中国文化与汉英翻译
中国文化与汉英翻译
Chinese Culture and
C-E T ranslation
By Zhang Y ou
School of Foreign Languages
2012目录
中国文化导论Brief Introduction of Chinese Culture
周易文化与汉英翻译Zhou Y i Culture and C-E Translation
儒学文化与汉英翻译Confucian Culture and C-E Translation
道家文化与汉英翻译Taoist Culture and C-E Translation
佛教文化与汉英翻译Buddhist Culture and C-E Translation
中国传统礼俗、习俗、风俗文化与汉英翻译Chinese etiquette, custom culture
中国绘画书法艺术与汉英翻译Chinese painting & calligraphy culture
中医文化与汉英翻译Chinese medicine culture
中国古代教育与汉英翻译Chinese ancient education
中国管制文化与汉英翻译Chinese ancient governmental system
中国建筑文化与汉英翻译Chinese architectural culture
中国服饰文化与汉英翻译Chinese clothing culture
中国茶文化与汉英翻译Chinese Tea culture
中国戏曲文化与汉英翻译Chinese opera culture
中国文化导论
“文化”界说What is culture in China?
―文‖：―文，错画也，象交文。‖ 《说文解字》The Shuōwén Jiězì（各色交错的纹理texture）―质胜文则野，文胜质则史，文质彬彬，然后君子。‖ 《论语雍也》Analects of Confucius （美、善、德行morality）
―化‖―男女构精，万物生化。‖ 《易系辞下》（造化、生成）
―化，教行也。‖ 《说文解字》The Shuōwén Jiězì（感化、教化、从善）
―文化‖ ―圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武力之兴为不服也，文化不改，然后加诛。‖ 《说苑指武》（文治教化，以诗书礼乐教化天下）
中国古代的“文化”概念，属于精神范畴。
文化结构Culture Structure
心态文化层：伦理文化Ethical Culture―人法地，地法天，天法道，道发自然‖
行为文化层：礼仪文化Ritual Culture―非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动‖ 孔子）制度文化层：宗法文化Patriarchal clan血亲道德与权力统治
物质文化层：农耕文化Agricultural Culture
周易文化与汉英翻译The Culture of Zhou Yi and C-E Translation
1.阴阳学说Theory of Yin and Y ang
中国古代朴素的对立统一理论the theory of opposition and unity in ancient times
阴阳关系Relations of Yin and Y ang
中国古代唯物论和辩证法materialism and dialectics of the ancient China
阴阳对立The opposition of Yin and Y ang阴阳互根The Interdependence of Y in and Y ang
阴阳消长The Inter-consuming-supporting of Yin and Y ang
阴阳转化The Inter-transforming relation of Yin and Y ang
―阴阳者，天地之道也，万物之纲纪，变化之父母，生杀之本始，神明之府也。"《素问.阴阳离合论》Y in and yang are the law of the heaven and earth ,the fundamental principle of everything, the parents of all changes, the origin of birth and death, and the residence of spirit.
SuWen
曹雪芹《红楼梦》第三十一回撕扇子作千金一笑因麒麟伏白首双星
翠缕道：‖这么说起来，从古至今，开天辟地，都是些阴阳了？‖ "Do you mean to say
everything's been a yin or a yang ever since Creation and the beginning of time?―
湘云笑道：―糊涂东西，越说越放屁。什么?都是些阴阳‘！况且?阴‘?阳‘两个字，还只是一个字：阳尽了就是阴，阴尽了就是阳。不是阴尽了又有一个阳生出来，阳尽了又有个阴生出来。‖"What nonsense you do talk, you stupid thing." Xiangyun couldn't help laughing. "How could there be so many yins and yangs? Yin and yang are one. Where one ends, the other begins. It's not that after a yang is exhausted a yin comes into being, or the other way round."
翠缕道：―这糊涂死了我！什么是个阴阳，没影没形的。我只问姑娘，这阴阳是怎么个样儿？‖湘云道：―阴阳可有什么样儿，不过是个气，器物赋了成形。比如天是阳，地就是阴，水是阴，火就是阳，日是阳，月就是阴。‖
"I find this terribly muddling," complained Cuilu. "What are yin and yang? Have they no
shape or form, miss? Do just tell me what they look like.."
They're simply natural forces, but whatever they enter assumes a form. Heaven is yang and
the earth yin, for instance. Water is yin, fire yang; the sun is yang; the moon yin."
翠缕听了，笑道：―是了，是了，我今儿可明白了。怪道人都管着日头叫?太阳‘呢，算命的管着月亮叫什么?太阴星‘，就是这个理了。‖湘云笑道：―阿弥陀佛！刚刚的明白了。‖
"I see." Cuilu's face lit up. "Now I understand. No wonder people call the sun the 'great yang' and fortune-tellers call the moon the 'great yin star.' This explains it."
"Buddha be praised. So you've caught on at last."
翠缕道：―这些大东西有阴阳也罢了，难道那些蚊子，虼蚤，蠓虫儿，花儿，草儿，瓦片儿，砖头儿也有阴阳不成？‖湘云道：―怎么有没阴阳的呢？比如那一个树叶儿还分阴阳呢，那边向上朝阳的便是阳，这边背阴覆下的便是阴。‖
"It's all very well for these big things to have yin and yang, but what about mosquitoes, fleas and
midges? What about flowers and grass, or bricks and tiles? Do they have yin and yang too?"
"Of course they do. That leaf, for instance, has its yin and yang. The side facing the light is yang,
the side underneath yin."
翠缕听了，点头笑道：―原来这样，我可明白了。只是咱们这手里的扇子，怎么是阳，怎么
是阴呢？‖ 湘云道：―这边正面就是阳，那边反面就为阴。‖ ……走兽飞禽，雄为阳，雌为阴，牝为阴，牡为阳。怎么没有呢！‖ （曹雪芹《红楼梦》第三十一回撕扇子作千金一笑因麒麟伏白首双星）―So that‘s how it is.‖ Cuilv nodded. ―I see. But which is yang and which is yin in these fans we‘re holding?‖
―The front is yang and the back is yin… The male of all beasts and birds is yang and the female is yin.‖ (杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
2.干支记法The Gan Zhi System /Heavenly Stems,Earthly Branches
背景知识：古代时空节律的象征符号
十天干：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸
Ten Heavenly Stems (tiangans) ：jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren and gui;
十二地支：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌
Twelve Earthly Branches (dizhis) ：zi, chou, yin, mao, chen, si, wuu, wei, shen, you, xu, and hai ―十二辰‖ ―十二兽记日‖―十二月历‖
敝处有此四泉，毒气所聚，无药可治，又烟瘴甚起，惟未、申、酉三个时辰可往来；余者时辰，皆瘴气密布，触之即死。（罗贯中《三国演义》第八十九回武乡侯四番用计南蛮王五次遭擒）There is no cure for the lethal essences of the four springs in our humble regions. Y ou must, moreover, pass only in the afternoon hours to avoid the fetid atmosphere of the springs.
At all other times the miasma is thick, and contact with it is fatal.
(摩斯罗伯斯译）
3. 五行学说Five Elements/Phases
木Wood 火Fire 土Earth 金Metal 水Water
构成自然界与社会的五种物质的生克矛盾运动―五行相生相克‖
All phenomena in the universe are the products of the movement and mutation of five qualities: wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
五行相生金生水，水生木，木生火，火生土，土生金。
In the generating cycle, metal generates water; water generates wood; wood generates fire; fire generates earth; earth generates metal.
翻译阐释
还好，还好，如今子亥之水休囚，寅木动而生火。世爻上动出一个子孙来，倒是克鬼的。况且日月生身，再隔两日子水官鬼落空，交到戌日就好了。但是父母爻上变鬼，恐怕令尊大人也有些关碍。就是本身世爻比劫过重，到了水旺土衰的日子也不好。‖ （曹雪芹《红楼梦》第一百零二回宁国府骨肉病灾祲大观园符水驱妖孽）
However, there is a compensating factor, namely that the water element is now in the ascendant, and next comes wood which leads in turn to fire. Then there is a progeny sign which subdues ghosts. Besides, in another two days the water will subside and all will be well.
4. 卦Diagrams
八卦Bāguà—The eight trigrams
便着人请宋公明到阵中上将台，看这阵法。―休欺负他辽兵，这等阵图，皆得传授。此四阵皆从一派传流下来，并无走移。先是太乙三才，生出河洛四象。四象生出循环八卦。八卦生出八八六十四卦，已变为八阵图。此是循环无比，绝高的阵法。‖ (施耐庵、罗贯中《水浒传》第八十七回宋公明大战幽州呼延灼力擒番将）
―The first was the Great Monadand Three Powers. From that came the Four Elephants, which then produced the Revoloving Octagon, which converted to the Eight-Sector Diagram. An incomparable progression, a matchless de ployment!‖ (沙博里译）
《红楼梦》第一百零二回宁国府骨肉病灾祲大观园符水驱妖孽
他便怀里掏出卦筒来，走到上头恭恭敬敬的作了一个揖，手内摇著卦筒，口里念道：―伏以太极两仪，絪缊交感。图书出而变化不穷，神圣作而诚求必应。
He took out from his pocket a bamboo tube and, stepping forward, made a reverent bow. He shook the tube, intoning, ―The Y in and Yang of the Primal Order have interacted; sacred symbols have appeared with infinite change s; divine manifestations must answer the prayer of the pious.‖
兹有信官贾某，为因母病，虔请伏羲，文王，周公，孔子四大圣人，鉴临在上，诚感则灵，有凶报凶，有吉报吉。先请内象三爻。‖―Now here a devout gentleman named Jia whose mother is ill. We piously beseech the four great sages Fu Xi, King Wen, the Duke of Zhou and Confucius
to hear our supplication, that manifestations may appear for the faithful and bad or good fortune be truthfully predicted. First vouchsafe the three inner signs.‖
说著，将筒内的钱倒在盘内，说―有灵的头一爻就是交。‖拿起来又摇了一摇，倒出来说是单。第三爻又是交。(注：―单拆重交‖，两背一面为―拆‖，两面一背为―单‖，三背为―重‖，三面为―交‖。前三爻为―内象‖，后三爻为―外象‖，合为一卦。）
He emptied three coins from the tube onto a plate, then announced, ―A true manifestation: the first toss shows three obverses.‖ Then he picked up the coins and poured them out again. The second toss was two obverses and one reverse, the third another three obverses.
