初中英语笔记整理

英语笔记整理

（注意：笔记不编号，每一个方块就是一个知识点）

（请用至少有订正本大小但比订正本稍厚一些的软面抄抄写，本子最好是线装的，不易掉页。字迹务必端正，注意空行，颜色的对比。开学第一天2月20日

随另一项英语寒假作业一起上交）

■注意一些复数形式：

wife – wives knife – knives life – lives （生命）

leaf – leaves shelf – shelves wolf – wolves

thief – thieves scarf – scarves ( red scarf )

但是：roof – roofs (屋顶) chief – chiefs （头脑，首领，酋长）

top student 尖子学生

■* parent 父（母）亲present 礼物

peasant 农民

* little 小的，少量的He has little money. litter垃圾No litter.

letter 字母，信件

■like的一些用法：

(1). What does he like? V. 喜欢

He likes football/ English/ swimming/ traveling.

What does he look like?=How does he look?

prep. 像问外貌

He is fat/thin/tall/short/handsome/good-looking.

She is beautiful/pretty/slim, with fair/ dark hair.

What is he like? prep. 像问内心、性格和品行

He is kind/ warm-hearted./creative/ responsible.

He looks like his father.

He is like his father.

(2). What’s the weather like today? prep. 像

How is the weather today?

It’s fine/ clear/ cloudy/rainy/

windy/ hot/cold/cool./foggy

(3). How do you like the film? V. 喜欢

What do you think of the film?

不是what一定要搭配like, 而是what对介宾提问，所以一定要搭配介词。

(4). Like father, like son. prep.有其父必有其子

(5). He likes swimming in winter.

She likes to listen to music when she is driving.

like to do / doing sth. V.

They would like to attend the meeting.

Would you like to join us?

would like to do sth. V.

The boy feels like taking a walk .

feel like doing sth prep.

feel like doing = would like to do = want to do

(6). 两种不同的反义词

like (v. ) –dislike （不喜欢）

like ( prep.) – unlike （不像）

■fair

(1). A teacher should be fair to every student.

adj. 公平的，公正的– unfair

(2). He has fair hair. adj. 浅色的

(3). He goes to fair to sell his ducks every weekend.

n. 市场= market supermarket

■pretty

(1). My mother is quite pretty. adj. 漂亮的= beautiful

(2). You speak English pretty well.

adv. 颇，很= very = quite

■manage v. 经营，管理– manager n. 经理

v. + er / or ------ 人

He manages / runs 3 factories.

He manages to attend the meeting.

manage to do sth. 设法做成功了某事

*reader , listener , singer , traveler（tourist）, engineer;

dancer , writer ;

winner , runner , swimmer ;

inventor , visitor ;

scientist , cyclist(cycle= ride a bicycle) , artist , pianist

waiter / waitress , actor / actress , host / hostess

air hostess

headmaster , headm i stress

■如何问职业？

(1). 你是干什么的？

A: What do you do? = What’s your job? = What are you?

B: I am a teacher. = I work as a teacher

(2). 他是干什么的？

What does he do? = What’s his job?= What is he?

■根据划线部分提问：（这个笔记可选择抄写，如已掌握的可以不抄，但务必仔细阅读）* (1). He likes ball games. What does he like?

(2). He will play football. What will he do?

What 问宾语和动作

* (3). He is waiting for her. Who is waiting for her?

He is waiting for her. Who / Whom is he waiting for?

* (4).His cousin studies in that middle school.

Whose cousin studies in that middle school last year?

* (5). She got up at 6 yesterday morning.

When did she get up yesterday morning?

What time did he get up yesterday morning?

(6). We had our P.E. class this morning.

When did you have your P.E. class?

* (7). All of the teachers are in the hall.

Where are all of the teachers.

* (8). He looks tall , with fair hair.

What does he look like?

How does he look?

* (9). The new watch costs him 1000 yuan.

How much does the new watch cost him?

The new watch is 1000 yuan.

How much is the new watch?

(10). He need a lot of information.

How much information does he need?

How much 问不可数名词的数量或价格。

* (11). There will be two exams next week.

How many exams will there be next week?

How many 问可数名词的多少，后跟名词复数。

There is a tiger in the zoo.

How many tigers are there in the zoo?

* (12). This kind of match often lasts for three hours.

How long does this kind of match often last?

How long (多久，多长时间)对于for+时间段来提问

1998 ：点 a year：段

A minute：段 a second: 段

6：30 点

(13). He needs 10 minutes.

How much time does he need?

* (14). This class will be over in ten minutes.

in ten minutes: 十分钟之后（从现在开始算起的，用于将来时态）How soon will this class be over?

soon: 不久，即将How soon专门对in+时间段来提

*(15). It’s 20 minutes’ walk from his home to the museum.

20分钟步行的路程距离

(16). It’s about 20 kilometers from his home to the museum.

How far（多远）is it from his home to the museum?

这里是对“距离”提问，不用How long

* (17). He goes to school on foot every morning.

How does he go to school every morning?

(18). They will hold the party with the help of Mr. Zhang.

How will they hold the party?

How对于方式和方法提问

* (19). She is often late for school because she gets up late.

Why is she often late for school?

Why 问原因

He will go there to attend the meeting.

Why will he go there? = What will he go there for?

* (20). He works for Fu Dan University.

Who does he work for为了?

(21). He works in Fu Dan University.

Where does he work?

* (22). It is September 1st today.

What’s the date today?

(23). It is Wednesday today.

What day is (it) today?

(24). It is cloudy today.

What’s the weather like today?

= How is the weather today?

(25). It is a quarter to seven now.

What time is it now?= What ’a the time?

* (26). The boy in red is from Britain.

The girl in yellow the lady in white

The dog in front of the door the books in his hand

Which boy is from Britain. 哪一个

(27). The books in his hand cost much.

Which books cost much? 哪一些

* (28). He usually goes there to see a film once a week.

