince of
Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene.他的主
要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。
62. As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author
of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook
single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时
间独自完成的。
63. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊
是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。
64. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排比，对仗。
65. Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。
(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹
66. The year 1777 saw the
appearance of his masterpiece The
School for Scandal, which brought
him quite a fortune.1777年，谢立丹
的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他
大发其财。
67. His plays, especially The Rivals
and The School for Scandal, are
generally regarded as important links
between the masterpiece of
Shakespeare and those of Bernard
Shaw, and as true classics in English
comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造
谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，
下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国
古典派喜剧。
68. In his play, morality is the
constant theme.他的作品永恒的主
题是道德。
69. The School for Scandal is mainly
a story about two brothers, the
hypocritical Joseph Surface and the
good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift
Charles Surface. The play ends with
great disgrace for Joseph and double
bliss for Charles. It is a sharp satire
on the moral degeneracy of the
aristocratic-bourgeois society in the
eighteenth-century England. No
wonder, the play has been Regarded
as the best comedy since
Shakespeare. 《造谣学校》主要讲述
了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子
约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不
羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。
戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查
尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得
了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈
夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣
学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶
级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意
的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸
的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高
尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与
虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，
它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色
的喜剧。
(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷
70. he declined the Poet laureateship
in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予
他的诗人桂冠奖。
71. In contrast to those professional
writers, Gray?s literary output was
small.与其余专职作家不同，格雷作
品极少。
72. His masterpiece, “Elegy Written
in a Country Churchyard” was
published in 1751. The poem once
and for all established his fame as
the leader of the sentimental poetry
of the day, especially “the Graveyard
School”.1757年，他的代表作《写
在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠
定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创
始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为
“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。
73. His other poems include “Ode on
the Spring”, “Ode on the De ath of a
Favourite cat”and so on. (Ode:….
赞，颂)他的其他作品还有《春之
颂》，《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫
之死》等等。
74. A conscientious artist of the first
rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully,
painstakingly seeking perfection of
form and phrase.格雷创作态度认
真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。
75. “Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard” is regarded as Gray?s
best and most representative work. In
this poem, Gray reflects on death, the
sorrows of life, and the mysteries of
human life with a touch of his
personal melancholy. The poem
abounds in images and arouses
sentiment in the bosom of every
reader, The poem has been ranked
among the best of the eighteenth
century English poetry.《写在教堂墓
地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，
创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的
知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其
中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神
秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗
中富于比喻，并给读者带来深深的
伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪
最优秀的诗歌之一。
Chapter3 The Romantic Period
(1798-1832)浪漫主义
1. This urgency was provoked by
two important revolutions: the
French Revolution of 1789-1794 and
the English Industrial Revolution
which happened more slowly, but
with Astonishing consequences.英国
面临着新的发展动力：一是
1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革
命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革
命。
2. In 1832, the Reform Bill was
enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。
3. The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。
4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the
18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。
5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。
6. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7. They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the
society.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布
莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，
雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会
顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。
8. Wordsworth defines the poet as a
“man speaking to men,” and poetry
as “the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings, which originates
in emotion recollected in
tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是
对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是
强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止
乎静。
9. Imagination, defined by Coleridge,
is the vital faculty that creates new
wholes out of disparate elements.想
象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立
新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The Romantics not only extol the
faculty of imagination, but also
elevate the concepts of spontaneity
and inspiration, regarding them as
something crucial for true poetry.浪
漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵
感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种
才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
11. Romantics also tend to be
nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现
了强烈的民族精神。
12. To the Romantics, poetry should
be free from all rules. They would
turn to the humble people and the
common everyday life for subjects.
浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他
们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻
素材。
13. The two major novelists of the
Romantic period are Jane Austen and
Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表
小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各
特.
14. Jane Austen?s view of life is a
totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生
活抱有完全的现实主义.
15. The major theme of Jane?s
novels is love and marriage toward
which she holds on a practical
idealism---love should be justified by
reason and disciplined by
self-control. She chooses to stay
within the tiny field that she knows
best., she has become a popular
classic and has been admired for her
wit, her common-sense, her insight
into characters and social
relationships. 简.奥斯汀作品的主题
为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯
汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---
爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,
她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟
知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人
际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者
的喜爱.
16. Walter Scott showed a keen
sense of political and traditional
forces and of their influence on the
individual. He is the first major
historical novelist.司各特表现出对
政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的
影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学
史上第一位重要的历史小说家。
17. Gothic novel, a type of romantic
fiction that predominated in the late
eighteenth century, its principal
elements are violence, horror, and
the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪
漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪
漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说
的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自
然力（鬼神）的描写。
(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克
18. He was often misunderstood by
other people, who would regard him
as gifted but mad. He was
recognized only posthumously.他经
常遭到旁人误解，认为他是个天才，
又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘
出来并一举成名。
19. Childhood is central to Blake?s
concern in the Songs of Innocence
and Songs of Experience, and this
concern gives the two books a strong
social and historical reference.他的
两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之
歌》中，童年是布莱克主要描述的
中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社
会与历史性的参考价值。
20. Blake?s Marriage of Heaven and
Hell marks his entry into maturity. It
plays the double role both as a satire
and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克
的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志
着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻
与革命预言的两重角色。
21. The “marriage,” to Black, means
the reconciliation of then contraries,
not the subordination of the one to
the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾
的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
22. Blake felt bound to declare that
“I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布：“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”
23. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言
直白朴素。
24. Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。
(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯
25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as
the “Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。
26. In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。
27. According to the subject, Wordsworth?s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题，华的短诗可分为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。
28. Wordsworth is regarded as
a “worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。
29. Wordsworth thinks that common
life is the only subject of literary
interest. The joys and sorrows of the
common people are his themes.华认
为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主
题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的
喜怒哀乐。
30. His works contain “The Solitary
Reaper”, “To a Highland Girl”, ”The
Old Cumberland Beggar ” and “The
Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤
独的收割者》，《致高地姑娘》，
《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的
茅屋》。
31. In its daring use of subject mater
and sense of then authenticity of the
experience of the poorest,
“Resolution and Independence” is
the triumphant conclusion of ideas
first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.
通过大胆运用这样的主题，同时对
贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大
的可信度，“革命与独立”则成为《抒
情歌谣集》中成功的结论，这在英
国诗歌历史上也是第一次。
32. Wordsworth is a poet in memory
of the past .华兹华斯是一个怀旧的
诗人。
33. Wordsworth?s deliberate
simplicity and refusal to decorate the
truth of experience produced a kind
of pure and profound poetry which
no other poet has ever equaled.华兹
华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对
粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别
人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
34. he maintained that the scenes and
events of everyday life and the
speech of ordinary people were the
raw material of which poetry could
and should be made.他强调诗歌创
作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来
源，他的创作理论的核心便是普通
人的生活经历，普通人的词汇语言
都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。
35. William Wordsworth is the
leading figure of the English
romantic poetry, the focal poetic
voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国
诗歌史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期
的杰出代表。
36. The most important contribution
he has made is that he has not only
started the modern poetry, the poetry
of the growing inner self, but also
changed the course of English poetry
by using ordinary speech of the
language and by advocating a return
to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于
开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓
生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人
们回归自然。
(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.