捡起钱来，嘴里说是：―内爻已示，更请外象三爻，完成一卦。‖起出来是单拆单。
Picking up these coins he intoned, ―Now the inner signs have been revealed; we vouchsafe the three outer signs to make up the answer.‖ These came out as two obverses and o ne reverse for the first toss, two reverses and one obverse for the second, while the third was the same as the first.
道教文化与汉英翻译T aoist Culture and C-E Translation
道教文化背景知识T aoist Culture
道家Philosophical Taoism 道敎Religious Taoism
起源：Origin
Taoist organizations:张道陵Zhang Daoling 五斗米道西晋
Taoist doctrines:老子李耳Laozi 唐高祖李渊Tang Dynasty
老子Laozi, honorific title
老―venerable‖, ―old‖子―master‖, honorific suffix
李耳Li Er, 字伯阳Boyang (courtesy name)道家学派始祖founder of philosophical Taoism 《道德经》Tao Te Ching 宇宙哲学Chinese cosmogony
信仰：Beliefs Tao ―way‖, ―path‖
無為Wu wei ―without action‖ 无为而治，不言之教
Hayek：spontaneous order
James Dorn: minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony.
三宝:慈compassion 俭moderation (Thrift) 不敢为天下先humility
朴simplicity, the primordial state of tao
去甚，去奢，去泰Discarding extremes, extravagance and excess
少私寡欲wipe out selfish desires
清静恬淡live a quiet life/ quiet world
知足常乐the attitude of contentment on what one owns
道教经典英译
道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。The Tao gives birth to One. One gives birth to Two. Two give birth to Three. Three give birth to all things.
五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽，驰骋田猎令人心发狂。
Iridescent colors cause blindness. Beautiful music causes deafness; delicious food causes loss of taste. Racing and hunting cause madness.
知足之足，常足矣.The with knowing contentment is always contented.
知足不辱，知止不殆.
whoever is contented will meet no disgrace, whoever knows when and where to stop will meet no danger.
见素抱朴，少私寡欲
manifest plainness, embrace simplicity, reduce selfishness, and hold few desires
出家之人，恶衣恶食，不积财，恐害身损福也。
Taoists make light clothing and food and they accumulate no wealth, because these might damage health and fortunes.
全真七子之一丘处机Qiu Chuji
道人不厌贫，贫乃养生之本。饥则餐一钵粥，睡来铺一束草，褴褴褛褛以度朝夕，正是道人活计。As Ma Y u, a famous Taoist of the School, put it, ―Taoists are not tired of deficiency, as deficiency is the root to preserve one‘s health. When feeling hungry, they eat a bowl of porridge. When tired, they sleep on a sheet of grass. They pass the days and nights in shabby clothes. This is exactly what Taoists must do in life.‖
―全真七子‖之一马钰Mu yu
文学作品中的道教文化英译
《西游记》The Journey to the West
日迸裂，产一石卵，……目运两道金光，射冲斗府。惊动高天上圣大慈仁者玉皇大天尊玄穹高上帝，驾座金阙云宫灵霄宝殿，聚集仙卿，见有金光焰焰，即命千里眼、顺风耳开南天门观看。(第一回灵根育孕源流出心性修持大道生)
As his eyes moved, two beams of golden light shot towards the Pole Star palace and startled the Supreme Heavenly Sage, the Greatly Compassionate Jade Emperor of the Azure V ault of Heaven, who was sitting surrounded by his immortal ministers on his throne in the Hall of Miraculous Mist in the Golden-gated Cloud Palace.
祖师道：―?道‘字门中有三百六十傍门，傍门皆有正果。不知你学那一门哩？‖悟空道：―凭尊师意思。弟子倾心听从。‖祖师道：―我教你个?术‘字门中之道，如何？‖悟空道：―术门之道怎么说？‖祖师道：―术字门中，乃是些请仙扶鸾，问卜揲蓍，能知趋吉避凶之理。‖ "There are three hundred and sixty side-entrances to the Way, and they all lead to a True Result," the Patriarch said. "Which branch would you like to study?"
行者道：“这上面坐的是甚么菩萨？”八戒笑道：“三清也认不得，却认做甚么菩萨！”行者道：“那三清？八戒道：“中间的是元始天尊，左边的是灵宝道君，右边的是太上老君。（第四十四回法身元运逢车力心正妖邪度脊关）
"Do you know who the three Bodhisattvas sitting up there are?" Monkey asked. "Can't you recognize the Three Pure Ones themselves?" asked Pig. "How could you possibly think they are Bodhisattvas?"
"What about those Three Pure Ones?" Monkey asked. "Oh well," said Pig, "the one in the middle is the Original Celestial Pure One, the one on the left is the Precious Pure One, and the one on the right is the Supreme Lord Lao Zi."
三清Three Pure Ones
三清道祖：世界创造之初的大神the three highest Gods in the Taoist pantheon
玉清元始天尊上清灵宝天尊太清太上老君
Y uanshi Tianzun Lingbao Tianzun Daode Tianzun
玉皇大帝Jade Emperor玉皇上帝在道教神系中是天界地位最高的神，地位仅次于三清
the ruler of Heaven and all realms of existence below, but ranks below the Three Pure Ones
诞辰Birth正月初九the 9th of the first lunar month
光严妙乐国太子the crown prince of the kingdom of Pure Felicity and Majestic Heavenly Lights and Ornaments
一朝，王母娘娘设宴，大开宝阁，瑶池中做蟠桃胜会，即着那红衣仙女、青衣仙女、素衣仙女、皂衣仙女、紫衣仙女、黄衣仙女、绿衣仙女，各顶花篮，去蟠桃园摘桃建会。《西游记》第五回
One day the Queen Mother arranged a banquet, opening many precious pavilions for a feast of peaches by the Jade Pool. She sent the Red Fairy, the Blue Fairy, the White Fairy, the Black Fairy, the Purple Fairy, the Y ellow Fairy, and the Green Fairy to the Peach Orchard with their baskets to pick peaches for the feast.
王母娘娘(西王母）Queen Mother of the West
瑶池金母the Golden Mother of the Shinning Lake (official Taoist tile)
《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansions
世人都晓神仙好。（第一回）
All men long to be immortals. (杨、戴译）
All men know that salvation should be won. (Hawks 译）
仙：仙人immortal person
仙女immortal woman; female celestial 人仙—Human Immortal
神仙gods and immortals; divine immortal 鬼仙— Ghost Immortal
狐仙fox immortal; fox fairy 八仙the Eight Immortals
修炼Cultivation; physical immortality
Salvation 救赎，拯救the phenomenon of being saved from death
In Christianity who has attained salvation is said to experience and inherit eternal life in God or what in Buddhism is called 'deathlessness
贾赦没法，只得请道士到园作法事驱邪逐妖，择吉日先在省亲正殿上铺排起坛场，上供三清圣像，旁设二十八宿并马，赵，温，周四大将，下排三十六天将图像。香花灯烛设满一堂，鼓法器排两边，插着五方旗号。道纪司派定四十九位道众的执事，浄了一天坛。‖（第一百零二回宁国府骨肉病灾祲大观园符水驱妖孽）
二十八宿
Twenty-eight mansions 历法the Chinese constellations system
月亮围绕地球自转一周约为每月廿八日the movement of the Moon in a lunar month
四组每组七宿四象Four Symbols：
Azure Dragon (青龍) on the east, Black Tortoise (玄武) on the north, White Tiger (白虎) on the west, V ermilion Bird (朱雀) on the south
护法四元帅马、赵、温、周（关）
The Four Marshals Protecting the Standards
马灵耀赵公明温琼周广泽（关羽）
儒学文化与汉英翻译Confucian Culture and C-E Translation
儒学文化背景知识Confucian Culture
孔子Confucius 名丘given name 字仲尼courtesy name
孔夫子Master Kong至聖先師The Most Sage V enerated Late Teacher
萬世師表Role Model for Teachers through the Ages
論語Analects of Confucius
孟子Mencius 仅次于孔子的一代儒家宗师the most famous Confucian after Confucius
名轲Meng Ke 邹国人the State of Zou the 战国时期Warring States Period
孔子之孙子思的门下pupil of Confucius' grandson, Zisi
人生哲学View on human nature
性善论the innate goodness of the individual
“四端”或“四德‖ The Four Beginnings (or Sprouts)
恻隐之心The feeling of commiseration (the beginning of humanity )
羞恶之心the feeling of shame and dislike (the beginning of righteousness)
辞让之心the feeling of deference and compliance (the beginning of propriety )
是非之心the feeling of right or wrong (the beginning of wisdom )
政治思想View on politics
民本思想the significance of the common citizens
Confucian Thoughts
1.社会观Conception of society
Ideal of perfect society:大同世界 a world of universal harmony/ society of great harmony
宗法伦理Patriarchal clan ethics ―仁爱‖ Benevolence
―礼治‖ Etiquette-rulin g thoughts ―孝悌‖ Filial piety
儒家哲学Confucianism
人性the nature of the soul
伦理Ethics
己所不欲，勿施於人。What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others."