How many times does he usually go to see a film a week?

(29). He usually sees a film once a week.

How often does he usually go to see a film?

* (30). He can run 10 kilometers in an hour.

How far can he run in an hour?

(31). He can run 10 kilometers in an hour.

How fast can he run in an hour?

*(32). He is 50 kilograms.

How heavy is he?

(33). He weighs(v. 称。。。重量) 50 kilograms.

How much does he weigh?

What’s his weight(n.)?

常见的疑问词：

What（宾语，动作）, when（几点钟，大块的时间）, what time（几点钟，时刻）, where , why（原因）, whose ,

which(哪一个，哪一些，the boy in red ,

the book on the desk , the apples in the basket) ,

how （如何，怎样，问方式和方法by bicycle ）

He will go there by himself/ alone.

how many , how much( 价格，重量+weigh ) ,

how long（问时间段，for+时间段）, how soon( in + 时间段) ,

how far（多远，距离，10 kilometers ,10 minutes’ walk ）,

how fast（多快，速度）,

how often（once a week, twice a month 频率）

how many times（几次，once ,twice, three times ）,

how heavy（多重，没有weigh）, how old ,

■another

(1). I don’t like the watch. Show me another one.

I don’t like this pair of shoes. Show me another pair.

( another one , another pair )

(2). 一个接着一个one after another = one by one

同学们正一个接着一个进入教室。

The students are entering( coming into) the classroom one after another.

(3). 互相one another = each other

(4). 另外十个工程师another ten engineers

■way的用法：

(1). by the way 顺便问一下, 顺便说/提一下

By the way, what time is it now?

By the way, we are going to have a sports meeting this weekend. (2). in this way以/通过这种方法

In this way, he worked out the problem.

(3). on one’s way to sp.在某人去。。。的路上

On my way to school, I found a wallet lying on the ground.

On his way home, he met a friend of his.

■get off/get out of 下车get on/get into 上车

get on a bus/ train/ his bicycle------ get off

get into a taxi / car------ get out of

■learn , study 的用法：

(1). learn from Lei Feng is our good example. We must learn from him.

(2). learn 侧重“技能”方面的学习learn to do sth.

learn to dance /swim/ sing the song learn how to drive a car

(3). learn (of/about) sth. 获悉,得知,认识到

I want to learn the details of the accident.(事故)

(4). learner n. 学习者

a quick/slower learner 一个聪明的/迟钝的学习者

(5). He will go to Africa to study（研究）animals.

(6). We can learn a lot on the Internet.

We can learn a lot of ( lots of ) information on the Internet.

Don’t eat a lot. It’s harmful to your health.

He has helped us a lot. He is such a kind person.

(7). I want to own a study（书房）of my own.

■do , does 的一种用法：

(1). --- Do you often surf the Internet?

--- I often do. (√) --- I often surfs. (╳)

(2). --- Who likes swimming best in your class?

--- Jack does. (√) --- Jack likes. (╳)

--- Jack likes swimming best. (√)

■get to, arrive in(at), reach 到达

(1). When she got to the station, the train had already left.

When she got there, the train had already left.

(2). Good weather will arrive soon..

(3). What time did you arrive at the station?

(4). They arrived in New York last year.

(5). They reached London.

When will the teachers get to / arrive at / reach the station?

When will the teachers get / arrive / reach here?

When will the teachers arrive?

■exercise 的用法：

(1). do morning / eye exercise s操（可数）

(2). an English exercise 练习题（可数）

(3). physical exercise 体能方面的运动（不可数）

■minute 分钟hour 小时second 秒

几个半的表达关键在于and a half

一个半小时an hour and a half one and a half hour s 两天半two days and a half two and a half days

三年半three years and a half three and a half years

■go over (prep.)go over it (√) go it over ( ╳)

go over = review Let’s go over our lessons. = Let’s review our lessons.

Let’s do some revision.

■动词+介词词组和动词+副词两类词组的宾语位置关系

True or False?

A: 1. work out the problem T 2. work the problem out T

3. work out it F

4. work it out T

5. work on the problem T

6. work the problem on F

7. work on it T 8. work it on F B: 9. go over it T 10.go it over F

11.go over the lessons T 12.go the lessons over F

13.put on it F 14.put it on T

15.put the coat on T 16.put on the coat T

结论：1. v. + prep. 构成的词组，宾语不管是否代词，都在后面。

2. v. + adv. 构成的词组，宾语是代词，放在中间；

宾语不是代词，前后皆可。

常见的adv.

up ↑down ↓

over ou t

常见的prep. ____with for at to

* put on(穿上) , turn on（打开电器）work on ( prep.)

put on the coat turn on the light work on the problem

* look up , set up , give up , wake up

look up into the sky/look up the word in the dictionary/ look up the telephone set up a school= put up a school = build a school

