考研英语阅读unit-15

Unit 15

Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.

P art A

Directions：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].

Text 1

The video game poses a world — a much simpler world than our own, wherein success is very clearly defined and, for a time, clearly attainable. Through practice, a player can control this world for a while. He can escape from the anxieties of real life into a place where his own actions always count, where he can be a hero. When the game is over, he hasn?t lost or been beaten. Is a surfer beaten when he flies from a wave?

Most video games call for some semblance of hand-eye coordination, and some hospitals are now using them in rehabilitation programs for brain-damaged patients. It has been found that some patients who were otherwise thought to be unreac hable have been “brought out” through their use. Moreover, experimental research is now being conducted regarding the feasibility of video games as a test for drunken driving.Intoxicants act to slow reaction time and impair coordination — and nowhere is this kind of impairment more measurable than on the video game play field. Some day a poor showing at “Six-Pack Man” may cost you your license.

Video games for the microcomputer are not restricted to mere “twitch” games,however. Strategy games are at last as popular, and among these are the so-called “fantasy role-playing” adventures. These games allow the player to construct a whole new personality, choosing strengths and weaknesses from a list of possible character traits.

Nowadays, more and more adolescents are crowded in electronic game houses for whole days to experience what they perceive to be excitement. In the due course, they train their abilities in confronting with new situations, and what?s more, they learn how to communicate with their targeted rivals, in a novel and friendly way. But there is such a large amount of criticism concerning the electronic games that they are generally seen as a vile ways of discovering hostility and belligerence. And the managers of such businesses are severely criticized by the schools and parents alike. On the other hand, this business seems never fading, but instead it becomes a success in many places, even it is strictly controlled by certain policies.

One might choose, for instance, a character who is extremely dexterous and swift, but these positive traits must be traded off against others, such as strength and endurance. Players have a tendency to become extremely attached to their characters. My preference runs toward brawn as opposed to brain, which probably reflects some compromise between reality and my own desires.

I?m also attached to extrasensory powers, which are likewise denied to me in the real world.

1. According to the text, the video game player can

[A] be successful in his life if success is clearly defined.

[B] control the world of our own for a time.

[C] forget about the uneasiness of real life for a while.

[D] never lose the game when he plays a hero.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that “Six-Pack Man”

[A] is a kind of video game. [B] costs you a lot of money.

[C] is dangerous to public morals. [D] helps conduct experiment.

3. It can be inferred from the text that video games can improve

[A] extrasensory powers. [B] personalities and characters.

[C] physical and mental power. [D] cooperation between hands and eyes.

4. The author would probably agree that

[A] video games create a world which reflect our real life.

[B] video games contribute to teenagers? hostility and belligerence.

[C] more video games should be developed regarding the benefits of them.

[D] video games mirror a balance between reality and our own wishes.

5. According to the test, which of the following statements is true?

[A] Video games have been used in the test for drunken driving.

[B] Video games can help healing brain-damage.

[C] It?s no good for the youth to play video games.

[D] Some video games allow constructing perfect personalities.

Text 2

For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease.

Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there?s an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home, but it is notoriously difficult to get anybody pay out money for keeping people healthy.

Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests —the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. “The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers health,” says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. “Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It?s a gray area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,” he says.

To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don?t know how many Britons contract diseases

when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.

A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: “Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control.” Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody?s guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than 1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don?t work and so give people a false sense of security, “Information on the prev ention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,” he says.

6. Travel medicine in Britain is

[A] not something anyone wants to run. [B] the responsibility of nobody.

[C] administered by the government. [D] handled adequately by travel agents.

7. Travel companies deal with travel medicine to

[A] prevent people from falling ill. [B] make money out of it.

[C] give travelers preventive measures. [D] get the government to pay for it.

8. The word “colonize” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to

[A] establish a colony. [B] transplant. [C] invade. [D] transform.

9. In Behren?s opinion the question that who should run travel medicine

[A] is for the government to decide. [B] should be left to specialist hospitals.

[C] can be left to travel companies. [D] has no clear and simple answer.

10. People will only think better of travel medicine if

[A] it is given more resources by the government and the NHS.

[B] more accurate information on its value is available.

[C] the government takes over responsibility from the NHS.

[D] travelers pay more attention to the advice they get.