禮the etiquette義righteousness仁benevolence/ humaneness
―五伦‖ The Five Bonds 君臣、父子、夫妇、兄弟、朋友
Ruler to Rued Father to Son Husband to Wife Elder Brother to Y ounger Brother Friend to Friend
―五常‖ The Five Constant Virtues
仁benevolence 、义righteousness 、理Etiquette 、智Knowledge 、信Integrity
2.教育观V iews on education 教育目的purpose of education
圣贤saint, men of virtue 君子gentlemen, perfect man
教育内容basis of education六艺Six Arts (Zhou Dynasty)
禮Rites、樂Music、射Archery、御Chariot 、書Calligraphy、數Mathematics
六经The Six Classics(the Qin Dynasty)
《詩》Book of Songs 《書》Books of History 《礼》Book of Rites
《乐》Book of Music 《易》Book of Changes、《春秋》Spring and Autumn Annuals
四書The Four Books（the Song Dynasty）
《大學》Great Learning《中庸》Doctrine of the Mean
《論語》The Analects《孟子》Mencius
《华英四书》英理雅各
1861 The Four Books with English Translation and Notes by James Legge
五经The Five Classics 《詩經》Classic of Poetry《書經》Classic of History
《禮記》Classic of Rites《易經》Classic of Changes《春秋》Spring and Autumn Annals
焚書坑儒Burning of books and burying of scholars the Qin Dynasty
Since most parts of The Classic of Music(樂經) were destroyed，the remaining sections are collected as two books in the Classic of Rites.
十三经The Thirteen Classics
Book of Changes or I Ching (易經Yìjīng) Book of History (書經Shūjīng)
Book of Songs (詩經Shījīng) Rites of Zhou (周禮Zhōulǐ), split from the Book of Rites Ceremonies and Rites (儀禮Yílǐ), split from the Book of Rites
Book of Rites (禮記Lǐjì)The Analects (論語Lúnyǔ)
The Commentary of Zuo (左傳ZuǒZhuàn) on the Spring and Autumn Annals
The Commentary of Gongyang (公羊傳Gōngyáng Zhuàn) on the Spring and Autumn Annals The Commentary of Guliang (穀梁傳Gǔliáng Zhuàn) on the Spring and Autumn Annals Classic of Filial Piety (孝經Xiàojīng) Erya (爾雅ěryǎ) Mencius (孟子Mèngzǐ)
3. 教育思想education principle
―有教无类‖In teaching, there should be no distinction of classes.
―因材施教‖teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
―学而时习之‖―Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?‖
儒学经典英译
《四书》：《论语》（Confucian Analects）《孟子》（The Works of Mencius）
《中庸》（The Doctrine of the Mean）《大学》（The Great Learning）
James Legge 理雅各（December 20, 1815 – November 29, 1897）
first professor of Chinese at Oxford University
The Four Books with English Translation and Notes《华英四书》
The Chinese Classics 中国经书
The Life and Teaching of Mencius 《孟子生平及其学说》
阿瑟·戴维·韦利（Arthur David Waley，1889-1966 ）
A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems 《一百七十首中国古诗选译》
Monkey 《西游记》The Analects of Confucius 《论语》
The Way and Its Power：A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought 《道德经探研：它的意向和力量，以及它在中国思潮中的地位》
The Poet Li po A．D．701—762 《诗人李白》
The Book of Songs 《诗经》辜鸿铭Ku Hweng-Ming
The Discourses and Saying of Confucius《论语》
The Universal Order or Conduct of Life《中庸》
The Spirit of the Chinese People《中国人的精神》（《春秋大义》）
子曰：―学而时习之，不亦悦乎。有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎。‖译文：The Master said, ―Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?‖
子曰：―三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。‖
The Master said, ―When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qu alities and avoid them.‖
子在川上曰：―逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。‖
译文：The Master standing by a stream, said, ―It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!‖子曰：―工欲善其事，必先利其器。‖
译文：The Master said, ―The mechanic, who wishes to do his work well, must first sharpen his tool s.‖
子曰：―君子不以言举人，不以人废言。‖
译文：The Master said, ―The superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words, nor does he put aside good words because of the man.‖
子曰：―吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而不愈矩。‖
译文：The Master said, ―At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning. At thirty, I stood firm. At forty, I have no doubts. At fifty, I know the decrees of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was obedient organ for the reception of truth. At seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without transgressing what was right.‖
孟子曰：―天时不如地利，地利不如人和。‖
译文：Mencius said, ―Opportunities of time vouchsafed by Heaven are not equal to advantages of situation afforded by the Earth, and advantages of situation afforded by the Earth are not equal to the union arising from the accord of Men.
孟子曰：―民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。‖
译文：Mencius said, ―The people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightest.‖
以力服人者，非心服也，力不赡也；以德服人者，中心悦而诚服也。
译文：When one by force subdues men, they do not submit to him in heart. They submit, because their strength is not inadequate to resist. When one subdues men by virtue, in their hearts‘ core they are pleased, and sincerely submit.
爱人者，人恒爱之；敬人者，人恒敬之。
译文：He who loves others is constantly loved by them. He who respects others is constantly respected by them.
三字经Three Character Classic
宋朝王应麟Wang Yinglin，the Song Dynasty
孟子Mencius
人之初(rén zhīchū) People at birth,
性本善(xìng běn shàn) Are naturally good (kind-hearted).
性相近(xìng xiāng jìn) Their natures are similar,
習相遠(xí xiāng yuǎn) (But) their habits make them different (from each other).
翟理思Herbert Giles
Chinese-English Dictionary 《华英字典》
Two Chinese Poems 《两首中文诗》（即《三字经》与《千字文》英译本）
A History of Chinese Literature 《中国文学史》
Encyclopedia Britannica---Art, Language, Literature and Religions of China 《大英百科全书》(中国艺术、语言、文学和宗教)
The Civilization of China 《中国之文明》
Chinese Fairy Tales 《中国神话故事》Two Chinese Poerris
Chinese Poetry in English V erse 《古今诗选》
China and the Manchus 《中国和满人》
弟子規Standards for being /a Good Pupil and Child
李毓秀Li Y u Xiu
清朝康熙年间the Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi
《论语·学而篇》Analects of Confucius [2], Book 1
A student should show filial piety at home and respect people outside, behave prudently and trustfully, love all universally, and draw close to sages. While he has energy to spare, he should study edification by the sage.
弟子規聖人訓首孝悌次謹信
Di Zi Gui or Standards for Being a Good Student and Child is a book that was taught by Chinese saints and sages of the ancient past.
The book first teaches us how to be dutiful to our parents, and how to be respectful and loving to our siblings.
It then teaches us how to be cautious with all people, matters, and objects in our daily lives; how to be a trustworthy person; and to believe in the teachings of the ancient saints and sages.
汎愛眾而親仁有餘力則學文
Furthermore, it teaches us to love all equally, and to be close to and learn from people of virtue and compassion.
Only when we have accomplished all the above can we then study further and learn literature and art to improve the quality of our cultural and spiritual lives.
文学作品中的儒学文化英译
急取刀拆开视之，乃献帝血字密诏。写道：―朕闻人伦之大，父子为先；尊卑之殊，君臣为重。近日操贼弄权，欺压君父；结连党伍，败坏朝纲；敕赏封罚，不由朕主。（罗贯中《三国演义》第二十回曹阿瞒许田打围董国舅内阁受诏）
We believe that in human order the bond of father and son is foremost, and that in the social order the obligation between sovereign and servant is paramount. Of late the treasonous Cao Cao, abusing his authority, insulting and degrading his sovereign, has connected with his cohorts to the deteriment of our dynasty‘s rule, instruction, rewards, land grants and punishments now fall outside the imperial jurisdiction. (罗伯斯译）
吴承恩《西游记》The Journey to the W est
第三十一回猪八戒义激猴王孙行者智降妖怪）
就是他教我来请师兄的，说道：―师兄是个有仁有义的君子，君子不念旧恶，一定肯来救师父一难。?万望哥哥念一日为师、终身为父之情，千万救他一救！‖
It was the white horse who sent me here to fetch you. ―our eldest brother is a good and honorable gentleman,‖ he said, ―and gentlemen don‘t bear grudges. He‘s sure to come and rescue the master.‖ Please, please remember that ―if a man has been your teacher for a day, you should treat him as your father for the rest of your life‖, I beg you to save him. (詹纳尔译）
八戒近前道：―师父，你是怎的起哩??专把别人棺材抬在自家家里哭‘!不要烦恼!
常言道：?君教臣死，臣不死不忠；父教子亡，子不亡不孝。‘他伤的是他的子民，
与你何干!且来宽衣服睡觉，?莫替古人耽忧。‘‖ （吴承恩《西游记》第七十八回比丘怜子遣阴神金殿识魔谈道德）As the rhyme goes, When a monarch insists that his subjects will die, none that are loyal to live will aspire; when a father commands his own offspring to perish, any dutiful son will most surely expire. (詹纳尔译）
州县官儿虽小，事情却大，为那一州的州官，就是那一方的父母。你不安分守己，尽忠报国，孝敬主子，只怕天也不容。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》第四十五回）
A district magistrate may not rank too high yet he has a lot of work to do as the father and mother of everyone in the district. If you don‘t behave properly as a loyal servant of the state to be worthy of your masters‘ kindness, Heaven and Earth will surely condemn you. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
《红楼梦》第四十二回蘅芜君兰言解疑癖
―所以咱们女孩儿家不认得字的倒好。男人们读书不明理，尚且不如不读书的好，何况你我。就连作诗写字等事，原不是你我分内之事，究竟也不是男人分内之事。
?So it‘s best for girls like us not to know how to read. Even boys, if they study to no good purpose would do better not to study at all, and that‘s even truer in ou r case. Poetry-writing and calligraphy are not re-quired of us, nor of boys either for that matter.