give up the idea wake Mary up in the morning

* write down , turn down

write down the lesson notes

turn down the radio

* pick out , point out , work out , make out , find out , give out , put out

pick out the good apples point out the mistakes

work out the problem/ work out a plan

make out the figure（人影）find out the truth

give out the test papers put out a big fire

* think over , turn over

think it over （仔细考虑）think about it （考虑一下它）

turn the box over

* turn off , see…off

turn off the TV see her off at the airport

■有几个不可数名词，前面有了一个形容词修饰，可以出现“a”。

a good/lovely time a happy life

a great help a nice/rich/big lunch

a heavy rain/snow a sound sleep

_____B_____ great help he often gives to us!

____A______ great fun it is to play with the little dog?

A. What

B. What a

C. What an

D. How

■基数词的构成：

00 hundred百000 thousand千

000 000 million百万000 000 000 billion十亿

1. 个位数和十位数之间用“—”连接。

thirty-two forty-eight

2.十位数和百位数之间用“and”连接。

one hundred and twenty-six

3. 百位数和千位数之间无须连接。

two thousand three hundred

4. 若十位数为零，百位数后加“and ”直接跟个位数。

one hundred and one

5.若百位数和十位数都为零，千位数后家“and ”直接跟个位数。

one thousand and one

6.英语中没有“万”和“十万”这两个单位，都用多少个“千”来表示。

123，456：one hundred and twenty-three thousand four hundred and fifty-six

英语中也没有“千万”和“亿”这两个单位，都用多少个“百万”来表示。

789，000，000：seven hundred and eighty-nine million

7.几百、几千不加“s”。

8.注意几种表达方式：

hundreds of: 成百的，数以百计的

thousands of: 成千的，数以千计的

millions of:成百万的，数以百万计的

two hundred students: 两百个学生

two hundred of the students: 这些学生其中的两百个

9．十几和几十之间在发音上的区别：

thirteen: 双重音，听上去一顿一顿的。

thirty: 重音只在词首，没有一顿一顿的感觉。

■keep的用法：

(1). *保持keep quiet keep healthy

(quiet: adj.安静的) （quite: adv.相当，十分）

/’kwaI t/双音节/kwaIt/单音节

*The shop is/stays open remain fresh

*结论：这三个动词都有“保持”的意思，都是联系动词，

后面跟上形容词等作表语。

(2). How long can I keep（借,保存，持续性动词，行为动词）the book?

We can borrow（借进，瞬间动词，行为动词）books from the library.

Don’ t lend（借出，瞬间动词，行为动词）these books to others.

瞬间动词不能用“How long”来提问，不可以和“for+ 时间段”这一类时间状语连用。常见的瞬间动词：

come- go leave – arrive He is coming = He will come.

begin , start stop , finish , end

buy(have) , borrow( keep) , join , die

(3). *All the boys kept playing football though（虽然，尽管）it began to

rain hard.

*Don’t keep him waiting for you on such a cold windy morning.

*We students should keep our classroom clean.

*Doing morning exercises can keep us fit.

keep ___doing______ sth. keep sb. __doing___ sth.

keep sb./sth. + __adj._______

让他一直打扫教室keep him cleaning the classroom

让她一直高兴/伤心keep her happy/sad

让窗户一直开着/关着keep the windows open/closed

■hard 的用法

*a hard life a hard question = difficult

It’s hard to say. adj. 难的

* Please work hard, and you can get good marks.

adv.努力地

*a hard stone adj. 硬的

This apple is too hard for such an old lady to eat.

* It’s raining hard. = heavily adv. 猛烈地

* hardly adv. 几乎不I could hardly believe it.

■一般情况：n.+ y →adj.

windy , rainy , cloudy , healthy , sunny , funny, foggy, noisy

但是：有两组是倒过来的

difficulty（n.）---- difficult(adj.)

honesty(n.) ----- honest(adj.)

■构成反义词的前缀：

(1). unimportant , uninteresting, unfair , unhappy , unusual ，unnecessary , untidy, unhealthy ,

uncomfortable，unlike

(2). dishonest , disappear ,discover , disobey , disagree, dislike

(3). careful—careless helpful – helpless useful – useless hopeful – hopeless

harmful – harmless

ful这个后缀有“多”的意思。

less这个后缀有“少”的意思。

■people: 人们（单数形式，但是复数的含义，没有加s的形式）

people: 民族（有加s的形式）

two people(两个人) two peoples (两个民族)

a person = a man 一个人 a group of people 一群人

There ___are______ ( be ) a group of people over there.

■not …any more not … any longer no longer

(1). We don’t talk to/with him any more. = We don’t talk to/with him any longer.

= We no longer talk to/ with him.

(2). He no longer lives(v.) here.

( 3). We are no longer busy(adj.). His face is no longer pale(adj.).

■注意一些应答句：

(1). --- Thank you.

--- You are welcome. 或That’s all right.

或It’s a pleasure.

(2). --- Sorry.

--- That’s all right.( = That’s O.K.) 或Never mind.

或It doesn’t matter.= It isn’t important。

(3). --- Shall we have a rest?

--- Yes, that’s a good idea.

(4). --- Shall I give you a hand?

--- Yes, please. 或No, thanks. ( No, you needn’t. )

或That’s very kind of you

(5).--- Would you like to have a look at the photos?

--- Yes, I’d like/love to.

(6). --- Would you like me to give you a hand?

--- Yes,please. 或No, thanks. 或That’s very kind of you.

(7). --- Would you like some coffee?

--- Yes, please. 或No，thanks. 或Yes, just a little.

■形副一体几组词：

early ---- early hard ---- hard late ---- late

high ---- high last --- fast

■need的用法：

●（need既可以用作情态动词，又可以用作一般的行为动词）

True or false?

(1). He need some money. ___F____

(2). He needn’t any money. ____F___

(3). He doesn’t need any money. ____T___ 行为动词

(4). He needs to have a rest. ____T___ 行为动词

(5). He needn’t to have a rest. ___F____

(6). He needn’t have a rest. ___T____ 情态动词

(7). He doesn’t need have a rest. ___F____

(8). He doesn’t need to have a rest.___T____ 行为动词

(9). Does he need any money? ___T____ 行为动词

(10). Does he need to have a rest? ___T____ 行为动词

need 在哪两种情况下只能用作一般的行为动词？

1. 在肯定句中

2. need sth. （后面跟上名词作宾语，不跟一个动作）

need to sth 中的“need”是行为动词

Choose the best answer:

(1). Since（既然）you are very tired, you D__E__ finish the work today.

A. don’t need

B. need not to

C. not need

D. needn’t

E. don’t need to

(2). Mr. Black is strong enough to move this heavy box.

He __C___ any help（n.）.

A. needs

B. nee ds to

C. doesn’t need

D. needn’t

(3). You __A____ worry about your daughter. She will be all right soon.

A. don’t need to

B. need

C. not need

D. needn’t to

●need: v. need : n.

(1). We don’t need(v.) a new English this year.