科勒律治
37. In 1798, the two men published a
joint volume of poetry, Lyrical
Ballads, which became a landmark in
English poetry. 1798年，他同华兹
华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》，成
为英诗发展的一座里程碑。
38. In addition to “The Ancient
Mariner,” he wrote “Kubla Khan,”
began writing “Christabel” and
composed “This Lime-Tree Bower
My Prison,” “Frost at Midnight,” and
“The Nightingale,” which are
considered to be his best
“conversational” poems.他创作了
《古航海家之歌》，《忽必烈汗》，
《子夜寒霜》，《夜莺》等名诗，
这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。
39. Philosophically and critically,
Coleridge opposed the limitedly
rationalistic trends of the the
18th-century thought.在哲学与文学
评论方面，科勒律治反对18世纪那
种局限的理性主义潮流。
40. he advocated a more spiritual and
religious interpretation of life, based
on what he had learnt from Kant and
Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯
灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的
诠释。
41. He believed that art is the only
permanent revelation of the nature of
reality.他认为艺术是唯一一种能永
远揭示现实的形式。
42. Coleridge?s actual achievement
as poet can be divided into two
remarkably diverse groups: the
demonic and the conversational.柯勒
律治在诗歌方面的成就可分为不同
的两大类，神祗诗与对话诗。
43. Mysticism and demonism with
strong imagination are the distinctive
features of this group.这些诗歌的显
著特点，便是神秘与想象。
44. “Christabel” uses a freer version
of the ballad form to create an
atmosphere of the Gothic horror at
once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式，创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。
45. He sings highly Wordsworth?s “purity of language,” “deep and subtle thoughts,” “Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he denies Wordsworth?s claim that there is no essential difference between the language of poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”，“深邃的思想”，“对自然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不赞成华兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”。
46. Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.科勒律治被同时期的诗界所尊崇，直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。
47. he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the 19th century.他是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。
（IV）George Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦
48. The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage, brought Byron fame.拜伦早期代表作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》第一，第二章（1812）。
49. In Geneva, he wrote the third
canto of Childe Harold and the
narrative poem The Prisoner of
Chillon.在日内瓦，拜伦写下了《哈
罗德游记》第三章及叙事诗《齐伦
的囚犯》。
50. he produced the verse drama
Manfred, the first two cantos of Don
Juan.他创作了诗剧《曼弗雷德》，
《唐璜》的前两章。
51. Don Juan is Byron?s masterpiece,
a great comic epic of the early 19th
century.他的代表作《唐璜》是19
世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。
52. Byron invests in Juan the moral
positives like courage, generosity
and frankness, are virtues neglected
by the modern society.拜伦在唐璜
身上开发出勇敢,慷慨,诚恳直白等
优点。
53. the poet?s true intention is, by
making use of Juan?s adventures, to
present a panoramic view of
different types of society.诗人的创
作意旨在于通过唐璜的游历来体现
不同的社会情形。
54. Byron?s satire on the English
society in the later part of the poem
can be compared with Pope?s; and
his satire is much less personal than
that of Pope?s, for Byron is here
attacking not a personal enemy but
the whole hypocritical society.拜伦
在诗的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲
柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为
拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨，而是整
个社会的虚伪。
55. As a leading Romanticist,
Byron?s chief contribution is his
creation of the “Byronic hero,” a
proud, mysterious rebel figure of
noble origin. Such a hero appears
first in Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage,
and then further developed in later
works such as the Oriented Tales,
Manfred, and Dan Juan in different
guises.作为浪漫主义的代表诗人，
拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜
伦式英雄”，高傲，神秘，反叛却带
有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现
在《哈罗德游记》，《东方故事集》，
《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作
品中。
56. Actually Byron has enriched
European poetry with an abundance
of ideas, images, artistic forms and
innovations.拜伦以丰富的思想，想
象力，艺术形式和创新欧洲的诗歌
得到了发展
(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱
57. He held a lifelong aversion to
cruelty, injustice, authority,
institutional religion and the formal
shams of respectable society,
condemning war, tyranny and
exploitation.他一生都在执著的反
抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗
教，战争与剥削。
58. He realized that the evil was also
in man?s mind.他认为罪恶还存在
于人的思想。
59. One of Shelley?s greatest
political lyrics is “Men of England.
The poem was later to become a
rallying song of the British
Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政
治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”，这首
诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的
战歌。
60. Best of all the well-known lyric
pieces is Shelley?s “Ode to the West
Wind”; here Shelley?s rhapsodic and
declamatory tendencies find a
subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱
最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”，这
首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。
61. “If Winter comes, can Spring be
far behind?” The poem is written in
the terza rima form Shelley derived
from his reading of Dante.“如果冬
天已经来临，春天还会远吗？”诗人
引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但
丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。
62. Shelley?s greatest achievement is
his four-act poetic drama,
Prometheus Unbound，The play is an
exultant work in praise of
humankind?s potential, and Shelley
himself recognized it as “the most
perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有
造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放
了的普罗米修斯》，它赞扬了人类
自身的潜力，雪莱认识它是自己最
出色的作品。
63. Like Blake, he has a reputation
as a difficult poet: erudite,
imagistically complex, full of
classical and mythological allusions.
像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，
他是个备受推崇的诗人，他的作品
博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。
(VI)John Keats约翰.济慈
64. Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion and the moon goddess.1818年,济慈出版了长诗<安狄米恩>,该诗以希腊神话为素材,记述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。
65. It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and added a new dimension to his poetry.一连串挫折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟，并使他未来的创作更加丰满。
66. At the heart of these pomes lies Keats? con cern with how the ideal can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.这些诗歌表达了济慈
对如何将理想与现实，想象与实际，男人与女人结合起来的思考。67. The volume also contain his four great odes: ”Ode on Melancholy,” “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” “Ode to a Nightingale,” “Ode a Psyche;” his lyric masterpiece “To Autumn” and the unfinished poem “Hyperion.”这
部诗集包括他著名的四首“颂”：“忧郁颂”，“希腊古瓮颂”，“夜莺颂”，“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”。
68. The odes are generally regarded as Keats?s most important and mature works.颂诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。
69. In the great of these works, he
also suggests the undercurrent of
disillusion that accompanies such
ecstasy, the human suffering which
forever question the visionary
transcendence achieved by art.在这
些作品中,他对资本主义社会现实
又不满，他的诗歌却常常带有唯美
主义色彩。
70. “Ode to a Nightingale” expresses
the contrast between the happy world
of natural loveliness and human
world of agony.”夜莺颂”展示了自
然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反
差。
71. “Ode on an Grecian Urn” shows
the contrast between the permanence
of art and the transience of human
passion.“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永恒
的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对
比。
72. Sight, sound, scent, taste and
feeling are all taken in to give an
entire understanding of an
experience.将视，听，嗅，味，触
等感觉都转化成绝美的文字，带来
一个通透的体验。
73. He draws diction, style and
imagery from works of Shakespeare,
Milton and Dante.他在措词，风格和
比喻上都参考了莎士比亚，弥尔顿
和但丁的作品。
74. Keats?s poetry characterized by
exact and closely knit construction,
sensual descriptions, and by force of
imagination, gives transcendental
values to the physical beauty of the
world. 济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造
句，有感描写为特色，通过想象，
营造了超出人类经验值的自然之
美。
(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀
75. Her first novel, Sense and
Sensibility, tells a story about two
sisters and their love affairs: Pride
and Prejudice, the most popular of
her novels, deals with five Bennet
sisters and search for suitable
husbands; and Northanger Abbey.她
的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一
对姐妹的恋爱经历；《傲慢与偏见》
是她最著名的作品，讲述了贝内特
一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过
程；《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行
的哥特式骑士抒情诗。
76. Mansfield Park presents the
antithesis of worldliness and
unworldliness ; Emma gives the
thought over self-deceptive vanity;
and Persuasion contrasts the true
love with the prudential calculations.
《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与
非世俗的并存；《爱玛》对自欺欺
人的虚荣心给予了反思；《劝告》
将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对
照。
77. She holds the ideals of the
landlord class in politics, religion
and moral principles; and her works
show clearly her firm belief in the
predominance of reason over passion,
the sense of responsibility, good
manners and clear-sighted judgment
over the Romantic tendencies of
emotion and individuality.她主张地
主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主
导地位，而她的作品也表现了她强
调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、
公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。
78. And in style, she is neoclassicism
advocator, upholding those
traditional ideas of order, reason,
proportion and gracefulness in novel
writing.在写作风格上，她提倡新古
典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的
原则。
79. Austen?s main literary concern is
about human beings in their personal
relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总
与个人的生活及人际关系有关。
80. It is h er conviction that a man?s
relationship to his wife and children
is at least as important a part of his
life as his concerns about his belief
and career.她确信一个人与自己妻
子，儿女的关系最起码同他生命的
另一半---事业，信仰---同样重要。
81. plots are all restricted to the
provincial life of the late
18th-century England, concerning
three or four landed gentry families
with their daily routine life.奥斯汀
的写作素材十分狭窄。主题，角色，
社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪
英国的乡村中产阶级生活，总是三，
四口之家的日常生活。
82. Pride and Prejudice, originally
drafted as “First Impressions” in
1796, is the most delightful of Jane
Austen?s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名
《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。
83. Our first impression, according
to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。
84. The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.这部小说结构精致灵巧，人物描写令人难忘，讽刺出其不意。
85. The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the
upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀
的著作令人愉悦并有深意，是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察，向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。
86. Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟，实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。87. Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感，奥斯汀使英国
小说走向成熟，众多评论家都认为
她是英国最出色的小说家之一。
Chapter 4 The Victorian
Period(1836-1901)维多利亚时期
1. Common sense and moral
propriety, which were ignored by the
Romanticists, again became the
predominant preoccupation in
literary work.道德和常理这些被浪
漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回
到了文学主流中来。
2. Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater,
both notorious advocators of the
theory of “art for art?s sake.”唯美主
义者奥斯卡．王尔德与沃尔特．培
特都极力推崇“为了艺术而艺术”的
观点。
3. Utilitarianism was widely
accepted and practiced.实用主义大
行其道。
4. The poetry of this period was
mainly characterized by experiments
with new styles and ways of
expression.这个时期的诗歌具有风
格标新，表达立异的特点。
5. Victorian literature, in general,
truthfully represents the reality and
spirit of the age. The high-spirited
vitality, the down to earth
earnestness, the good-matured humor
and unbounded imagination are all
unprecedented.维多利亚时期文学，
真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，
其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实
地的精神，善意的幽默与无羁无绊
的丰富联想都是空前的。
(I)Charles Dickens查尔斯．狄更斯
6. Soon The Posthumous Papers of
the Pickwick Club appeared in
monthly installments. It is once lifted
him into a position of fame and
fortune.很快《皮克威克外传》也出
版了，这使狄更斯一度名利双收。
7. Dickens is one of the greatest
critical realist writer of the Victorian
Age.狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义
作家。
8. The best he can do seems to try to
retain an optimism with wishful
thinking.他所能做的只是保持一种
充满希望的乐观主义。
9. Whatever his limitations, this man
is loved and admired by the millions,
not only for the practical reform his
works have helped to bring about but
also for that heart which is ready to
love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有
何局限性，他都深受人民大众喜爱，
不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良，
更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。
10. In his works, Dickens sets out a
full map and a Large-scale criticism
of the nineteenth century England,
particularly London.在他的作品中，
狄更斯对１９世纪的英国，特别是
伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批
评。
11. His early works contain Oliver
Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The
Pickwick Paper(legal fraud), David
Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.
