8下_Unit_1__Past_and_Present语法时态讲解练习--ok

8下Unit 1 Past and Present （第三课时）----Grammar

【学习目的】----认识和了解现在完成时的构成和用法。

【课前准备】

一、查字典或书，写出下列单词的意思,并且熟记他们。（★★★）

1、already _____________

2、yet ________________

3、just ___________________

4、ever _________________

5、never _____________

6、before _________________

7、since three years ago _______________ 8、for three years ______________

二、写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词，同时也要熟记。

1、teach _______ ________

2、bring _______ ________

3、get _______ ________

4、know _______ ________

5、grow_______ ________

6、find_______ ________

7、hold _______ ________ 8、show_______ ________ 9、keep_______ ________

10、leave_______ ________ 11、lose_______ ________ 12、run_______ ________

13、swim_______ ________ 14、drive_______ ________ 15.begin_______ ________

三、尝试着阅读下面的知识链接，看看是否可以理解。

【知识链接】★★★现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”

一、现在完成时的结构：助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词( Past Participle )

其中have / has 为助动词,因而它的否定和疑问句形式全部由have / has 进行变化。

例如: a. He has already finished his homework. 他已经做完了家庭作业。

否定句：____________________________________________________

( already 用于肯定句中, 改成否定和疑问句时用yet ，一般放句末)

一般疑问句：________________________________________________?

b. His father has been to Beijing three times. 他父亲去过北京三次了。

否定句：_________________. 一般疑问句：_____________________?

提问：______________________________________________________?

二、现在完成时的"完成用法"

A、定义：现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。

例如：He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。

( 动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)

B、特点：现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／month ／year...，today等)连用。

例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？

【试做以下的练习】-----用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. I_______ already _______ (see) the film. I __________ (see) it last week.

2. --- _______ he _____________(finish) his work today ? ---Not yet .

3. ---_______you _________(be) to Hong Kong ? --Yes, I _______________ (be) there twice .

4. ---_______ you ever ___________(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? --No, never.

5. My father _______ just __________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.

6. Where’s Li Ming ? He ______________ (go) to the teacher’s office.

7. Shanghai ________ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago. Now it ________________ (become) a large city.

8. So far (到目前为止) I ______________(make) quite a few friends here.

9. --- I ___________ (see) the film “Chicken Run”.

--- Where and when ________ you _______ (see) it? --- Last week.

10. Mary _________ already __________ (have) her supper.

11. I _______________ (not want) to see the film. I ___________ (see) it with my parents.

We ____________ (see) it last Sunday.

12. ---______ Uncle Wang __________ (mend) the TV yet? ---Yes, he______.

---When _______ he __________ it? -- Yesterday.

13. ______ you _______ (read) today’s newspaper yet?

14 They _____ already_______(do) their homework. But they don’t know what_____ (do) next.

15. ---_____ you ______ (see) the film last night? ---No, I ________ (see) it for several times.

三、现在完成时的"未完成用法"

A、定义：现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

例如：He has lived here since 1978. 自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。

(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)

I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我在部队已经呆了五年多了。

(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)

B、特点：此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。

例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意：(1) 现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

(2 ) 现在完成时常见两种句型：

①主语＋have / has been＋for 短语/ since 短语②It is＋一段时间＋since 从句

例如：He has been in the Party for three years. = It is three years since he joined the Party.

他入党已三年了。

【试做以下的练习】---用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. I _____________ (work) here since I __________ (move) here in 1999.

2. ---How long ________ the Smiths __________(stay)here? ---- For two weeks.

3. She ______________ (be) ill for three days.

4. She______________ (not read) this book before.

5. ______ you ever __________ (travel) on a train before?

6. --- _______ Wei Hua _________ (come) yet?

---Yes. She_____________ (come) already. She ________ (come) just now.

7. --How long _____you __________(learn) English? ---For more than two years.

8. They _______________ (live) in China since they ________ (move) to China.

9. I________ already _________ (see) the film. I _________ (see) it last week.

10. ______ you _______(be) to Hong Kong ? Yes, I ___________ (be) there twice .