= We aren’t in need(n.) of a new English teacher this year.

need (v.) = be in need (n. ) of

●necessary : adj. ----- unnecessary （不必要的）

It’s necessary for us to learn English well.

■情态动词的用法：Model verbs （这个笔记可以选择抄写）(1). 常见情态动词：

can ( = 能够，会be able to ) , may（可以）, must ( = 必须have to ) , should ( = ought to 应该)

注意一个need

(2). 情态动词后面要跟其他动词的原形，情态动词的否定直接加not,

情态动词没有三单形式。

(3). can: 能够，会表示“能力”

He can swim well.

(4). may: 可以表示“许可”

You may hand it in tomorrow.

--- May I leave for Japan this Wednesday?

--- Yes, you may. --- No, you may not. 或No, you can’t.

(5). must: 必须表示“义务”

--- Must I go there on time?

--- Yes, you must.--- No, you needn’t. （不必）

注意区别：I must start（出发）now.

我现在必须出发。（比较情愿的）

I have to start now. 我现在不得不出发。（不情愿的）

(6). mustn’t: 不准，不许One mustn’t waste time.

■put up

(1). Please put up（raise举起）your hand if（如果）you have

any questions.

(2). Let’s put up（张贴）these pictures on the wall.

(3). The government(政府) will put up (= set up, build 建立，成立)

a new hospital in this area.

■leave 的用法：

(1). He is leaving for（will leave for ）Beijing tomorrow.

要用“现进”代替“be going to结构”

( leave for sp.= go to sp.) 出发去

(2). He is such a careless person. He always leaves things here and there.

Sorry, I have left all my homework at home.

leave: ―落‖把某物落在某地

(3). There is only an apple left.

(4). left hand right hand

4. nation: n. 国家the United Nations ( the UN) 联合国

(The United States of America the U.S.A.)

( the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the UK) national: adj. 国家的our national football team

nationality: n.国籍I’m Chinese/ British.

international: adj. 国际性的，跨国界的

Internet 国际互联网

5．以“t”结尾的adj.把t变成ce可以转换词性为n.

absent : adj. --- absence : n. be absent from）

(1). 周允成is absent(adj.) from school today.

We will have a party during his absence(n.).

important --- importance（重要性）

different --- difference（区别，不同之处）

convenient（方便的）--- convenience （方便，便利）

confident（自信的）--- confidence（自信心）

distant（远的）--- distance（距离）

patient（耐心的）--- patience（耐心）

intelligent（有天赋的）--- intelligence（天赋，天分）

7. will 的用法：

(1). 构成将来时态。--- 助动词

(2). She doesn’t want to marry him.

It’s against（反对，违背）her will.（意志，意愿n.）

Where there is a will(志气n.) there is a way.

有志者事竟成

In her will（n.遗嘱）, she left him 10,000 dollars.

(3). --- You should study harder later on.

--- Yes, I will. ( Yes, I will study harder later on.)

* --- Don’t be late next time.

---No，I won’t. ( No, I won’t be late neaxt time.)

■return的用法：

(1). He will return to Shanghai soon（不久，即将，将来时）.

come back

(2). He will return the money to me soon.

give … back

(3). The students are entering the classroom one after another.

(coming into)

(4). Please repeat it. =Please say it again.

注：有了return没有back , 有了repeat没有again ，有了enter没有into

■I’m afraid的用法：

(1). --- Must I leave right now? --- I’m afraid you must.

Yes, you must.

(2). --- Can you do it alone? --- I’m afraid I can’t.

No, I can’t

(--- I’m afraid not.)

结论：

*I’m a fraid大部分情况下相当于No.

* 但当I’m afraid遇到must和have to句式时，就相当于Yes。

--- Do I have to clean the room alone? --- I’m afraid you have to.

(3). be afraid of = be frightened of害怕

The boy is standing in the middle of the crossroads.

He is afraid of the danger.

■*turn off the electric fan 关上电扇

turn on the lights 打开灯= turn the lights on

turn up the radio（把音量）调高 = turn the radio up

turn down the TV （把音量）调低

turn it on turn it off

*open the windows close the door

■ill , sick

(1). He is ill. T He is sick. T

an ill（生病的）man F a sick man= a patient一个病人T

结论：sick定语和表语都可以担任

ill 解释为“生病的”只用作“表语”。

illness = sickness n. kindness happiness

■light 的用法

(1). Turn off the lights（n.电灯,可数）before you leave the classroom.

(2). Light （n.光，不可数）travels faster than sound.

(3). Light（adj.浅色的）green is my favorite color.

(4). The box is too heavy for him to carry.

= The box isn’t light （adj.轻的）enough for him to carry.

(5). light music （adj.轻音乐）

(7). light railway （adj.轻轨）

(8). She lighted/ lit（v.点燃）a cigarette and smoked it deeply.

electricity: n. 电electric (adj.用电的) light

■ s how的用法：

(1). --- Would you like me to show you around/round our school?

show sb. around / round sp. 带领某人参观某地

--- Yes, please. 或No, thanks. 或That’s very kind of you.

(2). --- Shall I show the boys these notes?

--- Yes, please. 或No, thanks. 或No, you needn’t.

show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.

谓语宾语（人）宾语（物）

（间接宾语）双宾语（直接宾语）

结论：双宾语是一人一物，可以先人后物，

也可以先物后人（但要加介词，to或者for），

to:give , pass , lend , show , offer , hand

for: buy , make , draw

* Let me make you a paper plane. = Let me make a paper plane for you.

* Please pass me the salt. = Please pass the salt to me.

(3). He likes to show off（炫耀）his wisdom before his relatives.

(4). talk show (n.) 脱口秀

■be + adj. to do sth. 是多数

(1). be happy（高兴的）/ glad（高兴的）/ pleased（满意的）/ sorry（遗憾的）/ sure（确信的）/ ready(准备好的) surprised（吃惊的）to do sth.

* we are sure to win ( win ) the match.