Text 3

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihood of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg?s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers? intuition is neither of these.

Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior

patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands, on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

11.The traditional way of decision making includes

[A] the search for definite goals of a decision

[B] the close analysis of various right options.

[C] the appraisal of solutions to a problem

[D] the integration of action into thinking.

12. It can be inferred from Para.2 that “writers on management”

[A] criticized managers for not following the classical rational model.

[B] did not base their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

[C] misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

[D] did not acknowledge the role of intuition in managerial practice.

13. According to the author，managers use intuition to

[A] define a problem and pin down goals.

[B] pratcise painstakingly to build skills.

[C] draw bits of facts and practice into a picture.

[D] speed up the creation of the right solution.

14. Which o f the following best exemplifies “an …Aha!? experience”?

[A] A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable.

[B] A manager performs well-learned behavior patterns to solve a problem.

[C] A manager suddenly connects some facts and experiences and gets the solution.

[D] A manager rapidly identifies the methodology got by systematic analysis.

15. Which of the following best describes the author?s logic of the text?

[A] Present a view at the beginning and then give relevant arguments.

[B] Describe a phenomenon and then introduce studies on it.

[C] Compare two different studies on one phenomenon.

[D] Describe a phenomenon and then develop his own position on it.

Text 4

The free market economy is no doubt the primary stimulus that has led to the United States?dominance in the world economic community. By naturally rewarding those producers that excel, excellence is actively encouraged and those that inefficiently produce goods or services not valued are eliminated. Thus, the economy becomes a self-sustaining and self-maintaining machine, consistently and constantly achieving the best possible result.

The free market economy is entirely based on the principle of supply and demand. Under this concept, consumers decide for themselves which companies will stay in business, voting with their dollars by spending on those businesses they consider most worthy. By doing so, those companies that are best liked, or most in demand, are granted the privilege of supplying the goods and services that consumers pay for. In that sense, efficiency is achieved. For those companies that best perform to the expectations of consumers are left prosperous in the market, while their less efficient counterparts simply die out of the market, starved of the dollars of consumers who simply prefer not to buy their products.

With such a system in place, American businesses are literally forced to be efficient to the highest degree. As a rule, what?s efficient in one place will be efficient in most other places, thus American businesses are fierce competitors no matter where they choose to sell their product, having been formed in a competitive environment that breeds optimality.

When the opposition is made up of businesses overly protected or directed by their respective governments, the tough American businesses usually make short work of them. It has been proven that the free market system more efficiently allocates capital and resources than any central planner could, and America has seized on that concept. With such an edge at a basic level, it?s no wonder that the United States is on top of the financial world. The cycle is a self-perpetuating one. As more money is pumped into the system by efficient businesses, more leverage is attained, allowing America to dictate the rules of the game, to its own advantage, of course.

Other countries are beginning to adopt the competitive nature of the American economic system, producing companies that are giving their American counterparts a good run for their money. It can be arguably stated that within a few decades, the United States will have to deal with competition just as well equipped as its own. For the time being, however, the game is stacked in favor of America.

16. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that

[A] the free market economy is based on the free choice of the consumers.

[B] consumers decide by voting which company should be eliminated from the market.

[C] those who produce goods with a high value can survive in a highly competitive market.

[D] the competitive environ ment contributes to American businesses? high efficiency.

17. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?

[A] American businesses hold the upper hand wherever they compete.

[B] the competitive edge serves American businesses well in international markets.

[C] government control over business invariably results in inferior companies.

[D] American is on top of the financial world because it has capital and resources.

18. The relative efficiency of American businesses

[A] decreases as many companies make America their counterpart.

[B] will result in American dominance in all financial markets.

[C] may not last indefinitely as other countries imitate their methods

[D]is a result solely of the competitive environment.

19. The author would most likely agree with that

[A] American businesses are superior to all their foreign counterparts.

[B] the free-market system is superior to all other market systems.

[C] the free-market system will be adapted by nations all over the world.

[D] American businesses will have to change to meet new competition.

20. The best title for this text would be

[A] The American Edge: Competition.

[B] America as the Prototype for Future World Business.

[C] A Study of Current American Business Structure.

[D] A Historical Analysis of America?s Competitive Advantage.

Part B

Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the personal qualities of a teacher.Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.