他的早期作品包括《雾都孤儿》，
《尼古拉斯．尼克尔比》，《皮克
威克外传》（合法欺骗），《大卫．科
波菲尔》和《马丁．瞿述伟》等等。
12. This youthful brightness and
optimism is also manifest in the
constant jokes and laughter.作者青
年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在
作品的幽默与笑料中。
13. His later works contain A tale of
two Cities, Bleak House, Little
Dorrit, Hard Times and Great
Expectations.后期作品包括《双城
记》，《荒凉山庄》，《小多利特》，
《艰难时世》和《远大前程》。
14. Charles Dickens is a master
story-teller.狄更斯具有惊人的讲故
事能力。
15. Dickens? works are also
characterized by a mingling of
humor and pathos.狄更斯的作品还
有一个特点，是将幽默与哀伤的泪
水交汇起来。
16. Sometimes Dickens seems so
anxious to wring an extra tear from
the audience that he indulges himself
in excessive sentimental melodrama
and spoils the story.有时狄更斯会将
作品写的令读者潸然泪下，但由于
他过于注重悲情的渲染，有时会破
坏故事的连贯性。
17. Charles Dickens is one of the
greatest Victorian writers, and his
name one of those to be remembered
forever. 狄更斯是英国文学史上能
与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人，他的
作品与人格都将永远留在人民心
中。
(II)The Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹
18. Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne Bronte came from a large family of Irish origin.夏洛蒂.布朗蒂，艾米丽.布朗蒂，安妮.布朗蒂三姐妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。
19. Charlotte?s second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily?s single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne?s Agnes Grey were also published.夏
洛蒂的第二部小说《简爱》问世后立即大获成功。同年，艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相继发行。
20. Charlotte?s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards
self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗，都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少女对爱情，理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。
21. In her mind, man?s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil.在她看来，人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。
22. All her heroines? highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战
胜后获得的幸福。
23. She is a writer of realism
combined with romanticism. On one
hand, she presents a vivid realism
picture of the English society by
exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and
other evils of the upper classes, and
by showing the misery and suffering
of the poor. On the other hand, her
writings are marked throughout by
an intensity of vision and passion.她
还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身
的作家。一方面，她真实生动的再
现了英国上流社会的残酷，虚伪及
其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的
不幸。另一方面，她的笔下充盈这
美好的情与景。
24. Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp
criticism of the existing society. The
success of the novel is also due to its
introduction to the English novel the
first governess heroine.《简爱》：它
以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于
世。小说的成功在于它在英国小说
史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教
师的女主人公形象。
25. The vivid description of her
intense feelings and her thought and
inner conflicts brings her to the heart
of the audience.小说通过对简热烈
的情感，思想以及内心冲突的生动
描写，向读者展示出了一幅心灵画
卷。
26. Wuthering Heights: It is the story
about two families and an intruding
stranger.《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家
庭与一个外来者的故事。
(III)Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁
尼生
27. He was appointed the Poet
Laureate.丁尼生被授予“桂冠诗人”
的荣誉。
28. Tennyson?s poetic career is also
marked out by Idylls of the King (the
Celtic legends of King Arthur).丁尼
生另一部代表作是《国王诗歌集》，
故事源于凯尔特民族关于亚瑟王与
他的圆桌骑士的传说。
29. For one thing, the moral
standards and sentiments reflected in
the poem belong to the Victorians
rather than to the medieval royal
people. For the other, the story of the
rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact,
meant to represent a cyclic history of
western civilization.其一是因为诗
中道德标准及情感都属于维多利亚
并非中世纪的贵族；其二是因为故
事中亚瑟王的崛起与衰败其实就是
西方文明周而复始的历史写照。
（《国王诗集》并不是古代传奇简
单的翻版，而是对古典神话的现代
诠释？）
30. Tennyson is a real artist. He has
the natural power of linking visual
picture with musical expressions.丁
尼生是一位善于将可视的风景图画
与极富乐感的表达语汇及多姿多彩
的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的艺
术家。
31. The dreaminess of Spenser, the
majesty of Milton, the natural
simplicity of Wordsworth, the
fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the
melody of Keats and Shelley, and the
narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.丁
尼生的创作不仅体现了他自身的天
才，还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统，
从斯宾塞的梦幻到弥尔顿的壮丽，
从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与
科勒律治的奇异诡谲，从雪莱与济
慈的旋律美到司格特与拜伦的叙事
天才，这一切丰富多彩的品质都在
丁尼生笔下有所体现。
(IV).Robert Browning罗伯特.布朗
宁
32. Like Browning?s other characters
in their monologues, these people
unconsciously reveal their own
characters in the story.正像布朗宁
其他独白作品种的人物，这些人也
不自觉地通过讲述故事暴露了自己
的性格特点。
33. The name of Browning is often
associated with the term: “ dramatic
monologue.”《指环与书》一诗使布
朗宁成为英国最伟大的诗人之一。
34. To Browning, the dramatic
monologue is an ingenious means to
exploit his literary gift without
getting too personal.对布朗宁来说，
戏剧独白是一种既能开发文才，又
可与角色保持一定距离的灵活方
式。
(V)George Eliot乔治.艾略特
35. Then there came successively her
three most popular novels, Adam
Bede, The Mill on the Floss and
Silas Marner.而后她的三部代表作
相继问世：《亚当.贝德》、《费洛
斯河上的磨房》以及《织工拉斯.马奈尔》
36. In1872， Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot?s greatest achievement.1872年，《弥都玛持镇》问世，这部作品是她最好的作品。
37. By joining the worlds of inward propensity and outward circumstances and showing them both operating in the lives of her characters, she initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.通过将自己的内心世界与外在环境结合起来，并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中，艾略特开创了一种新型的现实主义，并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。
38. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.在作品中，她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争，揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机，冲动及遗传影响。
39. George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspirations.艾略特特别关心女性的命运，尤其是那些才华出众，渴望步入社会的女性。40. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy
of women lies in their very birth.艾
略特认为女人的不幸是出生时就随
身带来的。
41. Middlemarch: but both fail in
achieving their goals owing to the
social environment as well as their
own vulnerabilities. 《弥都玛持镇》：
小说的两个女性主角都具有潜在资
质与雄雄野心，但都因为社会环境
与自身弱点的限制没能达到人生目
标。
(VI)Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代
42. his last two novels: Tess of the
D?Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.
他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔
丝》与《无名的裘德》。
43. His best local-colored works are
his later ones, such as The Return of
the Native, The Trumpet Major, The
Mayor of Casterbridge, The
Woodlanders, Tess of the
D?Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.
These works, known as “novels of
character and environment,” are the
most representative of him as both a
naturalistic and a critical realist
writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色
彩，如《还乡》，《号兵长》，《卡
斯特桥市长》，《林地居民》，《德
伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这
些作品便是著名的“角色与环境为
纲的小说”，最好的代表了作者自然
主义与批判主义的写作特点。
44. Tess, a simple, innocent and
faithful country girl. She finally
becomes a victim of the modern
society.苔丝，一个单纯忠诚的乡村
女孩，她最后成为了现代社会的牺
牲品。
45. Hardy is often regarded as a
transitional writer.哈代常被认为是
一位承前启后的作家。
46. In his works, man is shown
inevitably bound by his own inherent
nature and hereditary traits which
prompt him to go and search for
some specific happiness or success
and set him in conflict with the
environment.哈代作品中的人物都
不可避免的屈从于自身的天性或遗
传的品质，促使他追求某一种幸福
成功，从而又使自己陷入与环境的
冲突中。
47. He is a meditative story-teller or
romancer.他是个善于深入思考的
故事家。
48. They are not only individual
cases but also universal truth.他们不
仅个别的例子，还是普遍的真理。
49. Their plight is not just their own;
it applies to any one, any age. And
finally, all the works of Hardy are
noted for the rustic dialect and a
poetic flavor which fits well into
their perfectly designed architectural
structures. 他们（小说中的人物）的
故事不仅是他们自身的经历，而且
具有相当的普遍性。最后，哈代的
作品结构完美，语言极富乡土气息
与诗情画意。
50. Tess of the D?Urbervilles: There
she meets Angel Clare, son of a
clergyman. It is a fierce attack on the
hypocritical morality of the
bourgeois society and the capitalist
invasion into the country and
destruction of the English peasantry
towards the end of the century. 《德
伯家的苔丝》：苔丝远离故土，外
出谋生，与牧师之子安吉尔相识相
爱。这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性
的虚伪道德，抨击了破坏乡村宁静
的资本主义价值观。
Chapter 5 The Modern Period 现代
时期
1. The once sun-never-set Empire
finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日
薄西山了。
2. Arthur Schopenhauer, a
pessimistic philosopher, started a
rebellion against rationalism,
stressing the importance of will and
intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的
悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的
意愿与直觉的重要性。
3. Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the
doctrines of power and superman
and by completely rejecting the
Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本
华的理论后，更进一步的反叛理性
主义与基督教精神，推崇强权与霸
权。
4. Henry Bergson established his
irrational philosophy, which put the
emphasis on creation, intuition,
irrationality and unconsciousness.亨
利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非
理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非
理性与无意识。
5. The appalling shock of the First
World War severely destroyed
people?s faith in the Victorian values.