男人们读书明理，辅国治民，这便好了。只是如今并不听见有这样的人，读了书倒更坏了。这是书误了他，可惜他也把书糟踏了，所以竟不如耕种买卖，倒没有什么大害处。
If boys learn sound principles by studying so that they can help the government to rule the people, well and good; but nowadays we don‘t hear of many such cases ?reading only seems to make them worse than they were to start with. And while study leads them astray, the books they read are debased too. So it‘s worse than taking up far ming or trade, for in those professions they could do less damage.
你我只该做些针黹纺织的事才是，偏又认得了字，既认得了字，不过拣那正经的看也罢了，最怕见了些杂书，移了性情，就不可救了。‖
As for us, we should just stick to needlework. If we happen to have a little education we should choose proper books to read. I f we let ourselves be influenced by those unorthodox books, there‘s no hope for us.‘
《红楼梦》第一百十五回惑偏私惜春矢素志证同类宝玉失相知
甄宝玉道：―弟少时不知分量，自谓尚可琢磨。……世兄是锦衣玉食，无不遂心的，必是文章经济高出人上，所以老伯钟爱，将为席上之珍。弟所以才说尊名方称。‖
―When I was young I was very cocksure,‖ replied Zhen. ‖…… Y ou have all the luxuries you can desire while your literary talent and grasp of affairs must be outstanding, so naturally your father treasures you. This is why I think you deserve to be called 'precious jade.'
在小侄年幼，虽不知文章为何物，然将读过的细味起来，那膏粱文绣比着令闻广誉，真是不啻百倍了膏粱文绣,令闻广誉:《孟子告子上》
Though I am too young to know much about literature, when I carefully think over what I have read, a good reputation and honor rank a hundred times higher than wealth and luxury.
佛教文化与汉英翻译Buddhist Culture and C-E Translation
佛教文化背景知识Buddhist Culture
佛Buddha (梵音Sanskrit) 佛陀，觉悟者the awakened one
佛陀史说Life of Buddha 释迦摩尼(悉达多·乔达摩) Siddhartha Gautama
35岁at the age of 35 菩提树Bodhi tree (sacred fig tree)
印度菩提迦叶Bodh Gaya, India 悟道enlightenment;
enlightened being
脱离轮回liberating from cycle of suffering and rebirth
佛教基本教义Buddhist Concepts
轮回Transmigration/Samsara
六道Six Realms：天界Devas 人道Human beings 阿修罗Asuras 畜生Animals 饿鬼Hungry ghost 地狱Naraka beings
生死轮回succession of lifetimes from birth to death
因缘（因果报应，业）Karma：the force that drives the cycle of suffering and rebirth
四圣谛The Four Noble Truths
the first teaching of Buddha after attaining Nirvana; essence of Buddha‘s teachings 苦谛suffering
集谛the arising of suffering (craving)
灭谛the end of suffering (eliminating delusion)
道谛the way leading to the end of suffering (liberated state of englightment)
禅宗Zen Buddhism, dhyana (meditation)
菩提达摩Bodhidharma
―不立文字，直指人心‖less emphasis on scriptures, direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth
“一切众生，皆有佛性，有佛性者，皆得成佛。”
Buddha is a human being, and the only difference between him and the ordinary people is the time of awareness. ―Buddha‖ is a name for all the aware people, not only refers to Sakyamuni.
阿弥陀佛（梵语Amitabha的音译）即“无量光明的觉悟者”，是另一世界（西方极乐世界）的佛。
“南无阿弥陀佛”（Namo Amitabha，“南无”是“敬礼”之意），即“向无量光明的觉悟者敬礼”。
佛教在中国Buddhism in China
传译Buddhist Sutras T ranslation(汉魏晋南北朝)
鼎盛Prosperous Development(隋唐）
衰落Downhill（明清）
文学作品中的佛教文化英译
《红楼梦》
湘云拍手笑道：―阿弥多佛，真真好签！‖（第六十三回）
杨译：Xiangyun clapped her hands. ―Amida Buddha!‖ she cried. ―This is really a lucky dip!‖
霍译：?Holy name！‘said Xiang-yun，clapping her hands delightedly，?What a kind，thoughtful card！‘
杨译本采取异化手法，Amida Buddha是梵文amitbhabuddha的音译，等于汉语的―阿弥陀佛‖。霍译本采用归化手法，Holy Name源于习语Bless the Holy Name of Jesus（耶稣的圣名），英美女人在表示惊讶时常用Holy Name！相当于汉语中的―天哪！‖或―我的天哪！‖
刘姥姥道：―阿弥陀佛！全仗嫂子方便了。‖（第六回）
杨译:―Buddha be praised！I‘m most grateful for your help，sister.‖
霍译:?Bless you，my dear, for being such a help！‘ said Grannie Liu.
此例中―阿弥陀佛‖为说话人向帮助自己的人表示感激之情的用语。
杨译本采用异化，霍译本的归化翻译相当于汉语中的―多谢了！‖或―实在感激不尽‖。
宝玉听到这里，又觉尘心一动，连忙敛神定息，微微的笑问：―据你说来，我是有造化的，你们姑娘也是有造化的，你呢？‖ （第一百十八回）
Hearing this, Baoyu felt a stirring of desire, but quickly suppressing it said with a faint smile, ―Y ou say I‘m in luck and your mistress too. How about you?‖
宝玉道：―他说了半天，并没个明心见性之谈，不过说些什么文章经济，又说什么为忠为孝，这样人可不是个禄蠹么！‖ （第一百十五回）
―明心见性‖：佛教修持方法。―自心真性‖
―He talked and talked but said not a word about seeking truth, just holding forth on scholarship and the management of affairs, as well as loyalty and filial piety. Isn‘t such a person a today?‖
佛教诸神翻译
佛Buddha 释迦牟尼佛Buddha Shakyamuni
弟子：舍利子Sariputta 目犍连Moggallana
三世佛: The Buddhas of the Past, Present and Future
过去佛－－燃灯佛(Buddha Dipamkara)
现在佛－－释迦牟尼佛(Buddha Shakyamuni)
未来佛－－弥勒佛(Buddha Maitreya)
菩萨Bodhisattvas
观世音菩萨Guanyin/A valokiteshvara
大悲菩萨观音the Bodhisattva of Great Compassion
―自我驾驭的静观者‖ Contemplator of Self-Mastery
―世间声音的静观者‖Contemplator of the Sounds of the World
西方三圣之一one of the three sages of Western Pureland of Ultimate Bliss
LEFT: 弥勒菩萨(Maitreya)
观世音菩萨(A valokiteshvara)
虚空藏菩萨(Akasagarbha)
地藏菩萨(Ksitigarbha)
四大天王The 4 Guardian king of the Directions
南方增长天王Virudhaka 东方持国天王Dritarashtra
佛教伦理文化翻译
积德do a good deed 布施charity/ generosity
历劫undergo certain trials 因果cause and effect
苦海无边the bitter sea is infinite
回头是岸turning the head, one sees the shores
贪嗔痴爱greed, anger, infatuation and love
超度free soul from suffering
五荤三厌five stinking foods and three forbidden meats
否极泰来fortune follows calamity
世法平等all men should be treated alike according to Buddhist law
行者道：―老师父，你忘了?无眼耳鼻舌身意‘。我等出家人，眼不视色，耳不听声，鼻不嗅香，舌不尝味，身不知寒暑，意不存妄想，如此谓之祛褪六贼。……‖ 《西游记》第四十三回.―you‘ve forgotten the sentence, ?there is no sight, no sound, no smell, no taste, no touch and no mental process.‘ We men of religion should not l ook on beauty, hear music, smell sweet fragrances, or taste good flavors. We should not even notice whether we are hot or cold, and our minds should be free from delusion. This is the way to repel the Six Bandits that attack eye, ear, nose, tonge, body and mind.
从此空空道人因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂易名为情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。《红楼梦》第一回Since all manifestations are born of nothingness and in turn give
rise to passion, by describing passion for what is manifest we comprehend nothingness. So the Taoist changed his name to the Passionate Monk and changed the title of the book from The Tale of the Stone to the Record of the Passionate Monk.(杨宪益戴乃迭译）
“仙姑此时从何处至此？” 姑道：―我从不忍山烦恼洞轮回道上而来。‖小山暗暗点头道：―因其不能容忍，所以要生烦恼；既生烦恼，自然要堕轮回了。《镜花缘》第四十四回
―I come from the Path of Transmigration from the C ave of V exation at the Mountain of Lack of Forebearance.‖
Little Hill thought, ―Because of lack of forbearance, there is vexation, and one is on the path of transmigration. （林太乙译）
般若心经[唐]玄奘法师译
观自在菩萨，行深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。
舍利子,色不异空,空不异色；色即是空,空即是色。受、想、行、识，亦复如是。
舍利子，是诸法空相：不生、不灭；不垢、不净；不增、不减。是故空中无色。无受、想、行、识；无眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意；无色、香、声、味、触、法。无眼界，乃至无意识界；无无明，亦无无明尽；乃至无老死，亦无老死尽。无苦、集、灭、道。无智亦无得，以无所得故。菩提萨捶，依般若波罗蜜多故。心无挂碍，无挂碍故。无有恐怖，远离颠倒梦想、究竟涅磐。三世诸佛，依般若波罗蜜多故。得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提。
故知般若波罗蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是无上咒，是无等等咒。能除一切苦，真实不虚。故说般若波罗蜜多咒，即说咒曰：“揭谛！揭谛！波罗揭谛！波罗僧揭谛！菩提萨婆诃！”THE HEART OF PRAJNA PARAMIT A SUTRA
When Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara was practicing the profound Prajna Paramita, he illuminated the Five Skandhas and saw that they are all empty, and he crossed beyond all suffering and difficulty.
Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness; emptiness does not differ from form. Form itself is emptiness; emptiness itself is form. So too are feeling, cognition, formation, and consciousness.