[A] It?s the teachers? obligation to be upright

[B] Good characteristics are important

[C] Teachers should show endurance

[D] Teachers can make quick adjustment

[E] Teachers should never stop learning

[F] Teachers should identify with students

Here I want to try to give you an answer to the questions what personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally accepted.

21.

First, the teacher?s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and over-bearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. I still stick to what I said in my earlier book that school children probably “suffer more from bores than from brutes.”

22.

Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy — in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, to the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant — not, indeed, of what is wrong,

but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.

23.

Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean being a plaster saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act — to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.

24.

A teacher must remain mentally alert. He will not get into the profession if of low intelligence, but it is all too easy, even for people of above-average intelligence, to stagnate intellectually —and that means to deteriorate intellectually. A teacher must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment?s notice.

25.

On the other hand, a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I must say, is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training; we are none of us born like that. He must be pretty resilient; teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.

Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and — by far the most important — the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The two cardinal principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.

Part C

Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points —periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. 26)It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one?s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

27)Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, and leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods, where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “what happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis,

and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.

28)Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theories.

29)Psycho historians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” expla nation of any event, which other explanations fall short of the truth.

Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. 30)It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

做题点拨与全文翻译

Part A

Text 1

语境词汇

1. semblance n.类似；外表；外观

2. rehabilitation n.复原

3. intoxicant n.致醉药物a.使醉的

4. impair vt.损害

5. twitch n.猛拉，晃动vt.抽动，颤动

6. perceive vt.感觉，觉察。理解

7. belligerence n.好战性

8. dexterous a.灵巧的，敏捷的

9. brawn n.肌肉

10. extrasensory a.超感官的，超感觉的

难句突破

1. Intoxicants act [to slow reaction time and impair coordination] — and nowhere is this kind of impairment more measurable[than on the video game play field].

【分析】并列句。破折号和and连接两个分句。第一个分句是简单句，句中的“to…”作目

的状语；第二个分句也是简单句，但却是倒装结构，因否定词nowhere位于句首，故将句子的主语this kind of impairment和谓语is倒装。

【翻译】大多数的电子游戏都需要有些手、眼协调性方面的能力，[5]所以有些医院正在将它们应用到大脑受损伤的病人的康复治疗中。

2. One might choose, for instance, a character (who is extremely dexterous and swift), but these positive traits must be traded off [against others, {such as strength and endurance}].

【分析】并列句。but连接两个转折关系的分句。前一个分句是复合句，其中who引导的定语从句修饰character；后一个分句是简单句，其中“such as …”是others的同位语。

【翻译】例如，一个人可以选一个极其敏捷迅速的角色，但选了这些好的特点就不能选其他的一些，如力量和耐力。

本文是一篇“观点论证型”论述文。作者一反人们平时对电脑游戏的批判，在文中列举了它的种种好处，证明电脑游戏也有它的好处。第一段主要介绍电子游戏可以帮助人们摆脱现实世界的烦恼，体验成功的快乐；第二段介绍了将电子游戏利用于医疗、酒精测试等方面的可能性；第三、四段通过介绍新型电子游戏的出现及青少年对玩游戏的热衷，说明了电子游戏的发展；五段作者重申电子游戏可使人实现现实生活中不可能实现的幻想的观点。

Text 2

语境词汇

1. impinge vt.冲击，影响

2. emerge vi.出现；显现；暴露

3. delve vi.深入研究，钻研

4. notoriously adv.声名狼藉地，臭名昭著地

5. colonize vt.开拓殖民地，移民与殖民地

6. compound vt.了结；混合，掺和n.复合物

7. patchy a.不完整的，杂凑的

8. afflicted a.受折磨的

9. vaccination n. 接种疫苗，种痘

10. priority n.优先权，重点；优先考虑的事

难句突破

1. And [while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections], they may be less keen [to spread bad news about travelers diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take].

【分析】复合句。while引导让步状语从句；两个动词不定式“to spread…”和“to take…”作目的状语。

【翻译】既然旅游公司为出售有利可图的针剂而倍感高兴，那他们就不太热衷于将旅游者在土耳其得了痢疾这样的坏消息传播出去，也不会花时间向旅客讲清楚他们自己可以采取哪些预防措施。

2.Travel medicine will emerge[as a credible discipline] [only if the risks (encountered by travelers) and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined [in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control]].