一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维
多利亚道德标准的信奉。
6. The French symbolism, appearing
in the late 19th century, heralded
modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征
主义预示了现代主义的诞生。
7. literary trends of modernism:
expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后，所有的现代主义文学潮流都产生了：表现主义（强调自我表现，反对艺术的目的性），超现实主义，未来主义，达达主义（颓废派文艺），意象主义以及意识流等等。
8. The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡，毕加索，庞德，韦伯恩，T.S.埃略特，乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。
9. After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or
post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后，另一种形式的现实主义，即后现代主义，比如存在主义文学，荒诞派戏剧，新小说及黑色幽默，如雨后春笋涌现出来，其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的，人生则是巨大的痛苦”。
10. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精
神分析原理作为理论基础。
11. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反
映人与自然，人与社会，人与人，人与自我之间被扭曲的，渐渐疏远的，病态的关系。
12. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来，现代主义作品常被称为反小说，反诗歌与反戏剧。
13. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代，现实主义诗歌又开
始回溯。
14. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a817377923.html,wrence is regarded as
revolutionary as Joyce in novel
writing. His interest lay in his tracing
of the psychological development of
his characters and in his energetic
criticism of the dehumanizing effect
of the capitalist Industrialization on
human nature. In his best novels like
The Rainbow and Women in Love,
he made a bold psychological
exploration of various human
relationships. D.H.劳伦斯被认为和
乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手
法，与乔伊斯不同，劳伦斯对写作
技巧的改革不感兴趣，依然沿袭传
统的完整的故事情节，但他极力展
现角色的心理发展，尖锐的批判了
资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的
扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中，如
《虹》，《恋爱中的女人》，劳伦
斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理，人
际关系，尤其是男人与女人之间的
关系。
15. by the whole capitalist
mechanical civilization, which
turned men into inhuman machines.
资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了
无性的机器。
16. Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece,
The importance of Being Earnest.奥
斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重
要性》。
17. Shaw is considered to be the
best-known English dramatist since
Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被
公认为自莎士比亚后，英国最优秀
的戏剧大师。
18. The Silver Box and Strife are
such examples, in which Galsworthy
presents not only realistic picture of
social injustice, but also the workers?
heroic struggles against their
employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是
很好的例子，其中高尔斯华绥不仅
真实地展示了社会的不公平，还生
动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗
争。
19. The 1930s witnessed a revival of
poetic drama in England. One of the
early experimenters was T.S.Eliot
who regarded drama as the best
medium of poetry.30年代，英国的
戏剧复兴了，最早的改革试验者
T.S.埃略特说，戏剧是诗歌传播与
普及的最佳媒介。
20. This revolution developed in two
directions: the working-class drama
and the Theater of Absurd.(The
English dramatic revolution)戏剧发
展为两派：工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派
戏剧。
21. The most original playwright of
the Theater of Absurd is Samuel
Beckett, who wrote about human
beings living a meaningless life in an
alien, decaying world. He first play,
Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表
人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。他擅长描写
生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫
无意义的人生。
(I). George Bernard Shaw乔治..萧
伯纳
22. Shaw held that art should serve
social purposes by reflecting human
life, revealing social contradictions
and educating the common people.萧
主张艺术应该为社会服务，应该反
映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大
人民。
23. The mission of his drama was to
reveal the moral, political and
economic truth from a radical
reformist point of view. His works
contain Widowers? House, Mrs.
Warren?s Profession, is a play about
the economic oppression of women.
他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会，经
济，道德，宗教中的罪恶，表现了
自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观
点。他的早期代表作品包括《鳏夫
的房产》，《沃伦夫人的职业》的
主题是对妇女们经济上的压迫。
24. Shaw also produced several plays,
exploring his idea of “Life Force,”
the power that would create superior
beings to be equal to God and to
solve all the social, moral, and
metaphysical problems of human
society.萧伯纳还创作了一系列话
剧，探索了“生命的力量”---一种能
够与上帝齐平，解决各种社会，道
德及玄奥问题的超级力量。
25. Shaw wrote plays on
miscellaneous subject. The Apple
Cart is about politics; John Bull?s
Other Island is about racial problems.
萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹
果车》，关于种族问题的《约翰.
布尔的另外岛屿》。
26. Too True to be Good is a better
play of the later period, with the
author?s almost nihilistic bitterness
on the subjects of the cruelty and
madness of World War I and the
aimlessness and disillusion of the
young.出色的作品《难以置信》，
主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大
战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失
落的青年一代的忧伤。
27. One feature of Shaw?s
characterization is that he makes the
trick of showing up one character
vividly at the expense of another.萧
伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常
不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形
象地展示某一个角色。
28. Much of Shavian drama is
constructed around the inversion of a
conventional theatrical situation.萧
伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传
统的基础上发生倒转错位。
29. The forward motion consists not
in the unrolling of plot but in the
operation of the spirit of discourse.动
作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展
中，也体现在对白的内涵中。（情
节丰富，但不以情节取胜，生动的
对白超越了故事情节的光彩）
(II). John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯
华绥
30. The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy:
The Man of Property, In Chancery
and To Let. His second Forsyte
trilogy, A Modern Comedy,
appeared in 1929, and the third, End
of the
Chapter, posthumously in 1934.一战
之后他完成了第一部费尔塞特世家
三部曲，包括《财主》，《骑虎难下》，《出租》。第二部费尔塞特三部曲《现代喜剧》于1929年问世，第三部《篇章末尾》，则在他去世后的1934年出版。
31. Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray.高尔斯华绥是传统型作家，继承了狄更斯，萨克雷等维多利亚时期文学家的优良风格。
32. He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straightforward language.他的语言
与风格都是同样的清晰，直白，毫无做作。
33. The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships.《财主》：这部小说展示了费尔塞特家族盛行的占有欲与唯利是图，这种占有欲深刻影响到家族内的人际关系。（III）.William Butler Yeats威廉.
巴特勒.叶芝
34. In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.1923年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
35. He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion.他认为艺术的最终目的并非它本身，而是对社会成员的说教及对高尚情感的抒发。
36. His poetic achievement stands at the center of modern literature.他是最优秀的英文诗人之一，是现代文学的中流砥柱。
37. Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images.叶芝还实现了意义的深
邃暗含，因为他将反差极大的意象对应起来。
38. “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is just a popular representative of such poems.“伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲”一
诗便是这样的典范。
39. Yeats came to realize that eternal
beauty could only live in the realm
of art.他渐渐意识到永恒的美只存
在于艺术王国。
(IV). T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特
40. His first important poem, “The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,”
appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要
诗作“J. A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”于
1915年问世。
41. He won various awards,
including the Nobel Prize and the
Order of Merit in 1948.他一生荣获
许多大奖，包括1948年的诺贝尔文
学奖与功绩勋位。
42. As a young man with bitter
disillusionment and with boldness in
the handling of language, Eliot had
explore in his early poetry various
aspects of decay of culture in the
modern Western world, expressing a
sense of the disintegration of life.作
为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年，凭
借着灵活运用语言的勇气，埃略特
在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西方文
明在各方个面的衰败，传达出一种
生命崩溃的悲观。
43. The poem is heavily indebted to
James Joyce in terms of the
stream-of-consciousness technique.