* I’m sorry to hear ( hear ) the bad news.

(2). 但是：He is busy getting ready for the speech these days.

be busy/ worth(值得的)doing sth.

少见的用法，值得格外注意

■乘坐交通工具的表达方式：

(1). He often goes there on foot. = He often walks there.

(2). The Smiths will go to Paris by air/plane next month.

The Smiths will take a plane to Paris next month.

The Smiths will fly to Paris next month.

(3). Why don’t you go there by bicycle?

Why don’t you go there on your/a bicycle.

Why don’t you ride a bicycle there?

ride a horse

动词类

take a bus / train / ship / a plane(fly) / a lift / a car

ride a bicycle walk

介词类：

by一类(干干净净)：in/ on 一类：

by bus / train / ship(sea) / in the lift / a(the , his) car

plane(air) / lift / car / on a bus / a train / a ship / bicycle a plane / a bicycle

on foot

结论：

（1）.用动词类来表示交通方式就不需要出现一个动词“go”了。（2）.by要求后面是―干干净净‖的，就是不能出现a , the , his 等词。

in或on 的后面必须有a , the , his 等词。

■表示方位的一些词

(1). in front of: 在……的前面in front of the desk

(2). in the front of:在……的前部in the front of the classroom

(3). behind: 在……的后面behind the door

(4). beside: 在……的旁边beside/at the table

(5). under: 在……的下面under the bed

(6). between: 在……之间（两者）between the twins

(7). among: 在……之间（三者或以上）among the three boys

(8). in: 在……里面in the classroom

in bed , in the sun There is an important report in today’s newspaper.

There is an apple on the newspaper.

(9). on: 在……上面on the table, on the campus

(10). at: 在at home at school at the bus stop

(11). next to: 在……旁边next to the reading room

■需要用“序数词”的场合：

(1). Let’s read Lesson Nine ( the ninth lesson) together.

(2). He lives on the twelfth floor.

（在13楼，英国英语，一楼the ground floor）

(在12楼，美国英语)

(3). Our monitor won the first prize in the reading contest.

(4). Today is December the twentieth.

(5). The fifth boy on the left is from Britain.

■ten minutes’ walk = a ten-minute walk 步行十分钟的路程(1). It about 20 minutes’ walk from here to the science museum.

How far

(2). He needs ten minutes to prepare for the speech.

How much time,用How long提问不合适

(3). He often spends ten minutes reading English in the morning.

How long

■one作为代词的用法：

(1). I have lost my watch. I will buy one next month.

( a watch )

(2). *There is only one ―Football‖ left. Go to buy it.

*There are several ―Footballs‖ left.

Go to buy one. ( a copy of ―Football‖)

(3). Which one do you prefer(like better) , the yellow one or the white

one?

(4). These news ones are mine.

■喜欢”的几种表达方式：

like , enjoy , care for , be fond of , be keen on（热衷于）(1). He doesn’t like/enjoy play ing tennis in the rain.

= He isn’t fond of playing tennis in the rain.

= He doesn’t care for playing tennis in the rain.

= He isn’t keen on playing tennis in the rain.

注：We should care for the old/ the disabled.

= look after = take care of （照顾）

(2). He likes walking/to walk on a fine spring morning.

They would like to visit the Palace Museum next week.

The boy feels like talking with his father.

----- like to do / doing sth.

would like to do sth. = want to do sth.

feel like doing sth. = want to do sth.

(3). * dis like : v. 不喜欢hate

disappear（v. 消失）, disobey （v. 不遵守）,

disagree（v. 不同意）, dishonest（adj. 不诚实）* un like : prep. 不像

like …… best最喜欢

(1). Kiwi fruit is my favourite fruit. = I like kiwi fruit best.

(2). The boy likes singing better than dancing. = The boy prefers singing to dancing.

like A better than B = prefer A to B

比起B 来，更喜欢A

注：prefer doing sth. to doing sth.

He prefers watching TV to seeing a film.

■with的用法

(1). He is going there with her. 和

= He with her is going there.

(2). He entered the room with a flower in his hand.

I have no money with me. 随身携带,有着

Do you know the girl with long hair?

(3). We eat our food with chopsticks.

We see with our eyes.

We walk with our legs. 用

(4). We want to see it with our own eyes. 亲眼目睹

(5). The students answered questions with one voice. 异口同声

(6). with sb’s help = with the help of sb. 在。。。。的帮助下

(7). be pleased/satisfied with

■east , west , south , north

eastern , western , southern , northern

a Western country

a Western girl a western girl

* the north of China 中国北部

North China 华北地区East China South China

●Shanghai is in the east of China.

●Japan is to the east of China.

Russia is on the north of China.

■Well的用法：

(1). He can sing well. adv. 好地

(2). What a good singer he is! = How well he sings!

(3). Well, I’m not sure. interj. 感叹词

(4). Well, it do surprised me! interj.

(5). Le t’s dig a well together. interj.

(6). He looks well today. He can go to work. ( = healthy 健康的，身体好的)

(7). Let’s dig a well together. n. 井

■interest(n.) – interest(v.) – interesting(adj.) – interested(adj.)

兴趣（U.），爱好(C.) -- 使……感兴趣-- 有趣的-- 对……感兴趣

(1). He shows/has great interest（U.兴趣）in reading.

(2). Stamp collecting is one of her interests.(C.爱好hobbies)

(3). Which match interest s(v.引起……的兴趣)you most?

(4). What an interesting story (it is)! 物做主语，有趣的

(5). All the students are interested in the contest?人做主语，感兴趣的

常见词组：

show/have great/no interest in sth./doing sth.

lose one’s interest in sth./doing sth.

be interested in sth./doing sth.

interesting interested

■*discuss: v. – discussion : n.

Let’s have a discussion about the plan.

decide – deci s ion

Who mad the decision to attend the meeting?