Shariputra, all Dharmas are empty of characteristics. They are not produced, not destroyed, not defiled, not pure; and they neither increase nor diminish. Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, feeling, cognition, formation, or consciousness; no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind; no sights, sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, or Dharmas; no field of the eyes up to and including no field of mind consciousness; and no ignorance or ending of ignorance, up to and including no old age and death or ending of old age and death. There is no suffering, no accumulating, no extinction, and no Way, and no understanding and no attaining.
Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva through reliance on Prajna Paramita is unimpeded in his mind. Because there is no impediment, he is not afraid, and he leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind. Ultimately Nirvana! All Buddhas of the three periods of time attain Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi through reliance on Prajna Paramita. Therefore know that Prajna Paramita is a Great Spiritual Mantra, a Great Bright Mantra, a Supreme Mantra, an Unequalled Mantra. It can remove all suffering; it is genuine and not false. That is why the Mantra of Prajna Paramit a was spoken. Recite it like this:
Gaté Gaté Paragaté Parasamgaté
Bodhi Svaha!
中国传统节日与汉英翻译
Chinese Traditional Festival and C-E Translation
Spring Festival春节
新年New Y ear起源：
年：―谷熟也‖ ripe grain。《说文解字》
―五谷皆熟为有年，五谷皆大熟为大有年Great Harvest。‖ 《谷梁传》
载（尧舜），岁（夏），祀（商），年（周）
农历的正月初一:春节，俗称新年。The Spring Festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month, often one month later than the Gregorian calendar. It originated from the people's sacrifice to gods and ancestors at the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one.
公历的1月1日:元旦the 1st of January is set as the New Y ear , which was also called Y uan Dan.
―元‖:开始，第一，数字的第一个称元。―旦‖:在中国文字里是象形文字，其意思为太阳从地平线上圣骑，意为一天的开始。当―元‖和―旦‖相结合，意思就成了一年开始得第一天。
Y uan means the beginning, the first. The beginning of a number is Y uan. Dan, which is a pictographic character in the Chinese language, means the day rises from the horizon, symbolizing the beginning of a day. When Y uan and Dan are combined, it means the first day of a New Y ear. Laba Festival
the eighth day of the twelfth lunar day
腊八粥Laba porridge腊八粥是腊八节最重要的元素。腊八粥通常由八种材料做成，这些材料可以是黏米，红豆，小米，高粱，豌豆，莲子和一些诸如红枣，栗子，核桃仁，杏仁，花生等谷物。粥要熬制数小时，然后作为祭品祭献给祖先。
Generally, the porridge contains eight ingredients which can include glutinous rice, red beans, millet, Chinese sorghum, peas, dried lotus seeds and some other ingredients, such as dried dates, chestnut meat, walnut meat, almond, peanut, etc. The porridge must be boiled for many hours and then offered as a sacrifice to the ancestors.
腊八蒜Laba garlic
从腊八节那天起，就将蒜泡在醋中二十多天，这样，到春节的时候，就可以在餐桌上与饺子同食了。
Another custom is the soaking of Laba garlic. Garlic is soaked in vinegar for more than twenty days starting from Laba festival. Then when the Chinese New Y ear comes, the garlic and vinegar is used alongside jiaozi on the table.
扫尘/大扫除Thorough Cleanup
Before the New Y ear comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils.
贴对联Spring Festival couplets 门神door-god
Then people begin decorating their clean rooms featuring an atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets, highlighting Chinese calligraphy with black characters on red paper. The content varies from house owners' wishes for a bright future to good luck for the New Y ear. Also, pictures of the god of doors and wealth will be posted
on front doors to ward off evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance.
贴福/剪纸
The Chinese character "fu" (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the "reversed fu" is homophonic with "fu comes", both being pronounced as "fudaole." What's more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Y ear paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall.
元宵节Lantern Festival
农历正月十五日元宵节The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month, usually in February or March in the Gregorian calendar. the Y uanxiao Festival marks the end of the New Y ear celebrations.
―元‖是第一的意思，―霄‖指夜晚。元宵就是新年首个夜晚，元宵节是家庭团聚的传统佳节，最隆重的活动就是展挂各种各样美丽的灯笼，故此，元宵节又叫―灯节‖。
Y uan literally means first, while Xiao refers to night. Y uanxiao is the first time when we see the full moon in the New year. It is traditionally a time for family reunion. The most prominent activity of the Y uanxiao Festival is the display of all types of beautiful lanterns. So the occasion is also called the Lantern Festival。
传说，元宵节是拜“太乙”神的日子，太乙是古代的天神，古人认为天神掌管着人类世界的命运。One legend tells that it was a time to worship Taiyi, the God of Heaven in ancient times. The belief was that the God of Heaven controlled the destiny of the human world.
从统一中国的第一个皇帝秦始皇开始，每年都举行盛大的仪式，皇帝祈求―太乙‖神赐予他和臣民们风调雨顺、健康长寿。汉武帝对元宵灯会特别重视，元封七年(公元前104年)，他把元宵钦定为最重要的佳庆之一，庆祝仪式通宵进行。
Beginning with Qinshihuang, the first emperor united the country, all subsequent emperors ordered splendid ceremonies each year. The emperor would ask Taiyi to bring favorable weather and good health to him and to his people. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty directed special attention to this event. In 104 BC, he proclaimed it one of the most important celebrations and the ceremony would last throughout the night。
lions/dragons dancing 舞龙/舞狮guess lantern riddles 猜灯谜
play couplets game 对对联exhibit of lanterns 灯会
dragon lantern dancing 耍龙灯walking on stilts 踩高跷
land boat dancing 划旱船yangko/yangge dance 扭秧歌
beating drums while dancing 打太平鼓
drum dance 腰鼓舞fireworks party 焰火大会
traditional opera 戏曲variety show/vaudeville 杂耍
Lantern Festival's temple fair 元宵庙会colored lanterns' temple fair 彩灯庙会
元宵/汤圆yuanxiao
People will eat yuanxiao, or rice dumplings, on this day, so it is also called the "Yuanxiao Festival."Yuanxiao also has another name, tangyuan.
It is small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour with rose petals, sesame, bean paste, jujube paste, walnut meat, dried fruit, sugar and edible oil as filling. Tangyuan can be boiled, fried or steamed. It tastes sweet and delicious. What's more, tangyuan in Chinese has a similar pronunciation with "tuanyuan‖, meaning reunion. So people eat them to denote union, harmony
and happiness for the family.
清明节Qingming Festival
The Qingming (Pure Brightness) Festival is one of the 24 seasonal division points二十四节气in China, falling on April 4-6 each year. After the festival, the temperature will rise up and rainfall increases. It is the high time for spring plowing and sowing. But the Qingming Festival is not only a seasonal point to guide farm work, it is more a festival of commemoration.
清明节是我国传统节日，也是最重要的祭祀节日，是祭祖和扫墓的日子。扫墓俗称上坟，祭祀死者的一种活动。汉族和一些少数民族大多都是在清明节扫墓。
This is the most important day of sacrifice. Both the Han and minority ethnic groups at this time offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep the tombs of the diseased.
由于清明与寒食的日子接近，而寒食是民间禁火扫墓的日子，渐渐的，寒食与清明就合二为一了，而寒食既成为清明的别称，也变成为清明时节的一个习俗，清明之日不动烟火，只吃凉的食品。
The Hanshi (Cold Food) Festival was usually one day before the Qingming Festival. As our ancestors often extended the day to the Qingming, they were later combined.
Swing荡秋千Outing踏青Planting植树Kite-flying放风筝
端午节Dragon Boat Festival
The Dragon Boat Festival, the 5th day of the 5th lunar month，also known as the Double Fifth, has had a history of more than 2,000 years，dating back to the Warring States Period in 227 B.C. 屈原：春秋时期楚怀王的大臣
Qu Y uan (340-278 BC）：minister of the State of Chu and one of China's earliest poets of the Warring States Period
《离骚》、《天问》Li Sao (The Lament), Tian Wen (Heavenly Questions)
people eat bamboo-wrapped steamed glutinous rice dumplings called zongzi (the food originally intended to feed the fish) and race dragon boats in memory of Qu's dramatic death.
七夕节Double Seventh Festival
(Chinese Valentine's Day)
The Double Seventh Festival, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, is a traditional festival full of romance.
At night when the sky is dotted with stars, and people can see the Milky Way spanning from the north to the south. On each bank of it is a bright star, which see each other from afar. They are the Cowherd and Weaver Maid, and about them there is a beautiful love story passed down from generation to generation.
中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival
TIME: The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month.
The Mid-Autumn Festival (zhōng qiūjié中秋节), also known as the Moon Festival, is a popular harvest festival.
Traditionally, on Mid-Autumn Day, Chinese family members and friends will get together to admire the bright mid-autumn harvest moon, and eat moon cakes (yuè bǐng 月饼) and pomeloes (yòu zi 柚子) together.
Accompanying the celebration, there are additional cultural or regional customs, such as eating moon cakes outside under the moon, carrying brightly lit lanterns, lighting lanterns on towers, floating sky lanterns, burning incense (fén xiāng 焚香) in reverence to deities including Chang'e, planting Mid-Autumn trees (shù zhōng qiū树中秋), collecting dandelion leaves and distributing
them evenly among family members and Fire Dragon Dances (wǔhuǒlóng 舞火龙).
重阳节Double Ninth Festival The 9th day of the 9th lunar month is the traditional Chongyang Festival, or Double Ninth Festival.
In an ancient and mysterious book Yi Jing易经, or The Book of Changes, number "6" was thought to be of Yin character, meaning feminine or negative, while number "9" was thought to be Yang, meaning masculine or positive. So the number nine in both month and day create the Double Ninth Festival, or Chongyang Festival. Chong in Chinese means "double."
Also, as double ninth was pronounced the same as the word to signify ―forever‖, both are ―Jiu Jiu 久久," the Chinese ancestors considered it an auspicious day worth celebration. That's why ancient Chinese began to celebrate this festival long time ago.