《衰老》一诗很大程度上效仿了乔
伊斯的意识流手法，而且埃略特在
以后的创作中也大量运用了意识
流。
44. The Hollow Men, which bears a
strong thematic resemblance to The
Waste Land, is generally regarded as
the darkest of Eliot?s poems.《空洞的
人》在主题上十分近似《荒原》，
是埃略特最黑暗的诗。
45. “The Waste Land” not only
presents a panorama of physical
disorder and spiritual desolation in
the modern Western world, but also
reflects the prevalent mood of
disillusionment and despair of a
whole post-war generation.《荒原》
不仅全面展现了现代西方社会物质
上的错乱和精神上的颓败，而且也
反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与
绝望。
46. The Waste Land is a poem
concerned with the spiritual breakup
of a modern civilization in which
human life has lost its meaning,
significance and purpose.《荒原》一
诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精
神的堕落与崩溃，人生已失去了意
义与目的。
47. In his famous essay, “Tradition
an d individual Talent,” Eliot put
great emphasis on the importance of
tradition both in creative writing and
in criticism.在著名散文“传统与个
人天才”中，他强调传统对创作与评
论两方面的重要作用。
48. Eliot came to believe that the
illness of the modern world was of
the sum of individual souls, and that
the cure could only be obtained by
the change of the individual souls
through the religious salvation.埃略
特认为现代社会的弊病是每个社会
成员灵魂深处弊病的总合，只有通
过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个
社会。
49. The Love Song of J. Alfred
Prufrock ：The poem is in a form of
dramatic monologue, suggesting an
ironic contrast between a pretended
love song and a confession of the
speaker? s incapability of facing up
to love and to life a sterile
upper-class world. “J. A.布鲁富克劳
的情歌”：全诗的形式是戏剧独白，
暗示了虚假的“情歌”与主人公自己
承认的无法直面爱情及无聊得上流
社会生活之间的讽刺性对照。
(V). https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a817377923.html,wrence戴维.伯特.劳伦
斯
50. His autobiographical novel, Sons
and Lovers.《儿子与情人》是他的
自传体作品。该作品出版后，他才
确立了杰出小说家的地位。
51. The following two novels, The
Rainbow and Women in Love, are
generally regarded as his
masterpieces.接下来的两部小说
《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》被认为
是他的代表作。
52. In Lawrence?s opinion, the
mechanical civilization is
responsible for the unhealthy
development of human personalities,
the perversion of love and the failure
of human fulfillment in marital
relationships.劳伦斯认为工业机械
化的文明是人类个性病态发展，爱
情扭曲，婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。
53. Gerald Crich, representing the
whole set of bourgeois ethics.
Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of
Lawrence, is presented as a symbolic
figure of human warmth, standing
for the spontaneous Life Force.《恋
爱中的女人》中杰拉德象征着精神
的死亡，代表了整个资产阶级的伦
理观。而勃金则是劳伦斯的一幅自
画像，他反抗着工业机械化带来的
种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命
力的形式与教条，代表了人情温暖
及生命原始的冲动。
54. By portraying, in Aaron?s Rod, a
disillusioned man who attempts to
save his integrity by running away
again and again from his wife and
children，Lawrence tries to show that
every man is a sacred and holy
individual whose integrity should
never be violated or dominated.在
《亚伦神杖》中，劳伦斯塑造了一
个幻想破灭的男人，为了维护美德
与尊严一次次逃离妻儿，表现了每
个人都是神圣的，独立的，其人格
与尊严不得侵犯。
55. Irony, humour and wit are the
characteristic features of many of the
stories.讽刺，幽默，机智都是他短
篇小说的特点。
56. Lawrence is also a proficient
poet.劳伦斯还是个天才多产的诗
人。
57. Lawrence was discovered to be
an important playwright in 1968 with
the efforts of Peter Gill who staged
three plays known as “the Lawrence
trilogy” at the Royal Court. These
three plays: A Collier?s Friday Night,
The Daughter-in-law and The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed, have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire.1968年，劳伦斯的三部戏剧作品，称为“劳伦斯三部曲”，在彼得.吉尔的帮助下，在皇家剧院登台演出，从而劳伦斯又成为重要的剧作家，这三部戏是《矿工的周五夜晚》，《儿媳》以及《守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人》，这三部作品的背景都是诺丁汉姆郡的工人阶级。
58. Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual …s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force.劳伦斯是首先将心理透析引入作品的小说家之一，他认为人类心理的健康主要在于生命的冲动，或曰性冲动，性行为是生命活力的体现。
59. Lawrence?s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary.劳伦斯继承了现实主
义创作手法，将戏剧化情节与权威性的评说结合起来。
60. Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning. Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters? subconscious life.
劳伦斯通过将传统的现实主义手法与改革后的象征主义与诗化联想结合为一体，劳伦斯成功的展示了角色潜意识的跌宕起伏，赋予传统现实主义新的意义。
(VI). James Joyce詹姆斯.乔伊斯61. Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong
autobiographical elements. The
novel can be read as a naturalistic
account of the hero?s bitter
experiences and final artistic and
spiritual liberation.1916年，乔伊斯
第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代
的肖像》出版。小说的题目暗示着
角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可
以说是自然主义的，描述了主人公
痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神
上的解放。
62. Ulysses, Joyce?s masterpiece, has
became a prime example of
modernism in literature. The three
major characters are: Leopold Bloom,
an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion
Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen
Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait
of the Artist as a Young Man.乔伊斯
真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》，这
部小说是现代主义文学的首要典
范。只有三个主要角色：爱尔兰的
犹太人利奥普尔德.布鲁姆，他的妻
子马丽翁.T.布鲁姆以及史蒂芬.德
达拉斯，也就是《艺术家年轻时代
的画像》中的主人公。
63. In Ulysses, the events of the day
seem to be trivial, insignificant or
even banal. But below the surface of
the events, the natural flow of mental
reflections, the shifting moods and
impul ses in the characters? inner
world are richly presented in an
unprecedentedly frank and
penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小
说中，这一天内发生的事情极为琐
碎，毫无意义，甚至非常陈腐。但
在这平庸的表面下陷藏着自然的意
识流，反映了角色内心的思想活动
及心情与冲动的变化转移，表达空
前直白，极富穿透力。
64. This literary approach to the
presentation of psychological aspects
of characters is usually termed as
“stream of consciousness.” And
Joyce is regarded as the most
prominent stream-of-consciousness
novelist, concentrating on revealing
in his novels the psychic being of the
characters.这种表达角色心理状态
的文学手法便是“意识流”。而乔伊
斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家。
65. Another remarkable feature of
Joyce?s writings is his style. His own
style is a straightforward one, lucid,
logical and leisurely; subtlety,
economy and exactness are his
standards.But when he tries to render
the so-called stream of consciousness,
the style changes: incomplete, rapid,
broken wording and fragmentary
sentences are the typical features,
which reflect the shifting, flirting,
disorderly flow of thoughts in the
major characters? mind.乔伊斯小说
的另一个特点是他的文体风格，他
本身的文风直白，清晰，富于逻辑
而游刃有余；细微，简洁，精确也
是他的语言标准。然而一旦进入“意
识流”，他的文风便陡转急变：处处
可见不完整，短促，支离破碎的语
句和措辞，这些都如实反映出角色
的思想意识的怪异多变，闪烁不定
及杂乱无章。
66. “Araby” from Dubliners
This tale of the frustrated quest for
beauty in the midst of drabness is
both meticulously realistic in its
handling of details of Dublin Life
and the Dublin scene and highly
symbolic in that almost every image
and incident suggests some particular
aspect of the theme.《都柏林人》：
这则故事主题是在单调乏味的环境
包围下对美的追求的挫败，故事既
富于现实主义又富于象征主义，现
实主义在于它细致入微的描述了都
柏林的景观与生活，象征主义在于
每一个意象每一件事都暗示着主题
的某个方面。
Part two: American Literature
Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫
主义时期
1. From the end of the 18th century
to the outbreak of he Civil War. It
started with the publication of
Washington Irving?s The Sketch
Book and ended with Whitman?s
Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the
Americ an Renaissance”.浪漫主义时
期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发
为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札
记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特
曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文
学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德
文艺复兴”）
2. The desire for an escape from
society and a return to nature became
a permanent convention of American
literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的
渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话
题。
3. The American Puritanism as a
cultural heritage exerted great
influences over American moral
values.美国清教作为一种文化遗
产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很
大的影响。
4. Besides, a preoccupation with the
Calvinistic view of original sin and
the mystery of evil marked the works
of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of
lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以
及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文
主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都
得到了充分的表现。
5. The most clearly defined
Romantic literary movement in this
period is New England
Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文
学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超
验主义运动。
6. This Transcendentalist group
includes two of the most significant
writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。
7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。
8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at las t sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。
9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，
有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事，有库
柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔的
长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，
有戴维斯的社会现实小说。
10. To Hawthorne and Melyille,
everybody is potentially a sinner, and
great moral courage is therefore
indispensable for the improvement of
human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为
人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要
道德力量来改善人性。
(I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文
11. He is regarded as Father of the
American short stories.他是美国浪
漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短
篇小说之父。
12. With the publication of The
Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,
Irving won a measure of
international fame on both sides of
the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧
文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧
文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。
13. A History of New York---He
parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约
史》在多方面模仿了荷马。
14. Like the two famous personae he
created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and
Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a
conservative and always exalted a
disappearing past.他所创造的两个
人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和
Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留
在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。
15. We hear rather than read, for
there is musicality in almost every
line of his prose. We seldom learn a
moral lesson because he wants us
amused and relaxed.他的作品行文
优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓
教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如
入梦境。
16. He is worth the honor of being
“the American Goldsmith” for his
literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方
面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。
17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving?s
pervasive theme of nostalgia for the
unrecoverable past is at once made
unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧
文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西
十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。
(II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.