【分析】复合句。包含一个only if 引导的条件状语从句，该从句中有两个并列的主语the risks 和the relative benefits，“in term(s) of…”介词短语是该从句中的状语。

【翻译】只有旅行者遇到的风险和公共卫生部门介入的相对效益根据风险和效益相对的发生概率、分布状态和监控情况得到很好的界定，旅行医学才有可能成为一门可靠的学科。

本文是一篇“现象解释型”论述文。文章论述了现阶段英国的旅行保健事业所存在的一些问题以及其原因。第一段摆出现象：在英国，旅行医疗是一种没有人能愿意承担的负担；第二段分析了旅行医疗不被人钟爱的原因：部分原因是疾病种类繁多，而且与传统疾病有所不同；还有部分原因是经济问题；第三段着重分析了经济原因引起的旅游保健事业无人愿意负责的现象；第四段是从事旅游保健事业的人对他们的工作所做的解释，并分析了他们目前面临的种种困难；第五段是外界对该行业所存在的问题所做出的批评。

Text 3

语境词汇

1. rational n.理性的，理智的

2. maneuver n.决策；花招；军事演习

3. intuition n.直觉

4. capriciousness n.反复无常

5. arbitrary a.随意的，主观的；专横的

6. synthesize vt.综合，使合成

7. leery a.猜疑的，不相信的

8. engender vt.产生，引起

9. inextricably adv.逃不掉地，解不开地

10. instigate vt.发起，促成.

难句突破

1．Most senior executives are familiar [with the formal decision analysis models and tools], and those(who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions) are occasionally leery[of solutions (suggested by these methods (which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action))].

【分析】并列复合句。“and those”中的and连接两个并列分句：在前一个分句中，“with”短语作状语；后一个分句中包含两个定语从句，其中who引导的从句修饰those；which引导的从句修饰solutions。

【翻译】大多数高级行政人员对那些正式的决策模型和工具都十分熟悉，同时那些使用此类系统性方法决策的人，有时会对通过这些方法得出的解决方案产生怀疑，因为这些方案与他们所认为的正确行动方针相悖。

2．[Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues (that they face)], senior managers often instigate a course of action simply [to learn more about an issue].

【分析】复合句。主句主干为“senior managers instigate”，主句中的“to..”作目的状语；“given…”作句首状语，该状语中包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰issues。

【翻译】考虑到他们面对的许多管理问题存在着巨大的不确定性，高级经理们常常通过促成某一行动来进一步了解某个特定问题。

本文是一篇“现象解释型”论述文。文章采取了“提出现象——分析说明”的结构模式，主要分析了很多的高层管理人员利用直觉来进行管理决策的现象。第一段提出现象：大多数成功的高级管理者都依靠直觉来解决问题；第二至四段通过论述高级管理人员运用直觉的五个方面以及什么是思考与行动的统一模式对第一段提出的现象进行了分析。

Text 4

语境词汇

1. eliminate vt.淘汰；忽略；消除

2. grant vt.准许，答应给n.补助金，津贴

3. privilege n.特权；特殊荣幸

4. counterpart n.对手，与对方地位相当的人物

5. literally adv.真正地，确实地；照字面地

6. optimality n.最优性

7. allocate vt.分配，分派

8. self-perpetuating a.能使自身永久存在的

9. leverage n.力量，影响vt.促使…改变

10. dictate vt.指定，规定；指示

难句突破

1. For those companies (that best perform to the expectations of consumers) are left prosperous in the market，while their less efficient counterparts simply die[out of the market],[starved of the dollars of consumers (who simply prefer not to buy their products)].

【分析】并列复合句。While连接前后两个并列句分句：在前一分句中，that引导的定语从句修饰该分句的主语those companies；后一分句中，starved of…为过去分词短语作状语，其中包含了一个who引导的定语从句，修饰consumers。

【翻译】根据这一概念，消费者自己判断哪些公司能继续生存，他们把钱投给那些他们认为最值得的企业，表示对它们的支持。这样做的结果，那些最受欢迎或人们最需要的公司获得了为消费者提供商品和服务的特权。

2. [As a rule]，what’s efficient[in one place] will be efficient [in most other places], thus American businesses are fierce competitors[no matter where they choose to sell their product],[having been formed in a competitive environment that breeds optimality].