The custom ：ascending a height to avoid epidemics登高―避灾‖，also called "Height Ascending Festival". appreciate chrysanthemum flowers赏菊花
In 1989, the Chinese government decided the Double Ninth Festival as Senior s? Day老人节. Winter Solstice Festival
As early as 2,500 years ago, about the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), China had determined the point of Winter Solstice by observing movements of the sun with a sundial. It is the earliest of the 24 seasonal division points.
The Northern hemisphere on this day experiences the shortest daytime and longest nighttime. After the Winter Solstice, days will become longer and longer. As ancient Chinese thought, the yang, or muscular, positive things will become stronger and stronger after this day, so it should be celebrated.
Winter Solstice is as formal as theSpring Festival冬至大如年
In some parts of Northern China, people eat dumpling soup on this day; while residents of some other places eat dumplings, saying doing so will keep them from frost in the upcoming winter. But in parts of South China, the whole family will get together to have a meal made of red-bean and glutinous rice to drive away ghosts and other evil things. In other places, people also eat tangyuan, a kind of stuffed small dumpling ball made of glutinous rice flour. The Winter Solstice rice dumplings could be used as sacrifices to ancestors, or gifts for friends and relatives. The Taiwan people even keep the custom of offering nine-layer cakes to their ancestors. They make cakes in the shape of chicken, duck, tortoise, pig, cow or sheep with glutinous rice flour and steam them on different layers of a pot. These animals all signify auspiciousness in Chinese tradition. People of the same surname or family clan gather at their ancestral temples to worship their ancestors in age order. After the sacrificial ceremony, there is always a grand banquet.
中国建筑文化与汉英翻译
Chinese Architectural Culture and C-E Translation
Classification by structure
楼lou (Multistory buildings) 台tai (terraces) 亭ting (pavilions)
阁ge (Two-story pavilions) 塔ta (Chinese pagodas) 轩xuan (V erandas with windows)
榭xie (Pavilions or houses on terraces) 屋wu (Rooms along roofed corridors)
Traditional Architecture Styles
Imperial architecture宫廷建筑Religious architecture宗教建筑
Garden architecture园林建筑Residential architecture民居建筑
Bridge architecture中国桥梁
Imperial Architecture皇家建筑
The imperial palace, the official residence of the emperor and his family, is the most vital architecture in ancient China.
故宫the Forbidden City in Beijing & in Shenyang阿房宫 E Pang palace of the Qin dynasty
大明宫Daming Palace of the Tang Dynasty 未央宫Wei Y ang palace of the Han dynasty
轴对称axial symmetrical
“左祖右社‖ the ancestral temples at the front left
the altars for praying to the gods of earth and grain at the front right
―前朝后寝‖emperors handle national affairs at the palace's forecourt while the rear end was meant for living
数字命理Numerology―9‖ nine being the greatest single digit number
皇陵Imperial T ombs (mausoleum ) Architecture御道sacred pathway / the divine road
牌坊The marble archway or paifang the burial palace 石兽stone animals
石像stone figures
秦始皇陵Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum (Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor)
清东陵Eastern Qing Tombs
宗教建筑Religious Architecture
Chinese Buddhist architecture
T aoist architecture
Confucianism and Chinese architecture
Chinese Buddhist Architecture
T emple, pagoda and grotto
the Han dynasty
Chinese Buddhist architecture follows symmetric style strictly.
Famous grottoes are Mogao Caves, Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes.
园林Garden Architecture
History :The ancient Chinese gardens originated in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, when monarchs began to build parks for their own leisure and pleasure.
Classification Imperial gardens
Private gardens Monastic gardens
皇家园林Imperial Garden Architecture
和谐harmonious unity of human with nature 颐和园Summer Palace (Yiheyuan)
慈禧Empress Dowager Cixi
北海公园Beihai Park 承德避暑山庄Mountain Resort of Chengde (Bishu Shanzhuang)
民居Residential Architecture
Traditional Chinese residences reflect the national culture, the sub-culture of a specific
region and that of the ethnic group within it.
Major styles of traditional domestic architecture
Beijing’s Hutong and Courtyard
the Si he yuan in northern China– Courtyard House
Yaodong in north China
the earthen buildings (tu lou) of Hakkas
Beijing 's Hutong and Courtyard
A unique form of community that exists only in China
胡同the hutongs 四合院Beijing Courtyard
It is called 'Siheyuan' in Chinese, 'Si' means 'Four', which here refers to the four sides: east, west, north and south. 'He' refers to the surrounding, meaning the four sides circle into a square.
石榴树pomegranate trees
yaodong (窰洞)
A yaodong (窰洞) is a dugout used as an abode or shelter in China. Y aodongs are common in north China, especially on the Loess Plateau. The history of yaodongs goes back to time immemorial, and continues today.
窑洞Farmers' Caves 石窑洞the stone cave 土窑洞the earth cave
半圆门semicircular door 冬暖夏凉warm in winter and cool in summer
Tulou (Earthen Building)土楼Three types of Hakka dwellings:
Phoenix house 五鳳樓Round house 土樓，圓屋Piang Fong 平房(flat house)
The buildings are usually formed in two or three circles. The kitchen and dining room will be found on the first floor. The second floor is used as warehousing, and the third and fourth floors contain bedrooms. The inner circle is 2-storied with 30 to 50 rooms which function as guesthouses. In the middle is a rectangular hall, a public place for several hundred inhabitants.
Bridge Architecture 桥梁建筑
Beam Bridge 梁式桥
The earliest reference to the beam bridge in the Chinese history is the Ju Bridge dating from the Shang Dynasty. From the Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties, bridges with timber beams and stone piers were dominant.
Arch Bridge拱式桥The joint of the beams and sides evolved gradually into isometric trilateral, and pent lateral arches, and finally into semicircular arch. The span, too, was gradually extended, from 2 or 3 m up to 37.02 m (clear span).
Famous bridges:Zhaozhou Bridge (Anji Bridge)Baodai Bridge (the Precious Belt Bridge)
Cable Suspension Bridge吊桥
Cable suspension bridges vary in kind according to the materials of which the cables are made, rattan, bamboo, leather and iron chain.
Famous bridges:
Fanhe Bridge
Jihong Bridge
Luding Iron-chain Bridge
Floating Bridge浮桥
中原文化和中原崛起 汉英翻译