华尔多.爱默生
18. New England Transcendentalism,
which is unanimously agreed to be
the summit of the Romantic period in
the history of American literature.在
美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英
格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。
19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is
actually a philosophical school
which absorbed some ideological
concerns of American Puritanism
and European Romanticism, with its
focus on the intuitive knowledge of
human beings to grasp the absolute
in the universe and the divinity of
man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在
吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有
本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神
性而形成的一个哲学流派。
20. In his essays, Emerson put
forward his philosophy of the
over-soul, the importance of the
individual, and Nature. 爱默生的文
章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的
重要性。
21. Emerson id affirmative about
man?s intuitive knowledge, with
which a man can trust himself to
decide what is right and to act
accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知
识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定
是非并采取相应得行动。
22. The ideal individual should be a
self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应
是自助自立的人。
23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself
back into its influence and you?ll
become spiritually whole again.”“回
到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响
中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。”
24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist
work Walden was born.1845年，写
成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔
登》。
25. In general, Emerson was
showing to the world a distinctive
American style, as he called for in
The American Scholar in 1837.总的
说来，爱默生的散文表现出明显的
美国风格，堪称“美国学者”。
the essay discuss the loveà26.
“Nature”- of nature, the uses of
nature, the idealist philosophy in
relation to nature evidences of spirit
in the material universe, and the
potential expansion of human souls
and works that will result from a
general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment. In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.“论自然”----全书讨
论对自然的爱，对自然的利用，对自然的理性主义哲学，物质宇宙里的精神证据，人类灵魂的潜在扩展。在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义的思想原则及对自然的热爱。
(III) Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔。霍桑
27. The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《红字》是霍桑的代表作，讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事，情节简单，但内容感人。28. According to Hawthorne, “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity. ”霍桑认为，人人内心都有邪恶，这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心，但在一定的条件下就表现出来。
29. “The Birthmark” drives home symbolically Hawthorne?s point that evil is man?s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。
30. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually
refers to someone who is too proud,
too sure of himself.霍桑最关注的一
个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自
负。
31. Calvinistic belief that human
beings are basically depraved and
corrupted, hence, they should obey
God to atone for their sins.加尔文思
想认为人类本质是邪恶的，必然向
上帝赎罪。
32. Hawthorne is also a great
allegorist and almost every story can
be read allegorically, as is the case in
“Young Goodman Brown.”霍桑擅
长隐喻，像《小伙子布朗》一样，
他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来
读。
33. The scarlet letter A is ambiguous.
And the ambiguity is one of the
Salient characteristics of
Hawthorne?s art.人们对A字究竟是
什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义
和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说
的艺术所在。
(IV) Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼
34. His aim was nothing less than to
express some new poetical feelings
and to initiate a poetic tradition in
which difference should be
recognized.他的目的就是要表达新
的诗情，开创一种新的诗歌传统，
抒发独特的自我。
35. the poet?s essential purpose was
to identify his ego with the world,
and more specifically with the
democratic “en-masse” of America,
which is established in the opening
lines of “Song of Myself.”诗人的主
要目的就是在世界上确定自我，更
具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自
我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表
现了这种思想。
36. As Whitman saw it, poetry could
play a vital part in the process of
creating a new nation.惠特曼认为，
诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。
37. In celebrating the self, Whitman
gives emphasis to the physical
dimension of the self and openly and
joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂
自我的同时，惠特曼强调子我的物
理存在和性爱。
38. Whitman?s poetic style is marked,
first of all, by the use of the
poetic “I”.他的诗总用第一人称。
39. “Song of In this poem Whitman
sets forth two principal belief: the
theory ofàMyself”- universality, and
the belief in the singularity and
equality of all beings in value.《自我
之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰：一
是普遍性信仰，二是人类个别性和
平等性。
(V) Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维
尔
40. Moby-Dick was published in
1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。
41. Of all these sea adventure stories,
Moby-Dick proves to be the best.这
些有关航海历险的书中，《白鲸》
最好，达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。
42. Moby-Dick is regarded as the
first American prose epic. 《白鲸》
是美国第一部散文体史诗。
43. It turns out to be a symbolic
voyage of the mind in quest of the
truth and knowledge of the universe,
a spiritual exploration into man?s
deep reality and psychology. 《白鲸》
不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述，而
且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历
程。
44. the Pequod is the microcosm of
human society and the voyage
become a search for truth. The white
whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes
nature for Melville, for it is complex
unfathomable, malignant, and
beautiful as well. For the character
Ahab, however, the whale represents
only evil.这条船皮跨德成了人类社
会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则
象征着自然，复杂，深不可测，也
很美丽。但对埃哈布，白鲸则代表
着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙，隐藏着未
知和神秘。
45. Melville?s great gift s of language,
invention, psychological analysis,
speculative agility, and narrative
power are fused to make Moby-Dick
a world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才
华，创造才华，心理分析能力，观
察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成
为世界名著。
Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实
主义时期
1. This new attitude was
characterized by a great interest in
the realities of life.由于对现实生活
产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创
作灵感。
2. The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。
3. In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。
4. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。
5. In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author?s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。
(I) Mark Twain马克.吐温
6. Mark Twain is considered as “the true father of American national literature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。
7. Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classic book
written for boys about their
particular horrors and joys, while the
latter, being a boy?s book specially
written for the adults, is Twain?s
most representative work, describing
a journey down the Mississippi
undertaken by two fugitives, Huck
and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品
是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝
里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐
惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经
典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为
大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表
性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克
和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅
程。
8. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
and, especially, its sequence
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
proved themselves to be the mile
stone in American literature. 《汤姆.
索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里.
芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。
9. The childhood of Tom Sawyer and
Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a
record of a vanished way of life in
the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley
and it has moved millions of people
of different ages and conditions all
over the world; and the books are
noted for their unpretentious,
colloquial yet poetic style, their
wide-ranging humor, and their
universally shared dream of perfect
innocence and freedom. 汤姆.索亚
和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的
童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的
实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄
的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不
失诗意的语言风格，广泛的幽默，
天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘
的。
10. Hemingway once described the
novel the one book from which “all
modern American literature comes.”
The profound portrait of Huckleberry
Finn is another great contribution of
the book to the legacy of American
literature. 《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----
海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代
美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻
形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一
贡献。
11. The climax arises with Huck?s
inner struggle on the Mississippi,
when Huck is polarized by the two
opposing and the laws of the society
against those who help slaves
escapes哈克在密西西比河的内心
争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与
现实，对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴
隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。
12. Huck?s final decision--- to follow
his own good-hearted moral impulse
rather than conventional village
morality.哈克最后决定：遵循自己
内心的良知，而非世俗的道德。
13. Twain is also known as a local
colorist, who preferred to present
social life through portraits of local
characters of his regions, including
people living in that area, the
landscape, and other peculiarities
like the customs, dialects, costumes
and so on.马克.吐温善于描绘地方
风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，
方言和服饰等等。
14. Another fact that made Twain
unique is his magic power with
language, his use of vernacular. His
words are colloquial, concrete and
direct in effect, and his sentence
structures are simple, even
ungrammatical, which is typical of
the spoken language.马克.吐温独特
的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言
风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，
直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语
法。
15. Mark Twain?s humor is
remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出
的。
16. Twain?s works, containing some
practical jokes, comic details, witty
remarks, etc., and some of them are
actually tall tales.他的作品生动有
趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，
智慧的语言以及动听的故事。
17. His humor is a kind of artistic
style used to criticize the social
injustice and satirize the decayed
romanticism.他的幽默是对社会不
公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批
判。
18. Adventures of Huckleberry:
“Huck”, a typica l American can Boy
whom its creator described as a boy
with “a sound heart and a deformed
conscience”. Through the eyes of
Huck, the innocent and reluctant
rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply
im pressed by Mark Twain?s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization. 《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克，他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛，我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目，同时，通过马克.吐温对比性的描写，我们还看到了率真与世故，自然与文化，野蛮与文明的对立。（II） Henry James亨利.詹姆斯19. While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统，而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。
20. In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes. James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America. The works include “The American”, “Daisy miller”, “The Europeans”, “The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期
作品中，他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化，情感和道德方面的冲突，每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》，《黛西.
米勒》，《欧洲人》，《贵妇人的
画像》。
21. In his middle period, the works
contain “The Bostonians”, “The
Princess Casamassima”, and so on.