【分析】并列复合句。thus 连接两个并列的分句：第一个分句结构较简单；第二个分句中“no matter …”引导条件状语从句，而后面的现在分词短语“having …”引导的是一个状语，用来修饰后一个分句。

【翻译】通常情况下，在一个地方有效的东西在其他的多数地方也会有效，因此，正因为其形成于一种培育最优性的竞争环境中，美国企业无论选择哪儿出售他们的商品，都是很强的竞争者。

本文是一篇“信息传播型”说明文。文章主要介绍了美国的自由市场经济。第一段讲述了美国的自由市场经济是使美国经济处于世界优势地位的主要促进因素之一；第二段介绍了市场经济建立的基础；第三、四段介绍了美国利用这种自由市场经济的优点加强了自己的竞争力；第五段介绍了自由市场经济在别的国家中的推行和发展。

Part B

语境词汇

1. melancholy a.忧郁的，悲伤的n.忧郁，悲伤

2. frigid a.冷漠的，冷淡的；寒冷的

3. sarcastic a.讥讽的，讽刺的

4. frailty n.性格或行为上的弱点；脆弱

5. stagnate vi.停滞；不流动；不发展

6. improvise vt.＆vi.临时制作，临时凑成

7. resilient a.达观的，适应性强的

8. stride n.大步vt.＆vi.大踏步走；跨过

难句突破

1. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles (by which his life shall be guided).

【分析】复合句。that引导宾语从句，宾语从句中包含了两个谓语动词：will be aware of 以及will have thought about and decided upon，by which引导定语从句修饰principles。

【翻译】那意味着他应正确认识自己学业的长短，认真思考并决定指引自己生命的道德准则。

2. The two cardinal principles (of British education today) are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons, {the teacher and the learner}.

【分析】复合句。and连接了两个并列的由that引导的表语从句；在第二个表语从句中，the teacher and the learner作two persons的同位语

【翻译】当今英国教育的两个基本原则就是：教育是指对个人的方方面面的完整教育；其实现的最佳途径就是施教方和受教方双方积极和大力的配合。

Part C

语境词汇

1.procedure n.程序

2.constitute v.是；组成；建立；委派

3.testify v.证明；作证

4.prominent a.重要的；杰出的；显著的；突出的

5.psychoanalysis n.精神分析学

6.psychohistory n.心理历史学

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b17171290.html,mited a.坚定的；尽忠的