11. My father ________ just ________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.

12. I ________ (work) here since I _________ (move) here in 1999.

13. How long _______ the Wangs _________(stay) here ? For two weeks.

3、for 和since 的区别。

a. for 和表示一段时间的词组连用。eg. for six hours/nine days/ two weeks/thirty years

b. since 和表示过去某一时刻的词或词组连用，这是介词。

eg. since nine o’clock this morning / last summer/ three weeks ago/September since 还可以引导时间状语从句，表示“自从…..以来”，这是连词。

自从他出生以来，他就住在这儿。He has lived here since he was born.

______ 1998, ______last Sunday

英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy等。

5、延续性动词的用法特征

a. 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。

b. 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动

词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：

-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.

-Then you’ve known each other for more than two years.-That’s right.

6、终止性动词的用法特征

a. 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：

The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？

b. 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：

(1) 他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years.

正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago.

正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died.

(2) 他来这儿五天了。误：He has come here for five days.

正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago.

正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.

(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正

确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：

(1) 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下

面列举几例：leave→be away from, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on,

die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open

sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

(2) 将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确

表达方式。

(3) 用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

(4) 用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上两例中的第四种正确表达方式。

3. 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasn’t left here since 1986.I haven’t heard from my father for two weeks.

4. 终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到…才…"。

如：You can’t leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。

I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才睡觉。

5. 终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o’clock. (reach为终止性动词) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)

6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：

误：How long have you come here?

正：How long have you been here? 正：When did you come here?

二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如：

He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：

Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

3. 两种时态的区分

(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。如：The film started at 7 o’clock. He has been a teacher for many years.

(2) 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week,

since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？

①Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)

[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。

②How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)

[说明]他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

③He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。

【自主课堂作业】一、动词填空。

1. She __________ (be) away from home for almost four years.

2. The sun __________ (rise ) in the east.

3. You look tired. Stop __________(work) and __________（have）a rest,

4. I __________ ( not hear) from you for a long time.

5. My brother __________(be ) to English twice.

6. Mr Green __________(not come) back to China yet.

7. Who __________(teach ) you math last term?

8. They __________(go) to the shopping center already.

9. Listen, Xiao Li __________ (sing) in the next room.

10. They __________(play) football when I walked past.

二、句型转换(每空一词)。

1.I have been to Macau before.(否定句) I _______ ________ been to Macau before.

2.He hasn’t come to school because he’s ill (划线提问)______ _______ he come to school?

3.He has learned English for 5 years.(提问) _____ ______ _____ _____ learned English ?

4.I bought a new bike just now.(用just改写) I ______ just __________ a new bike.

5.We began to learn English three years ago.(同义)We _____ _____English ____three years

6. He has lived here since 1999.(就划线部分提问) _____ _____ _____ he_______ here?

7. They have already finished the work.（否定）They ______ ______ the work ______.

8. My father got there two days ago.（同义句）My father ______ ______ there for two days.

9. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句）

Mr. Li _______ _________ English in this school since 1999.

10. The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句）The factory _____ _____ ____ for ten years.

11.They have cleaned the room twice this week. (提问)

_____ _____ ____ _____ they ______ the classroom this week?

12. My father went to England in 2003 and 2005.（同义）My father ___ ____ ___ England __.

13. John left Beijing three years ago. (同义句）John____ _____ _____ Beijing___ three years.

14. His company closed in 2003. （同义句）His company _____ _____ _____ _____ 2003.

15. My father bought the car half a year ago. （同义句）

My father ______ ______ the car _______ half a year.