中期创作包括《波士顿人》，《卡
撒玛西玛公主》等等。
22. In his last and major period,
James returned to his “international
theme”.后期他又回到了“国际主
题”。
23. These novels are always set
against a larger international
background, usually between Europe
and America, and centered on the
confrontation of the two different
cultures with two different groups of
people representing two different
value systems.（国际主题的小说）
这些小说以国际，主要是欧美为大
背景，集中表现两种人群的两种价
值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。
24. The theme of his essay “The Art
of Fiction” clearly indicates that the
aim of the novel is to present life.《小
说的艺术》一文明确指出，小说的
目的是现实生活。
25. The artist should be able to “feel”
the life, to understand human nature,
and then to record them in his own
art form.艺术家应能够“感受”生活，
理解人性，然后忠实地将这些录入
作品。
26. James?s realism is characterized
by his psychological approach to his
subject matter.詹姆斯的现实主义还
具有分析方法的倾向。
27. One of James?s literary
techniques innovated to cater for this
psychological emphasis is his
narrative “point of view”.詹姆斯文
学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这
种心理分析，以叙述着的视角为线
索。
28. As to his language, James is not
so easy to understand. He is often
highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯
的文学语言不易读懂。
29. “Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever
since become the American Girl in
Europe, a celebrated cultural type
who embodies the spirit of the New
World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从
此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象，
是美国精神的代表。
(III). Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金
森
30. Dickinson?s poems are usually
based on her own experience, her
sorrows and joys.狄金森的诗都是
根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。
31. Within her little lyrics Dickinson
addresses those issues that concern
the whole human beings, which
include religion, death, immortality,
love, and nature. In some of her
poems she wrote about her double
and belief about religious
subjects. 在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉
及到的问题却是有关人类的，包括
宗教，死亡，不朽，爱情和自然。
她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。
32. Although she believed in God,
she sometimes doubted His
benevolence. Closely related to
Dickinson?s religious poetry are her
poems concerning death and
immortality, ranging over the
physical as well as the psychological
and emotional aspects of death.虽然
她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。
狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡
和不朽，包括身体，心理和情感三
个方面。
33. One group of her love poems are
clearly the reflection of her own
unhappy experience.她的一组爱情
诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经
历。
34. More than five hundred poems
Dickinson wrote are about nature, in
which her general skepticism about
the relationship between man and
nature is well-expressed.狄金森有
500多首诗是关于自然的，诗中表
达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。
35. her acute observations, her
concern for precise details and her
interest in nature are pervasive.她对
自然的观察敏锐，描写细致，兴趣
丰饶。
36. Her poems have no titles, hence
are always quoted by their first lines.
In her poetry there is a particular
stress pattern. eg. Capital letters as a
means of emphasis. The form of her
poetry is more or less like that of the
hymns in community churches,
familiar, communal, and sometimes,
irregular.她的诗大多无题，常以首
自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英美文学选读 傲慢与偏见
英 美 文 学 选 读 论 文 《傲慢与偏见》的女性 叙事视角解读 姓名： 班级： 学号：
《傲慢与偏见》的女性叙事视角解读 摘要: 奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中，通过在全知视角下具有限制性的叙述模式向我们展示了灰姑娘的浪漫爱情故事，描绘出作者所处时代的社会道德风貌，表达了作者的女性抗争意识及对当时社会婚姻观的批判。 关键词: 全知视角;有限视角 在奥斯丁的著作中，《傲慢与偏见》一直深受读者的喜爱，并经受住了时间的考验，成为文学史上不休的名著。剖析其原因，发现这与奥斯丁高超的叙事技巧是分不开的。自小说发表以来，其叙述技巧引起了广泛的评论，纵观其评论，发现对其独特的女性视角分析还是不够。在这部小说中，奥斯丁颠覆了以往男权统治下的话语权，采用了全知视角下，从女性的有限视角展示故事，从女性的角度来描写生活，并首次让小说中的女性形象第一次成为真正意义上的主角，让女性有了话语权。因而，从女性视角这一角度对小说进行解读，对于理解和把握作品具有重要的意义。申丹曾指出：叙事者的性别不同，往往会对叙事模式及其意义产生影响。把性别和视角结合在一起的女性视角是指从性别入手来审视人类的文化遗产和文化创造的一种批评观念和批评角度。本文将从女性叙事视角对小说进行解读，发掘其对于展现女性意识的意义。 叙事视角，在文学作品中是指作品叙述者或者人物从什么角度观
察故事。从小说的整体来说，奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中选择了全知视角，如在交代故事背景，人物首次出场以及在每章节中奥斯丁看似无意的评述。例如：小说的第一章第一句话就是通过贝内特太太总括式的议论“有钱的单身汉总是要娶位太太，这是一条公认的真理。”使读者顷刻间就能识别人物形象。贝内特太太在全知叙述视角下，是作为被叙述对象而存在，她的那句总括式议论，与作者的价值信念是完全不同的，因而造成了读者与她的距离，读者高高在上地评判着贝内特太太，笑她的迂腐和无知。但是正是这一人物形象，却揭露了当时社会上普遍流行的婚姻价值观，正是因为当时流行的婚恋观所以贝内特太太才把嫁女儿当作自己的人生大事，读者在嘲讽贝内特太太的同时也了解了整个社会背景，实际上读者对贝内特太太的疏离也拉近了读者和隐含作者的距离，从而拉近了读者和女主人公的距离。在全知视角的应用方面还可以从小说的第二十二章中，作者那一段心酸讽刺的话语评价了夏绿蒂的婚姻看出。“大凡家境不好而又受过相当教育的青年女子，总是把结婚当作仅有的一条体面的退路。尽管结婚并不一定会叫人幸福，但总算给自己安排了一条最可靠的储藏室，日后可以不致挨冻受饥。”这句话揭示出了当时女子在婚姻方面的被动局面，在男权社会里，女性一直处于附属地位，婚姻是两个门当户对家庭的结合，爱情的有无处于次要地位。对于女性来说，她在婚姻市场的卖点取决于她能够带来的嫁妆，像夏绿蒂这样没有嫁妆的女性，在当时只有两条路可走，一条是做家庭教师，另一条就是抓住婚姻，所以当迂腐的柯林斯向她求婚时她爽快地答应了，这在夏绿蒂看来似乎
如何学习《英美文学选读》
要通过《英美文学选读》这门课考试，不是考前“冲刺”一类的短训能奏效的。这门课难就难在它的阅读量很大，它包括英国和美国的诸多作家的诸多作品，而每一部作品就是一部书。现行统一教材在作家和作品的选取方面尽管已经是精而又精了，但还是不得不采用节选的办法来压缩篇幅。即便如此，为了更好地理解作品，考生还不得不在对整部作品了解的基础上，在教师指导下反复阅读节选，才能对节选部分的内容以及思想有较好的理解。不过文学阅读也有规律可循。下面的文字就“选读”课的性质、阅读时读取什么信息、现行试题各个部分的考查点是什么、如何回答简单论述题等问题，给考生一点提示，希望能对考生学习、复习《英美文学选读》课提供一些帮助。 第一部分《英美文学选读》课的性质 一、《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品顾名思义，“英美文学选读”是有选择地阅读英美文学史上有影响作家的重要作品，熟知作品内容，了解大多数批评家和读者已经接受的对这些作品主题的表述，并能从作品中找到、列举出证明这些表述的细节。这样的定义里有三个要注意的问题。一是作品内容，二是作品里的细节，三是节作品主题。三个同等重要，学习者不能只取其一。以小说为例，所谓作品内容，是指情节(plot)、场景(setting)、人物(characters)、语气(tone)、以及语言(style)。情节是指故事里所展示的事件和这些事件按作家意愿有序的安排，如事件发生的背景、事件中涉及的人物、事件本身(即冲突)、以及解决冲突的办法和结果。情节就是故事；没有情节就没有故事；熟知情节是理解文学作品，特别是小说和戏剧的第一、也是不可缺少的一步。不掌握故事情节，对作品进行深入分析就无从谈起。有故事当然就有人，对人物的分析是对作品分析的核心。语气是指作者在他／她刻画人物、安排情节、描写场景时所持的态度，而作者的态度直接影响我们对作品思想的理解。作者要表达自己对人物、事件的态度，只有通过文字才能与读者交流，而不同的作家使用语言的风格(style)是不一样的。如果掌握了以上内容，就掌握了细节，之所以把细节单列出来，是因为多数考生只记得大概情节，考试中不能用具体的细节进行人物或思想分析、评述，空话太多。劳伦斯小说《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lovers)里，成年的保罗是如何仍然生活在他母亲的掌控之下的细节，是分析这部作品里的人物和主题的关键，不能引用相关细节作为根据，分析就失去了基础。阅读文学作品一定要在一般性的了解情节的基础上，尽量记一些细节，细节显示考生对作品的熟悉程度。主题是对作品思想的高度概括。教材里作家作品概述和作品简介(斜体部分)，对作品主题已有简明准确的表述，考生不可不读。对这些表述的理解，又是以考生对作品内容、细节的掌握为基础的。作品内容、细节、主题是考生学习的重点。 两点说明： (一)这里我们姑且不讨论新批评对作者和作品关系的观点，也不去讨论接受美学和读者反映理论，本科阶段没有开设文学批评理论课，没有必要进行那样的讨论，教师也不要引入类似的话题，以免造成不必要的困惑。 (二)从历年考题来看，作家的生卒年月、家庭背景、接受教育情况、作品发表年代等都不在考察范围，考生不必在这些方面浪费时间。目前市场上有一些英美文学教材和辅导材料在作家生平上花费了相当的篇幅，有的甚至远远超过了对文学作品本身的介绍和分析，这类书籍对考生复习没有多大帮助。教育部组织专家编写的现行教材尽管可以再修改、完善，但它的最大好处是它给考生提供了学生最需要的作品概要和精确而恰当的分析(教材里作品前的斜体部分)，对考生从作品全貌理解文学作品很有帮助。 二、文学作品与文学史的关系关于文学作品和文学史哪个在先、以及哪个更重要的问题，我们还是留给专门的学者去争论，我们要搞清楚的是考生学习过程中应该以哪一个为重点的问题。前面讲选读课的性质时已经讲过，《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品，以往考试所包括的内容也充分说明了这一点，似乎没有争论的必要。但我们不得不考虑另一个无法回避的问题：如何对待教材中每个文学阶段前对该时期影响文学作品的经济、文化、社会、思想思
英美文学选读-英国-新古典主义时期-练习题汇总
1. The 18th-century England is known as ( ) (浙0710) A. the Age of Puritanism B. the Age of Reason C. the Era of Capitalism D. the Age of Glory 2. English Enlighteners in the 18th century held ________ as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations. （一）1 A. property B. education C. emotion D. reason 3. In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ______. (浙0810) A. to call the people to fight against poverty and hardship B. to tell people to economize and to accumulate wealth C. to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas D. to instruct people to obtain their present social status through hard work 4. As to education, the enlighteners thought that ______. （浙0310） A. human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rationality and perfection through education. B. universal education was unnecessary. C. if the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. D. most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. 5. Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and the people? ( ) (浙0710) A. Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. B. If the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. C. Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary. D. Because human beings were not capable of rationality and perfection through education. 6. About reason , the enlighteners thought _____. （浙0210） A. reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities B. reason couldn't lead to truth and justice C. superstition was above reason and rationality D. equality and science is contrary to reason and rationality 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about the tendency of ( ) A. realism B. puritanism C. neoclassicism D. romanticism 8. Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true? A. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the