中原文化与中原崛起 解读中原文化，我们不难看出，历史上的河南之所以能够长期成为中国政治经济文化中心，成为中华崛起的高地，与根深叶茂的繁荣文化是分不开的。当历史的车轮进入21世纪后，我们要实现中原崛起，很重要的一个方面，就是要开发我们的文化，发展我们的文化，创新我们的文化，要把我们丰富的文化资源变为强大的文化力量，促进又好又快发展，推动中原崛起。所以省第八次党代会明确提出要实现经济大省向经济强省跨越、文化资源大省向文化强省跨越。这两个跨越相辅相成、缺一不可。特别是随着经济文化化、文化经济化、经济文化一体化时代的到来，我们只有把这两大跨越有机结合起来，才能加快中原崛起的进程。这次我们举办“中原文化香港行和2007年豫港贸易洽谈会”，实际上就是要充分展示中原文化的魅力，发挥中原文化的潜力、增强中原文化的吸引力，形成推动中原崛起的新动力。为此，我们将坚持先进文化的前进方向，大力发展先进文化与和谐文化，坚持用科学理论引领中原崛起，用人文精神凝聚中原崛起，以文化产业支撑中原崛起，以人才智力支持中原崛起，以创新文化推动中原崛起，全面提升中原文化的引领能力、服务能力和创新能力，为实现中原崛起提供强大的精神支持、智力支持和不竭动力。现阶段，我们首先要把家底摸清，弄清到底有多少文化的“金矿”、“银矿”、“铜矿”、“铁矿”。这项工作，目前已经全面启动，在全省范围内展开了文化资源的普查，一旦普查结束我们就制定开发利用的规划。从当前掌握的情况看，我们至少有以下八大产业可以很好地发展，这就是传
媒出版、文博会展、文化旅游、功夫娱乐、影视动漫、戏曲演艺、书法绘画、网络创意等八大产业。我省的这八大产业都是省委、省政府下一步将重点支持发展的产业，无论从资源禀赋看，还是市场潜力看，都具有明显的比较优势和可期待的经济效益。比如书法绘画，我们商丘市有一个王公庄村，家家户户画老虎，一年卖画四百万。我们的开封市多数成年人都是书法爱好者或者是各级书协会员。书法绘画在河南不仅有广泛的群众基础，而且有全国领军人物，现任的中国美协主席和中国书协主席都是我们河南人。再如功夫产业，少林功夫影响已经波及世界，来自国内外学习武术的学员仅登封一地就有10万多人，俄罗斯总统普京访问中国时专程拜访少林寺。陈氏太极拳也已经走出国门，开始在澳大利亚、美国等国家设馆收徒，吸引了大量国外的年轻人。河南文化产业的发展前景由此可见一斑。在此，我真诚的欢迎香港的企业家和有识之士到河南去看一看，也欢迎大家积极参与到河南文化产业的开发中来。我相信，只要我们团结一心，措施有力，有9800万勤劳智慧的中原儿女的奋发进取，有包括香港同胞在内的海内外朋友的热情参与，中原文化就一定能够迎来发展的春天，就一定能够放射出更加瑰丽的光彩，成为推动中原崛起的强大动力。 The Culture and the Resurrection of Central China Interpreting the culture of Central China, we can easily see that the
中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
第2章 汉英翻译基础知识(新编汉英翻译教程 陈宏薇)
“文化”（culture） 物质文化（material culture） 制度文化（institutional culture） 心理文化（也称观念文化）（mental culture）咖啡（coffee）、 巧克力（chocolate）、 色拉（salad）、 三明治（sandwich）、 歇斯底里（hysteria）、 休克（shock）、 基因（gene）、 钙（calcium）、 维他命（vitamin）、 奥林匹克（Olympic）、 雷达（radar）、 先令（shilling）、 夹克（jacket）、 电视（television）、 激光（laser）、 飞机（aeroplane）、 火车（train）、 交响乐（symphony）、 基督徒（Christian）、 面包（bread）、 盲文（brail）、 圣诞老人（Santa Claus）、 圣经（Bible）、 马海毛（mahair）、 贝雷帽（beret）、 革命（revolution） 、营养（nourish）、 解放（liberate）、 民主（democracy）、 科学（science）、 独裁（dictatorship）、 心理学（psychology）、 形而上学（metaphysics）、 图书馆（library）、 想象（imagination）、 暗示（hint）、 投资（investment） 磁卡电话（card phone）、 立交桥（overpass）、 隐形眼镜（contact lenses）、
下拉菜单（pulldown）、 软驱（floppy drive）、 光驱（CD drive）、 鼠标（mouse）、 电脑（computer）、 内存条（RAM chip）、 复印机（xerox machine）、 安乐死（euthanasia）、 艾滋病（AIDS）、 香波（shampoo）、 连锁店（chain store）、 热狗（hot dog）、 自助餐（buffet）、 牛仔服（cowboy suit）、 T恤衫（T-shirt） 意合(parataxis) 隐性(covertness) 显性(overtness) 形合(hypotaxis) 伦理(ethics) 认知(cognition) 顺其自然(Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency)、 听其自然(leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is)、 听天安命(accept the situation)、 听天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God's mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one's fate)。 individualism（ 不管别人怎样做）只按个人方法行事的感觉或行为；我行我素 个体主义”。 整体(integrity) 综合性(synthetic) 个体(individuality)、 分析性(analytic) 直觉(intuition) 实证(evidence) 天人合一”(The Unity of Man and Heaven
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(完整word)第2章汉英翻译基础知识(新编汉英翻译教程陈宏薇).doc
“文化”（ culture ） 物质文化（ material culture ） 制度文化（ institutional culture ） 心理文化（也称观念文化）（mental culture）咖啡（ coffee）、 巧克力（ chocolate ）、 色拉（ salad）、 三明治（ sandwich ）、 歇斯底里（ hysteria）、 休克（ shock）、 基因（ gene）、 钙（ calcium）、 维他命（ vitamin ）、 奥林匹克（ Olympic ）、 雷达（ radar）、 先令（ shilling ）、 夹克（ jacket）、 电视（ television ）、 激光（ laser）、 飞机（ aeroplane）、 火车（ train）、 交响乐（ symphony ）、 基督徒（ Christian ）、 面包（ bread）、 盲文（ brail ）、 圣诞老人（ Santa Claus）、 圣经（ Bible ）、 马海毛（ mahair）、 贝雷帽（ beret）、 革命（ revolution ） 、营养（ nourish ）、 解放（ liberate ）、 民主（ democracy）、 科学（ science）、 独裁（ dictatorship ）、 心理学（ psychology ）、 形而上学（ metaphysics）、 图书馆（ library ）、 想象（ imagination ）、 暗示（ hint ）、 投资（ investment） 磁卡电话（ card phone）、 立交桥（ overpass）、 隐形眼镜（ contact lenses）、
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道教文化与汉英翻译 Taoist Culture and C-E Translation ?道教文化背景知识Taoist Culture 道家Philosophical Taoism 道敎Religious Taoism 起源：Origin Taoist organizations:张道陵Zhang Daoling 五斗米道西晋 Taoist doctrines:老子李耳Laozi 唐高祖李渊Tang Dynasty 老子Laozi ?老子Laozi, honorific title 老“venerable”, “old” 子“master”, honorific suffix 李耳Li Er, 字伯阳Boyang (courtesy name) ?道家学派始祖founder of philosophical Taoism ?《道德经》Tao Te Ching ?宇宙哲学Chinese cosmogony ?信仰：Beliefs ?Tao “way”, “path” ?無為Wu wei “without action” 无为而治，不言之教 Hayek：spontaneous order James Dorn: minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony. ?三宝 ?慈compassion 俭moderation (Thrift) 不敢为天下先humility
?朴simplicity, the primordial state of tao ?去甚，去奢，去泰Discarding extremes, extravagance and excess ?少私寡欲wipe out selfish desires ?清静恬淡live a quiet life/ quiet world ?知足常乐the attitude of contentment on what one owns 道教经典英译 ?道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。 ?The Tao gives birth to One. One gives birth to Two. Two give birth to Three. Three give birth to all things. ?五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽，驰骋田猎令人心发狂。 ?Iridescent colors cause blindness. Beautiful music causes deafness; delicious food causes loss of taste. Racing and hunting cause madness. ?知足之足，常足矣. ?The with knowing contentment is always contented. ?知足不辱，知止不殆. ?whoever is contented will meet no disgrace, whoever knows when and where to stop will meet no danger. ?见素抱朴，少私寡欲 ?manifest plainness, embrace simplicity, reduce selfishness, and hold few desires ?出家之人，恶衣恶食，不积财，恐害身损福也。 ?Taoists make light clothing and food and they accumulate no wealth, because these might damage health and fortunes. ?全真七子之一
全球化语境下弘扬中华文化的翻译策略
全球化语境下弘扬中华文化的翻译策略 在当前经济、文化全球化的时代大背景下，本着促进不同文化间的交流的目的，翻译应更多地承栽介绍和传播异域文化的使命。汉英翻译必须具有明确的目的性和对策性。在翻译策略上通过比较分析全球化语境下翻译的文化的特点，利用建构主义理论，采取异化取向，这既是尊重和弘扬中华文化的有效手段，也是全球化语境下对汉英翻译的基本要求。 标签：全球化语境；翻译；建构主义；文化 全球化首先是一个经济学和金融学领域内的课题，但近年已经引起了包括翻译研究者在内的人文社会科学研究者的关注，其原因在于，信息的传播和大众传媒的崛起使得全球化与文化的关系尤为密切。翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，它的本质是传播。翻译研究有宏观研究和微观研究之分。宏观研究指的是对影响具体翻译实践活动的外在因素的研究，微观研究指的是具体的语言操作层面的翻译研究。后殖民主义的宏观翻译理论研究从全球化的层面研究翻译在文化交流中的作用，考察文化与翻译的相互作用和相互影响。这种研究方法把翻译从狭隘的字词转换中解脱出来，从一个更加开阔的视角把握和认识翻译活动，扩展了翻译研究的领域，加大了翻译理论研究的深度。这无疑会使研究者更加深刻地认识到翻译的本质特征。在全球化大语境下，作为信息传播的一种工具，翻译的功能将越来越明显地显示出来，翻译对文化的重塑和构建在跨文化交际中起了重要作用。在当前经济、文化全球化的时代大背景下，本着促进不同文化间的交流的目的，翻译应更多地承载介绍和传播异域文化的使命。本文将通过比较分析全球化语境下翻译的文化的特点，利用建构主义理论，给出在全球化语境下中国特色翻译活动的发展策略，弘扬中华民族文化。 一、全球化语境对翻译的影响 全球化是当代人类社会跨越国家和地区界限，在全球范围内展现的全方位沟通、联系、相互影响的客观历史进程。全球化作为一个不以人们的意志为转移的客观存在，已经以不同的形式渗入到经济建设、文化建设、人文社会科学教育和研究以及人们的日常生活之中。著名学者张柏然指出，全球化在文化领域里的一个重要表征就是各国、各民族文化通过世界性的交流，打破了原来闭关自守的狭隘界限而走向开放和多元，形成一种“世界文化”的新格局。这一发展对翻译学研究提出了一系列的挑战。张柏然指出，全球化语境下的汉英翻译问题并非一个简单的文字转换过程，而是一种特别的文化交流活动。美国学者亨廷顿认为，由于全球化进程的加速，各国经济和政治上的冲突不会成为占主导地位的冲突，而文化与文明之间的差异却会上升为占主导地位的冲突。不同文化需要沟通，而沟通离不开翻译，因此，文化及其交流是翻译发生的本源。翻译是文化交流的产物，翻译活动离不开文化。文化离不开语言，语言是文化传播的重要媒介，也是翻译研究的切入点。中国已经加入世贸组织，与世界经济的交往会变得越来越密切。通过翻译向世界传播中华文化，促进文化交流，对中国的发展起着不可低估的作用。