16. We got to know each other for 15 years. (同义句）We _____ ______ each other ___ 15 years.

17. The film began ten minutes ago.（同义句）The film ______ _____ _____ for ten minutes.

18. I borrowed this book two weeks ago.（同义句）I ______ _____ this book for two weeks. 【作业】1.背诵28页表格，122到123页不顾则动词过去式和过去分词。

2.完成本课时的作业

3.预习15到19页，读背单词，对话和课文。

人教版七年级英语时态语法讲解

七年级英语语法----时态讲解及其练习 一、一般现在时 定义：表示经常、反复发生的动作，经常存在的状态或者习惯性动作（有时间规律发生的事情）的一种时间状态。（很拗口，但要学会就必须深刻体会，so please 将其狂读3遍） 具体用法 1、表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。（always, usually, often, sometimes, every day\ morning\ night\ evening\afternoon\week,） e.g. I go to school at 8:00 every morning. 2 表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态及喜好等。 e.g She is 11 years old . I don’t like English. She can speak English well. 3表示客观事实和普遍真理。 e.g The earth moves around the sun. 基本结构构成 含有be（am、is 、are）动词的用法 肯定句：I am+其它 You \ they\ we are +其它 She \he \ it+is +其它 否定句：I am not+ 其它。 You \ they\ we are not +其它 She \he \ it+is +not +其它 一般疑问句及回答： Are you +其它？ 肯定回答：yes, I am. 否定回答：no, I am not. Are you\ they\ you+ 其它？ 肯定回答: yes,we \they are. 否定回答：no, we \they are not. Is she\ he \it+其它？ 肯定回答: yes,she \he \it is. 否定回答:no,she \he \it is not. 从上面结构中你能总结出be动词的用法吗？单数________，复数_________ ；我用_________，你用__________ ，______________-连着她他它。 含实义动词的结构：肯定句： 主语（I, we, you,they,）+动词原形+其它。

五种句型、七大语法、八大时态

1）五种句型 1.基本句型一： S V （主＋谓） 2.基本句型二： S V P （主＋谓＋表） 3.基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾） 4.基本句型四： S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 5.基本句型五; S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 2）八大时态 一、一般现在时： 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词原形（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 二、一般过去时： 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just n ow, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy. 三、现在进行时： 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、过去进行时：

(完整版)初中英语语法八大时态总结,推荐文档

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3. 表示真理、客观存在、科学事实或用于格言警句中： Shanghai lies in the east of China. Columbus proved that the earth is round. Where there is a will, there is a way. 4. 表示现在瞬间的动作： Here comes the bus! 5. 表示将来： 1）表按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词），可以与表示未来的时间状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通状况。如： The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon. How often does the shuttle bus run？ 2）在时间和条件状语从句中常使用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情：When Bill comes（不用will come）ask him to wait for me. I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy. 二、一般过去时 标志：动词过去式

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Yes, we do. / No, we don't. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+以do开头的一般疑问句？ 如：What do you often do after school ? ２、当主语为第三人称单数时, 助动词为does 肯定句：主语+动词三单式(+其它)。如：He swims well. 否定句：主语+ doesn’t+动词原形(+其它)。如：He doesn’t swim well.. 一般疑问句：Does +主语+动词原形+其它。 如：Does he swim well ? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+以does开头的一般疑问句？ 如：How does your father go to work? 三．第三人称单数的动词变化规则（只有在第三人称为主语的肯定句中，动词才用三单式） (1)多数动词直接加s: runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs……. (2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母, 结尾加es :watches goes does washes brushes (3)动词末尾y前为辅音:将y改为i加es:

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(2)不含有be动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子 A、第三人称he she it单数及单数名词apple apples(复数名词=they) ★一般肯定句 He likes books. She likes him. The dog likes bones. ★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型 Does he like books? Does she like him? Does the dog like bones? ★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型,原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。 He doesn’t like books. She doesn’t like him. The dog doesn’t like bones. ★肯定回答及否定回答： Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t. 注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。

初中英语语法八大时态总结(完整版)

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初中英语语法八大时态总结(完整版)

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英语语法八大时态总结 英语语法一直都是中学英语学习的一项重点和难点，而在这其中时态无疑是初中英语最重要的语法内容，学好时态基本就拿下了语法的半壁江山。今天，帮大家总结的八种时态是大家在初中阶段必学必考的，复习时一定要加倍重视哦! 一般现在时 1. 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2. 基本结构：①is/am/are;②do/does 否定形式：①am/is/are + not; ②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don‘t，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。 3. 一般疑问句：①把is/am/are动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 4. 用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning。每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 例如：The earth moves around the sun。地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China。上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。 例如：Pride goes before a fall。骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例如：Columbus proved that the earth is round。哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 例如：I don‘t want so much。我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well。安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 5) 一般现在时表示将来含义 a.下列动词come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning。火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes。汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 b.在时间或条件句中。 例如：When Bill comes (不是will come)，ask him to wait for me。比尔来后，让他等我。 I‘ll write to you as soon as I arrive there。我到了那里，就写信给你。 一般过去时 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.基本结构： ①was/were;②行为动词过去式 否定形式：①was/were + not;②在行为动词前加didn‘t，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 3.用法 1) 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。