* invent – invention collect-collection

pollut e–pollution operat e– operation

invit e– invitation organiz e– organization

■some & any的用法

1.表示―一些‖，any用于疑问句和否定句；some用于肯定句

There isn’t any Coke in the bottle.

Have you any brothers or sisters?

They need some chairs.

2.表示请求，在疑问句中必须用some

--- May I ask you some questions? --- Please go ahead.

Would you like some milk?

Can/Could you lend me some money?

3.any用于肯定句时表示“任何一个”

Any idea is welcome.

Any child can read books in the reading room.

4．Some---某一个

Everybody must enjoy some form of recreation.

form = kind = sort = type 种类

recreation :娱乐活动

All work and no play makes Jack a dull(foolish) boy.

He will go there some day ( 某一天，有朝一日)in the future.

5．He runs faster than any other boy in his class.

6. _____Any_____ of them is good at playing football.

7. Would you like ____some________ coffee?

8. I don’t know if(是否) you have ___any___ questions. If(如果) you have ___any__ questions, please ask me.

■adj. + ly →adv.

quick : adj. – quickly : adv.

(1). slowly, quickly, quietly, clearly, certainly, suddenly,

dangerously, carelessly, carefully, finally, usually, really,

wonderfully, beautifully, sadly, badly

(2). true – truly , safe – safely , wide – widely

(3). terrible – terribly

(4). easily, happily, heavily, angrily, hungrily, luckily,

unluckily

(5). good – well

(6). fast – fast

形副一体的词：early, hard, late, high

■bright的用法：

1.What bright sunshine! 明亮的

2. a bright blue dress 亮色的

3.He is the brightest in the class. 聪明的

其他几种“聪明”的表达方式：clever , quick , smart , intelligent , wise ■

(1). Hurry up! There is __little__ time left.

(2). Hurry up! There is only a little time left.

(3). Don’t worry. There is still a little time left

(4). It is such an old song. __Few__ young people are able to sing it.

(5). Quite a few students have seen the film. Now we can talk about it.

(6). --- Would you like some coffee?

--- Yes, just a little.

(7). Jack isn’t good at talking with others. He is a man of _few words.

(8). I have very little time for reading.

I need three more days to read it.

(9). I’m not rich enough to buy the book.

I have so little money with me.

(10). Few __teachers___ ( teacher) ___are__ (be) pleased with the plan.

结论：1. 在just, still, only, quite 之后用―a little , a few‖

2. 在very, so 之后用“little , few”

3. few之后跟可数名词的复数形式。

■有关“参加”

*join : become a member of…

参加（某个组织）；加入（某人一起做某事）

(1). My brother joined the Youth League last year.

(2). We are going camping. Would you like to join us?

(3). join the singing group , join the football team

(4). join us / you / them

常见的组织：the Party , the army , the Young Pioneers ,

The Youth League , the team , the group

* take part in = join in 参加（某种活动）

(5). I’m going to take part in the programme.

(6). He joined in the discussion yesterday.

(7). take part in the group singing

(8). We should always take part in exercise to keep healthy.

*take 参加（考试，测验）

(9). Did you take the TOEFL test yesterday?

(10). We are going to take the final exam tomorrow.

*attend = go to参加，出席（会议，讲座等）

(11). Did the manager attend the conference(大型会议) ?

(12). We are going to attend the lecture（讲座）next week.

(13). Why won’t he attend school tomorrow?

attend往往用于四种情况：

attend the meeting或lecture

attend school或class

*enter for :报名参加

(14). There is going to a dancing contest next week.

Some of my classmates have entered（已经报名参加了）for it.

* party 的特别之处

take part in / attend/ join in a party

have/ hold a party

join the Party

Exercises:

1. Her brother wants to ________ the Party.

2. Tim will _____ the school basketball team.

3. All the students should __ these exams at the end of the term.

4. Why didn’t you ________ that wonderful lecture?

5. He didn’t ________ school on time yesterday.

6. He wants to ________ the army when he grows up.

7. Would you like to ____ them in the game?

8. Why not _____ the sports meeting , students?

Our headmaster will ____ the school sports meeting. He will make the opening speech for us.

9. The boys like to _____ this game after class.

■动词类词组

(1). ask sb. to do sth.

tell / want/ invite / advise / order / allow sb. to do sth.

(2). help ( to) do sth.

help sb. ( to ) do sth.

(3). want to do sth.

learn / plan / decide / manage / hope / wish to do sth.

(4). like doing / to do sth.

begin / start / love doing / to do sth.

(5). stop doing / to do sth.

remember / forget doing / to do sth.

(6). let sb. do sth. 使役动词

make / have sb. do sth.

(7).mind doing sth. , practice doing sth. , enjoy / finish doing sth.

(8 ). mind sb’s doing sth.

keep sb. doing sth.

(9). be + adj. to do sth. 多数

但是：be busy/ worth doing sth.

■一般将来时the Simple Future Tense：常用时间状语

1.tomorrow一类…

tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening

2.next一类…

next week /month /year the year after next

3.in an hour 一小时之后（从现在开始的）

用how soon来提问

4.soon=before long 不久，即将

5.this Wednesday 这个周三（也可能过去）

this evening 今天傍晚（过去，将来都可能）

6.tonight 今天夜晚（往往是将来）

7.this coming Friday 这个即将到来的周五

8.in the future 在将来

9.the year after next 后年

10.by 2010 到2010年为止

11.from now on 从今往后

■希望做某事，想要做某事

look forward to (prep.) doing sth./sth.

(1). He is looking forward to the coming( 即将到来的)

birthday party.

(2). The boy wants to attend the lecture.

= The boy looks forward to attending the lecture.

= The boy hopes / wishes to attend the lecture.

= The boy would like to attend the lecture.

= The boy feels like attending the lecture.

■近处远处

bring:←←拿来

take: →→带走

fetch: →去拿来

←

(1). Please bring your book here when you come tomorrow.

(2). Take the bananas to the campsite when you go there.