英美文学选读试题详解3
英美文学选读-阶段测评3 成绩：87.5分 一、Multiple Choice 共40 题 题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a817377923.html,wrence’s novels( )are generally regarded as his masterpieces. A、The Rainbow，Women in Love B、The Rainbow，Sons and Lovers C、Sons and Lovers，Lady Chatterley’s Lover D、Women in Love，Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P370.para2）劳伦斯的成名作是《儿子和情人》，而其代表作是《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》 标准答案：A 考生答案：A 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分 T.S.Eliot’s poem( )is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream - of -consciousness technique,also a prelude to The Waste Land. A、―Prufrock‖ B、―Gerontion‖ C、The Hollow Men D、Lyrical Ballads （P358.para3）―Gerontion‖是一部用戏剧式独白写成的诗歌，是《荒原》的前奏曲，也采用了意识流派的文风。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B
本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 3 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a817377923.html,wrence’s autobiographical novel is( ). A、The Rainbow B、Women in Love C、Sons and Lovers D、Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P369.para1）劳伦斯的作品大多都是从心理上去探求让人的本能的，同时也反映人性中最内在的东西。其作品《儿子和情人》真实地反映了自己在童年时期的家庭状况，被视为其半自传体小说。 标准答案：C 考生答案：C 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 4 本题分数:2.5 分 The typical representatives of G.B.Shaw’ s early plays are( ). A、Man and Superman，The Apple Cart B、Widowers’ House，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession C、Candida，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession D、The Apple Cart，Widowers’ House （P321-322）。萧伯纳的第一步剧作是Widowers’ House，写于1892年；第二部剧作是Mrs. Warren’ s Profession，写于1893年。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 5 本题分数:2.5 分 It was only after the publication of( )that https://www.sodocs.net/doc/a817377923.html,wrence was recognized as a prominent novelist.
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
自考英美文学选读课文翻译 莎士比亚
威廉-莎士比亚 威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。 莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。 莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。 大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。他卒于1616年4月23日。 由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。 莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。他写了5部历史剧：《亨利六世》的第一、二、三部，和《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》；4部戏剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维罗纳的2位绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 第二个阶段，莎士比亚的创作风格和方式变得极具个性。在不同的人物之间、现象和现实之间，莎士比亚构造了复杂的典范，他对人类各种缺点进行了精妙的诠释。在这个时期他写了5部历史剧：《理查二世》，《约翰国王》，《亨利四世》第一、二部和《亨利五世》;6部戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯的商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第12夜》和《温莎的风流妇人》；2部悲剧：《罗密欧和朱丽叶》和《裘里斯凯撒》 莎士比亚的第三时期作品包括他最杰出的悲剧和所谓的黑色喜剧。这个时期的悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》，《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》，《特洛伊罗斯与克雷西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》。2部喜剧是：《终成眷属》和《争锋相对》。 莎士比亚最后时期的作品包括他主要的烂漫悲喜剧：《伯利克里》，《辛白林》，《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》；和他最后两部作品：《亨利八世》和《两个贵亲戚》。 莎士比亚真正的跟戏剧五官的是个主要是两首叙述长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，和他的154首系列短诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗都单是
英美文学选读笔记整理版英国Romantic
Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国） Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Historical background: Rousseau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794) The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one. Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain. Cultural background 1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth. 2. The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. 3. In the works of the sentimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. Features of the romantic literature 1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs 2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now. 3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical. 4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”. 5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials 6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural Willam Blake Points of view: 1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. 2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination. His works: Poetical Sketches (1783) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) Songs of Innocence (1809) Songs of Experience (1794) 1. Songs of Innocence (1809)
英美文学选读名篇中英对照 赏析 简介
Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me; The carriage held but just ourselves And Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too, For his civility. We passed the school, where children strove At recess, in the ring; We passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun. Or rather, he passed us; The dews grew quivering and chill, For only gossamer my gown, My tippet only tulle. We paused before a house that seemed A swelling of the ground; The roof was scarcely visible, The cornice but a mound. Since then 'tis centuries, and yet each Feels shorter than the day I first surmised the horses' heads Were toward eternity. 我无暇去会死亡 爱米莉·伊丽莎白·狄更生 我无暇去会死亡， 死神便和善地接我前往，我只好放下劳作与闲暇，无法拒绝他的殷勤礼让。 我们一起坐上马车， 还有永生陪伴身旁， 我们驱车缓缓前行， 他悠然自得不慌不忙。 我们经过校园， 娱乐的孩子挤满操场， 我们经过田野，麦穗张望，我们经过西沉的太阳。 或许该是夕阳经过我们吧，露珠抖动，略显苍凉， 只为我的面纱、斗篷， 还有我薄丝织就的衣裳。 我们经过一个隆起的土堆，那似乎是一座住房， 屋顶几乎无法看见， 屋架也在地下埋藏。 感觉比一天还要短暂， 虽然自此千万年岁月漫长，我初次产生这种猜测： 永恒正是马头所向。
自考英美文学选读(英国篇
The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期 Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》：第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集，描写了各行各业中的人物形象 Italy 三方面：painting+sculputre+literature 主要作家： William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚 The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》 （1）手法：pun 双关（“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew /Thou mak ’st thy knife keen.”“狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,而是在你的心口上磨刀”） （2）主人公名字：安东尼奥Antonio 巴萨尼奥Bassanio 鲍西亚Portia 犹太人Jews 夏洛克Shylock 生平2long poems 154sonnets 38plays Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》 The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》 As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》 Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 （1）手法：soliloquy 独白（“To be,or not to be —that is the question ”） （2）The first and the most popular play of Shakespeare 十四行诗（18） （1）起源Italy 引入英国的人Wyatt 华埃特 （2）经典名句：“Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?”我 可能把你和夏天相比拟？ （3）修辞：Personification 拟人手法 （4）主题：美好夏日通常短暂，但诗歌之美却能永存。 A nice summer's day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever 四大悲剧哈罗李白Macbeth 《麦克白》 King Lear 《李尔王》Othello 《奥赛罗》 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 四 个 时 期学徒期：5部历史剧、4部戏剧个性期巅峰期：悲剧、悲喜剧（黑色喜剧） 晚年期 5部历史、6部喜剧 剧2部悲剧：Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》表达乐观情绪：optimistic 运用反讽刺手法：irony 浪漫悲喜剧：The Tempest 《暴风雨》 最后两部剧：《亨利八世》、《两位贵族亲戚》
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