8.preclude v.排除

9.transcend vt.超越，胜过

10.determinism n.决定论

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考研英语阅读各题型解题技巧分析 态度题是考研英语阅读理解中的必考题型,在20道选择题中大约要占到10%-1５％的比重，也是同学们得分率较低的一个题型，在做题时往往抓不住文中的关键信息来判断作者或是其他相关人士的态度。本文就来谈谈如何应对考研英语阅读理解中的态度题目。 首先，我们来看一下态度题目题干中的标志性词。当我们在题干中看到aｔtitudｅ,ｂelieve, agrｅe等词时就可以判定其为态度题了,选项中表示态度的单词常见的有：表示积极的态度:supｐoｒtｉve、optimiｓtｉｃ、coｎsent、ａpproval 表示消极的态度：ｉndifferent、inｄｉgnant、ｃontｅｍｐt、ｂiaｓ、pｅssimistic、skeｐticａl、resｅnt、susｐicｉon、oｐpoｓｉｔion 表示客观中立的态度:ｄｅtacｈｅd、reserveｄ、ｏbjectivｅ、concerneｄ、imparti ａl 此外，根据题干中态度主体的不同，分为作者态度题和他人态度题。在阅读题干和返回原文时，我们要注意态度的主体、态度的对象和态度的表达方式。即这道题是说谁的态度，关于哪一个话题、在文章中是怎样表现的。那么针对此类题,我们该如何解答呢?1.确定题干中态度的主体和对象;2、返回原文寻找包含主体和对象的句子；３.将原文中的态度词与选项进行比较，意思接近的为正确答案。 下面我们通过2000年考研阅读真题的第一篇文章来讲解一下这类题型的解题技巧。这篇文章主要讲了美国经济在不同时期的状况以及人们对经济发展不同的态度。以5４题为例进行讲解。 ５４.Ｔhe ａutｈor seｅms ｔｏｂeliｅve ｔhe ｒevｉｖａl oｆtｈe U.S． eco ｎoｍy ｉｎ the １990s ｃan be attribｕted to the ________． ［A] turniｎg of the bｕsiｎｅsｓｃｙclｅ [B] reｓtｒuctuｒing of iｎdustry [C］ improvｅd busｉneｓs manaｇemeｎｔ [Ｄ] sucｃess ｉn education 从题干的beliｅve一词我们可以判定这是一道态度题，另外，题干中提到具体定位信息,the ｒevivaｌｏf the U.S．ｅｃｏnoｍｙｉn ｔhe 19９0ｓ,所以需要我们根据选项中的内容返回原文进行查找。来源为第四自然段第二句话。Fｅw Americaｎｓaｔｔｒibute this solely to such ｏｂvｉoｕs ｃauｓｅｓａs a devalｕeｄ dollaｒ or the turｎiｎg ｏｆ the busｉｎess cｙcle. Few表示否定的概念，表示几乎没有人把美国经济的稳定增长单纯归因于美元贬值或是商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因,而这恰恰是美国经济复苏的原因所在。后面作者又提到自我怀疑被盲目自大所替代。下面几个人的说法（Ｒicharｄ, Ｓｔephen)正是盲目自大的具体表现。可见作者是不支持这种bｌinｄｐｒｉde的说法。Ｂ是Ｒichard的观点,C是Steｐhen和Williaｍ的观点。D没有提到。正确选项为Ａ。 通过以上题目的讲解，相信大家对考研英语阅读理解中态度题的做题方法有了更深的认识和把握。在今后阅读中遇到态度的问题时，一定要看清问的是谁的关于什么问题的态度，

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—工学类

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—工学 类 Passage 18 Tennis hopeful Jamie Hunt, 16, felt he could not become a world-class junior player while attending a regular school. The international circuit has players on the road 50% of the time--and it's hard to focus on your backhand when you're worrying about being on time for homeroom. So last year Hunt, who hones his ground strokes at Elite TNT Tennis Academy in April Sound, Texas, enrolled for academics in the $9,750-a-year University of Miami Online High School (UMOHS), a virtual school that caters to athletes. "The online school gives me the flexibility I need," says Hunt. "The workload is the same, but I can do it anywhere. It's nicer to ask a question face-to-face with a teacher, but in some ways it prepares me better for college because I have to be more independent." A year ago, Hunt's world junior ranking was 886; now it's 108. Virtual high schools, which allow students to take classes via PC, have emerged as an increasingly popular education alternative, particularly for on-the-go athletes. UMOHS has more than 400 students enrolled, 65% of whom are athletes. Accredited by the 100-year-old Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, UMOHS offers honors and advanced-placement classes. All course material is online, along with assignments and due dates. For help, says principal Howard Liebman, "a student may e-mail, instant message or call the teacher." Dallas mom Lori Bannon turned to another online school, Laurel Springs in Ojai, Calif. Bannon, who has a medical degree from Harvard, didn't want to compromise the education of her daughter Lindsay, 13, an élite gymnast who spends eight hours a day in the gym. "Regular school was not an option," says Bannon, "but I wanted to make sure she could go back at grade level if she quit gymnastics." Laurel Springs' enrollment has increased 35% a year for the past four years, to 1,800 students. At least 25% are either athletes or child entertainers. Educators are split on the merits of such schools. Paul Orehovec, an enrollment officer for the University of Miami, admits, "I was somewhat of a skeptic. But when I looked into their programs and accreditation, I was excited. UMOHS is the first online school to be granted membership in the National Honor Society." Kevin Roy, Elite's director of education, sees pitfalls and potential in virtual schools. "You will never have that wonderful teacher who inspires you for life," says Roy. "But the virtual school offers endless possibilities. I don't know where education's imagination will take this." 注(1)：本文选自Time;11/29/2004, p149-149, 1/2p, 1c; 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 4第1、2题(1、2)，text 1 第2 题(3)，text 3第5 题(5)和2000年真题text 4第4题(4); 1. What does Jamie Hunt get from the virtual school? [A] the ability to perfect his tennis skills [B] the time to do his school work

(完整版)考研英语阅读九大题型解题思路

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