(3). Take this empty box away and bring me a full one.

(4). Please fetch the children from the school.

(5). I take my son to school in my car in the morning.

take sb. to sp.

■一些节日的表达法：

the Spring Festival = Chinese New Year’s Day

The Mid-autumn Festival , The Dragon Boat Festival ,

Teachers’ Day , Children’s Day , Women’s Day ,

Labor’s Day = May Day

Father’s Day , Mother’s Day , New Year’s Day ,

National Day ,

中考英语词汇语法总汇

非谓语动词 概述：英语中有三种非谓语动词形式，即动词不定式（to do）、动词-ing和过去分词-ed。 动词不定式 动词不定式是由不定式符号to后接动词原形构成，也有个别情况不带to，只用动词原形。不定式可以行使名词、形容词和副词的功能。 一、不定式充当的句子成分 1．做主语：To dance is a lot of fun. = It is a lot of fun to dance. 跳舞非常有趣。 2．做宾语：You must learn to forgive. 必须学会原谅他人。 3．做表语：To choose time is to save time. 4．做宾补：She asked me to speak more loudly. 5．做状语： (1) 表目的：I went to the park to breathe the fresh air. 我去公园（为了）呼吸新鲜空气。 (2) 表原因：I am sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉给你添麻烦。 6．做后置定语： There is no time to lose. 时间不可拖延。 Give me something hot to drink. 给我一些热的东西喝。 注意： 不及物动词后面的介词：They have a lot of things to talk about. He is looking for a room to live in. 二、不定式的几个主要句型 1．Ask / tell sb. (not) to do sth. I asked him to open the window. (= I said to him, “Open the window.”) 不定式的否定式：not+不定式: My father told me not to be late. (= My father said to me, “Don’t be late.”) 2．疑问词+不定式 不定式与疑问词连用，构成不定式短语，在句子中担当主语、宾语、表语等。 What to do is a big problem. I know how to solve the problem. Can you tell me which way to go? 3．省去to的不定式 (1) 感官动词之后作宾语补足语。表示动作的全部过程 Every bird loves to hear himself sing. 每只鸟都喜欢听自己鸣唱。 (2) 使役动词之后作宾语补足语：相关的使役动词为let, make和have The boss made them work the whole night. 老板迫使他们工作了一整夜。 注意：被动语态中，to不能省略。 They were made to work the whole night.

初中英语笔记大全(超级精华版)

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中考初中英语笔记大全(精华版)

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英语语法是用来帮助我们了解语言的规律性，从而指导我们的语言实践的。尽管托福结构的考试内容一般并没超出中学英语语法的范畴，然语法并不是很容易掌握的。我国素以重视语法教学著称，似乎在大学阶段应该问题不大了，而教过一个月后，我的学生们总要提出要多讲点语法知识，十多载的民意测验无出其右。这说明他们的语法知识掌握的并不牢固，且其英文写作同样是“乱云飞渡” 。香港学者钱歌川先生在《英语疑难问题解答》一书中，曾将动名词作动词的宾语的情况概括为“霉咖啡不是”(megafips ) 惜为文不雅，且欠科学。受其启发，我精心开出一剂完全药方，对重大语法现象做了系统总结，谓之曰 “歌诀法”(含口诀)。十六套歌诀从教学中来，又多次回到教学中去。它曾治愈过很多人的“语法病” ，对高职生尤其有效，且疗效持久。文中歌诀也许尚未完美，但我坚持认为“别管黑猫白猫，掌握语法就是好猫。” 第一部分：不定式、动名词作宾语的四种情况 不定式、动名词作宾语情况复杂多变，不少学习者感到颇为“闹心” 。它们是各类考试的重心，也是中国学生丢分的“重灾区” 。其症结在于考生拿不准到底哪些动词必须以动名词作宾语；哪些动词必须以不定式作宾语；有些动词既可以动名词宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思基本不变；有些动词既可以动名词宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同？ 其一，有些动词须以动名词宾语，它们可用“ MP\4r\ caf色disk ”来记，即“宪兵带着4把手枪在 咖啡馆里看光盘” （把字母r 想象成手枪）。 M 指mind, miss, men ti on When I mention playing football, he says he's too busy. He just missed being run over by a truck. P 指preve nt, permit, postp one, pard on, practice We don 't permit smoking in the office. Practice throwing the ball into the net . 4R 指risk, resist, rese nt,resume: Informing the truth risks destroying the patients ' hope. Jill couldn 't resist making jokes about his baldness. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part in deceiving patients. c 指con sider, con template we're considering going to USA. I don't contemplate （预料） him opposing my plan. a 扌旨admit, avoid, appreciate, an ticipate He admitted having done wrong. I appreciate hearing from you again. We anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture. f 指face, fan cy, finish Fancy his being so rude!

初中英语笔记大全(精华版)

初中英语笔记大全（精华版） ● This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。 ● ?? ? ??电话号码电话号码 at .sth .sb call call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up please give me a call .请打电话给我 ● family 指家庭时是单数，谓语动词用“is ”，family 指家人时是复数，谓语动词用“are ”。 ● of 表示无生命物体的所有格，s 表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of ，但有生命物体后要加“s ”。 ● 以副词there 或here 开头的句子常要倒装，以示强调。 ● What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please? ● Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you. ● 写启示的方法： 1.启示的主题； 2.描述细节； 3.留下联系方式。 ● 表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等，可以用dear 作感叹词。 ● 名词如果有数量词修饰它，使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词，如： ?? ? keys of sets two are here keys of set a is here ● get to somewhere (get home 除外)到达…… ● ?? ?)无生命物体的“有”( is there ) 有生命物体的“有”( have 有 ● 肯定：Let+宾语（人称代词的宾格或名词）+ V 原型+…… 否定：Don’t let +宾语+V 原型+……/Let + 宾语 + not + V 原型+…… ● have 表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。 ● ?? ?????？ you will 问： ) 听话的人include 不(us Let ？ we shall 问： )说话的人和听话的人(include s Let' ● ● myself （我自己） yourself （你自己） himself （他自己） herself （她自己） itself （它自己） ourselves （我们自己） yourselves （你们自己） themselves （他们自己） ● How much + be + 商品？（答：It’s/They’re……） = What is the price of ……？