浅谈英汉数字的文化差异与翻译
浅谈英汉数字的文化差异与翻译 内容摘要 世界上任何一种语言都是植根于特定的文化背景之中，反映着特定的文化内容。语言中数字是反映客观物质世界的规模、大小的数和量，而由于各自语言中所包涵的文化传统、思维观念、以及对数字的感知取向不同，故而赋予数字的社会文化涵义也不尽相同。本文主要针对中西方对数字不同的传统观念、英汉语言中数字包含的内涵意义以及在英汉文学及生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等，来探讨英汉数字文化的差异，为跨文化交际提供便利。 关键词：英汉数字；内涵意义；翻译；实指义；虚指义；词汇空缺 Abstract Every language in the world takes root in a special cultural background, and the language reflects the contents of the culture. Figure is the count and quantity which reflects the scope and size of the objective world. The social meanings of figure are different because there are some differences in cultural tradition, the concept of thinking and the understanding and using of the figure among all kinds of languages. This paper is to discuss the differences between English and Chinese figure from the traditional conception, the meanings of the figure and the translation with figure between the two languages. The aim from which is expected to make an advantage in cross-cultural communication. Key words: figure in English and Chinese; implied meaning; translation; grammatical meaning; false meaning; vocabulary vacancy “语言与文化有着密切的关系。语言的使用离不开人，而人又离不开某个特定的社会文化。” [1]（p477）“在跨文化交际活动中，参与的各方不仅要熟悉本民族的语言和文化，而且要充分了解对方的语言和文化，特别是本民族文化与他民族文化的差异，只有这样才能使交际顺利进行下去。”[2]（p480）数字是随着人类文明的产生和发展而产生和发展的。数字作为一种特殊的语言符号，在英汉两种语言中都被赋予了丰富的文化内涵。本文主要从中西方对数字不同的传统观念,英汉两种语言中数字蕴涵的不同意义及英汉文学中和生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等来探讨英汉数字文化的差异，以便消除英汉交际中的理解障碍。 一、英汉数字的文化内涵差异 在古老的传统中，数字具有神圣的意义，还具有主吉凶的宗教迷信色彩。不同的民族对数字的选择性和不同的偏爱，都有着深刻的民族文化的烙印。下面就几组具有代表性的数字进行对比分析。 （一）、“三”与“九” 1、“三” 汉语中带“三”的习语有很多，如“三思而后行”、“垂涎三尺”、“三人行，必有我师焉”、“三句话不离本行”、“一日不见，如隔三秋”、“余音绕梁，三日不绝”、“三头六臂”、“三教九流”、“三令五申”等。中国人对“三”的垂青是有因可循的。《说文解字》云：“三，天地人之道也”，可见“三”的本义就是代表天、地、人，即上为天，下为地，中为人。在历史进程中，人们还逐渐认识到：时间有昔、今、未之分，空间有上、中、下之分，方位有左、中、右和前、中、后之分，似乎有三就能代表全部，“三”因此隐含完全、完美之意在内，并且积淀在中国人的潜意识中，从而人们在生活中不自觉地运用“三”来归纳事物，指导行动。在古代，“三”的运用更是奥妙无穷，甚至带有某些神秘意味。在政制结构上，有“三公”（西周时指：太师、太傅、太保；西汉时指丞相、太尉、御史大夫；东汉时指太尉、司徒、司空）；军事编制上，有“三军”（海军、陆军、空军）；教育上有“三学”（述学、评学、考学）；科举有“三试”（乡试、会试、殿试）；录取有“三甲”（状元、榜眼、探花）；祭祀要供“三牲”（牛牲、羊牲、猪牲）；敬酒要“三献”（初献、亚献、终献）；行礼要“三跪”
中国地名的文化性及其翻译-模板
中国地名的文化性及其翻译 摘要:地名不仅仅是代表地理实体的一种语言符号,它还蕴含着极为丰富的自然或社会文化内涵,所以地名的译写不仅仅是符号的转换,同时还具有传递各种文化内涵的功能。地名的译写应以音译为主之外,“等效原则”则是实现文化有效传递的一种重要手段。 关键词:文化内涵;音译;等效原则 据《中国大百科全书》,地名是代表地理实体的一种语言符号,是人们在相互交流中为了识别周围环境对位于地表特定位置上的地方所赋予的名称,是由一定的词和词组构成,英语权威字典Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 对toponymy 的解释为:“the place-names of aregion or language or etymological study of them.”从以上中英文对地名的解释来看,地名是代表地理实体的一种符号,具有一定的形态和意义,尤其是词源意义。地名的命名都有其原因,或依据自然地貌特征,或依据某社会人文特点。如“海参葳”,其指称意义是指前苏联与中国、朝鲜接壤的城市符拉迪沃斯托克,其词源意义是“盛产海参的港湾城市”,又如Europe,其指称意义是欧洲大陆,而其词源意义来自希腊神话中的美女“欧罗巴”的芳名。可见,地名往往蕴含着极为丰富的自然或社会文化内涵,它还可以反映某一民族、某一地区及其某一历史阶段的地貌特征、物产、经济、历史史实(事件或人物)、生存范围、历史变迁以及宗教信仰等。中华大地地大物博,历史悠久,对地理位置的命名更是丰富多彩。 一中国地名的文化内涵 1 中国地名的历史文化内涵 中国地名是不同历史时代的产物。许多古老的地名往往负载着历史时代的许多印记,地名可以告诉人们朝代的年号、官府的名称、皇帝用字的避讳等。而且一般都会有着一定的历史渊源。如:古城苏州,有十几个别称:春秋时期是勾吴的首府,称为吴中,也称吴都。战国时建立吴国,别称吴门。秦属会稽郡,郡县连称吴会。隋朝以后才以姑苏山为由改称苏州。 在封建社会,皇权是至高无上的,如有地名与帝王及其皇族的名字相同,就必须更改,也就是避讳。这种避讳在历史上非常流行,唐宋时期达到高峰。如河南省洛阳市的宁人坊,原名为宁民坊,因其讳唐朝李世民的名字,而更改为宁人坊;湖北咸宁县,原名为永安县,但在北宋景德四年(公元1007)因避太祖父赵殷永安
研究生综合英语翻译答案
Unit 1 1. Through language we can share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. 1. 通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识和传承文化。 2. Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common. 2. 暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些共同之处的事物联系在一起。 3. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. 3. 实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。 4. To be more effective, though, the examples you cite for your speech should be vivid and richly textured. 4. 为了使表达更加富有效果，你演说中的举例应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 5. Extended examples — often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes — are longer and more detailed. 5. 扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。 6. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. 6. 虚拟性的例子描述想像中的情形，能够十分有效地将演说者的思想传达给听众。 7. Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. 7. 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。 8. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. 引用那些权威的观点对于增加演说者观点的可信度来说是一种好方法。 9. Words are the tools of a speaker's craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. 9. 语言是演说者展示才能的工具。对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样，语言也有特殊的功用。 10. There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously or impromptu. 10. 演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落，复述背诵过的一段文章，幻灯片辅助的演说，即兴发挥的演说。 Unit 3 1. He's the last guy you want to see in your rear-view mirror when you're speeding down the highway. 1. 他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。
浅谈有中国特色的词汇及其英译
2011—2012学年第一学期 中国语言文化 浅谈有中国特色的词汇及其英译专业班级英语笔译研11-3班 姓名石念新 学号Z11100496 导师姓名 开课系室研究生教学部 完成日期 2012.02.12
浅谈有中国特色的词汇及其英译 石念新英语笔译Z11100496 摘要：有中国文化特色的词汇具有很高的社会文化价值和语言学价值，反映了中国习俗和文化特色。特色词汇是中国研究中相当重要的一部分。中国特色词汇是表达中国文化中的特有事物，其中蕴藏着中国千百年文化的内涵，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候，这些中国特色词汇又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语从而被外国人所接受的呢？本文将以中国特色词汇翻译成为例，介绍了一些中国特色词汇的被译成英语的方法，它们分别是音译、直译、意译等，通过这些方法可使大家基本了解中国特色词汇在英语交际是怎样被转换并被使用的，逐渐融合进传统英语中的，以满足人们日常生活中用英语交流的需要。除此之外，还将浅谈中国特色词汇所对应的特别的英文词汇出现的原因之一：中西文化差异造成的词汇空缺。并对文化差异进行细分详细阐述。 还将提出一些关于中国特色词汇在英语国家传播的前景的看法。 一、中国词汇的特点 世界上的文字体系大致可以归属三类：表形文字（图画文字），表音文字（音意结合文字），表意文字（拼音文字）[1](25) 。汉字，属于表意文字，它与世界大多数民族使用的拼音文字是有显著的差别。它的字形结构与表意作用有着紧密的关系。相比之下“英语的字与词是不分的，或者说没有字，只有词。英语虽然有自由词根（free-bound），但数量有限”就是因为汉字多体现其（形）意，所以“汉语词义比较窄，较为精确、固定、比较严谨，因而词义的伸缩性和上下文的依赖性就比较小，独立性就较大。”[1](26)就因为中国词汇具有以上的特点，在双语转换的过程中就会出现词汇空缺的现象，而这些特点的形成与其所在的文化背景是分不开的。 二、中国特色词汇翻译的难点及成因即文化差异所造成的词汇空缺 语言是在长河的发展中形成的，语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的土壤。文化的真正意义对于本文化群体来说那是再熟悉不过的东西了，但是对于不同文化的群体，则是非常陌生的。不同的文化造就了不同的语言群体，于是，当不同语言群体在相互交流的过程中就产生了词汇空缺，即无法在非本族语言的范围内寻找到能够表达其意思的相对应的词汇，而这些文化的差异主要表现在信仰，，道德，，风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯上。 （一）传统积淀历史文化因素造成词汇空缺现象 中国是具有悠久历史的东方文明古国，其传统的文化思想反应到语言上。传统的固然在人们的脑中是根深蒂固的，就像这个“龙”字，在华夏文化中，“龙”字是传说中的神异动物之一，与凤凰、麒麟、龟合称“四灵”。除这个字义外，它还被视为中华民族的象征，形成一种中华文化图腾，现在称炎黄子孙为“龙的传人”，可见其影响之大。后世的很多皇帝就“龙”这个事物作为权威的象征，如坐龙椅，褂龙袍，睡龙床等等。然而在西方国家，“龙”（dragon）是凶险的，“因为在英语的历史上从贝尔沃夫时代起，龙就是凶险邪恶的象征，是吐火伤人的怪物。”[1](277)这是传统积淀造成的人们对同一事物的不同理解，其进一步的发展就造成了词汇空缺。 （二）地域文化的差异造成的词汇空缺 地域文化差异指的是一个民族所处的地理位置、自然条件和生态环境等不同所形成的文化差异。语言的产生与人们的劳动和生活有很大的关系，中国英语中大量的成语、典故、俚语、俗语、格言、谚语等都带有浓烈的汉名族特色和地域色彩。汉民族是生活在亚洲大陆上，人们的生活离不开土地。而英国是一个岛国，航海业一直很发达。两者的不同就出现了汉语文化中很多词汇与土地有关，而在英语词汇中很多都与海有关；例如，汉语用“土崩瓦解”形容彻底崩溃，无法收拾，而英文用“get into hot water”表示陷于困境。“烂醉如泥”英