bpokzbn考研英语新东方李玉技完型填空笔记

Time will pierce the surface or youth, will be on the beauty of the ditch dug a shallow groove ; Jane will eat rare!A born beauty, anything to escape his sickle sweep .-- Shakespeare 两大原则，力保四分 第一：红花绿叶原则 每次出现，每次都选的单词为红花词。每次出现，每次都不选的词为绿叶词。 红花词（按排名）：however,also,yet,while,because（一定背着，很重要） 绿叶词：是见到后不选的词：排名第一的是：since,而且谁跟since谁倒霉，since家族都不选，同义词：eversince,nowthat一次都没选过。 还有绿叶词：what，它是著名的说和关系词，不选。What不能跟在名词后，就不能引导定语从句和同谓语从句。而定语和同谓语是考试的大热门。所以它是个绿叶词。 还有两拨绿叶词，一个是涉及到虚拟语气的词。而在考研的历年考题中却出现得很少，是因为考研完型填空选材因素，完型填空都选于比较严肃的话题，而虚拟语气不能适应严肃的场景，故出现得很少。 排第一的是：If only；要想了解这个词，还有only if ，only if就是if；但if only却不是only，only if既不是红花也不是绿叶。 If only用英文来解释的话，相当于I wish，相当于要是，只要，要是什么什么多好呀。 If only的用法，它的后面跟从句，从句的时态，如果与过去的情况相反，从句用过去完成时。如果与现在情况相反，从句用一般过去时。如果从句与将来的情况相反，从句用过去将来时，用would/could+动词原形。 If only或者I wish后面跟句子，它后面的句子都是过去时态，这也是是否选此词的依据。如果不是过去时，直接排除！ 例44 its economy continues to recover, 44.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that 所以不选C A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . 35. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if 所以不选 还有in case,它等于lest，是唯恐，以免，万一。它也是涉及到虚拟语气的词。表条件关系。通常情况下in case后面加句子，但是在这样的情况下加名词，in case of. The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior. 32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence 因为in case后面不是句子，所以不选它。 下面是最后一组绿叶词，几个表关于的词 第二原则：概率原则 研究这么多年，完型填空中a/b/c/d各有多少个。分别是4到6个之间，所以全蒙的话，能得2.5分，四舍五入，就是3分，加红花绿叶，就是4分！ 总结： 1、A,B,C,D个数在4到5个之间，5个是主流 2、完型中A最多，B最少，所以蒙的话，最好蒙A，别蒙B 把AS弄懂，选和不选，7比3 3、没有连续三个答案都一样的情况，连续两个都一样的答案是有的，连续两个答案都一样的概率为0到3个，相邻答案彼此都不一样的概率为17个到20个。比如，第6题确定是A，而且第7题我感觉是AC，则选C 4、在连续5个答案中，至少要出现3个不同的字母 4分到7分技巧 一、同义原则 同义原则就是关于同义词辨析的题。同义词辨析是完型填空的重点和难点。

(完整word版)学霸初中三年精华英语笔记

学霸初中三年精华英语笔记 1 A 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump. 2 （比较级+ and + 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助, 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 让某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen . I am at the age of sixteen. 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间: 最后,尽头,末尾. eg : At the end of the day. 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 2 B 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test. 18 be + doing ：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing. 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing. 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg:I'm afraid to go out at night . 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from……和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing . He comes from Bejing . Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: The glass is full of water .

新东方新概念第三册笔记第8课.doc

L08-01 begin 12’11” §Lesson 8 A famous monastery 著名的修道院 【New words and expressions】生词和短语 ◆monastery n. 寺院，修道院 ◆St. Bernard 圣伯纳德 ◆pass n. 关隘 ◆watchdog n. 看门狗 ◆rashly adj. 莽撞地，冒失地 ◆enclosure n. 围场，圈地 ◆monk n. 和尚，僧侣 ◆privacy n. 清静，隐居 ◆skier n. 滑雪者 ◆Easter n. 复活节 ★monastery n. 寺院，修道院 abbot:修道院院长 convent nun:修女 abbess:女修道院院长 ★St. Bernard 圣伯纳德 ★pass n. 关隘 ★watchdog n. 看门狗 ★rashly adj. 莽撞地，冒失地 boldly adv. ★enclosure n. 围场，圈地 ★monk n. 和尚，僧侣 ★privacy n. 清静，隐居 ★skier n. 滑雪者 ★Easter n. 复活节 at Easter, at Christmas, at Thanksgiving 【Text】 §Lesson 8 A famous monastery 著名的修道院 What are the St. Bernard dogs used for? The Great St Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. At 247o metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh century, lies about a mile away. For hundreds of years, St Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass. These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watch-dogs even in Roman times. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty. Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot During the summer months, the monastery is very busy,for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars, As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure. In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different. The temperature drops to –30○and very few people attempt to cross the Pass. The monks Prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom, too,for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure. The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter. These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard's monastery. 【课文讲解】 connects / Join Switzerland to Italy / link Switzerland with Italy connect …with:把…与某事联系在一起 I can’t connect the picture with my friend Mary. Are you connected with the government? be connected with 与…有联系 at 2,473 metres:介词短语修饰全句用于句首表示原因、条件或状态 At the age of 25, he is able. At one point 65 metres, he is a little short. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句最大的区别 非限制性定语从句是对主句或主句中所出现的某个名词的补充说明和解释，去掉对主句影响不大 限制性定语从句是主句当中不可缺少的一部分 Mr Smith was a famous person in American history. Mr Smith, who died on July 17th at 84, was a famous person in American history. There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury.