20150207雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾
朗阁海外考试研究中心王婧
考试日期 2015年2月7日
Reading Passage 1
Title History of Sahara（历史类）(V120616 P1)
Question types TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Short answer questions Summary
文章内容回顾A. On October 13,2,000, a small team of palaeontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere, on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg, turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert”a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degree heat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largely unexplored.
B. Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some bones:' Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human."
C. In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed farfetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a “moonlighting paleontologist." But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreed
to join him.
D. Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart.
E. Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea-- along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits-- made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to t he dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.
F. Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed one tooth from each of four skulls and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burials at roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller “sleeping” skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.
G. In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some 80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth.
H. Even at the site, Arizona State University bioarchaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me. “And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long, narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the muscle attachment,” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he was eating a lot of protein and had a strenuous
lifestyle-- both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said, “which you might expect of a herder."
I. Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three came from a cow species. “It’s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery，M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.
J. Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian — and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle，” Garcea said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”
两个考古学家找骨头，然后研究两种人（K和T）的历史。K靠打渔为生，T体型较小，研究者A画了一幅地图。研究者B研究牙齿，结果证明之前的结论。从K类的骨架看出，他们骨头大，没有伤痕，强壮，但没有发现工具。T类人有工具，开始游牧生活，但不是完全游牧，有两种hunting。
题型技巧分析2. where the residents come from, 游牧还是定居
3. 发现人类痕迹，A发现痕迹
4. 发现人类骨架
5. 两类人K和T, K taller靠打渔为生fishing, Smaller T, 研究者A draw
a map
6. 研究者B研究牙齿，结果证明之前的结论
7. K features: 骨头大，没有伤痕，强壮，和谐，打渔，没有工具
8. T features: 从工具（开始游牧）
9. T不是完全游牧，两种hunting
10-13 Short answer:
10. What 's a and b during the weeks, Map
11. What they send back, Teeth
12. What age taller, 9000
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题：首先注意定位，该题型为顺序题型，注意同义替换以及FALSE和NOT GIVEN的辨析。FALSE是题目与文章的对立，而NOT GIVEN则是题目与文章不呈现关联。该篇文章是旧题，难度不大，历史类文章。
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Reading Passage 2
Title Water Treatment: Reed Bed水净化系统（科技类）(V140904 P2)
Question types TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 3题Diagram 填图题3题
多选题（五选二）
Summary with tables 5题
文章内容回顾
Water Treatment: Reed Bed
A. Nowadays subsurface flow wetlands are a common alternative in Europe for the treatment of wastewater in rural areas. Mainly in the last 10 to 12 years there has been a significant growth in the number and size of the systems in use. Compared to common treatment facilities, wetlands are lower in cost investment, lesser to maintain, and are ideal for densely populated rural or suburban areas rather than urban areas.
B. The Common Reed has the ability to transfer oxygen from its leaves, down through its stem and rhizomes, and out via its root system. As a result of this action, a very high population of micro-organisms occurs in the root system, with zones of aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions. Therefore with the waste water moving very slowly and carefully through the mass of Reed roots, this liquid can be successfully treated.
C. A straightforward definition of a reed bed is if you have dirty water in your pool or water, which is heavily polluted, Reed Beds will be planted to make the water clean again. This is good for ecology and living organisms and fish in the water. Reed Beds have a wide range of qualities and arc acceptable for cleaning everything from secondary to tertiary treatment of mild domestic effluent, to rural waste and even heavy industrial contaminants. The reason why they're so effective is often because within the bed's root sector,
natural biological, physical and chemical processes interact with one another to degrade or remove a good range of pollutants. Reed beds can be built in a number of variants, but mainly they are of the horizontal flow or vertical (down) flow configuration where water flows through the beds horizontally or vertically.
D. Horizontal flow wetlands may be of two types: free water surface-flow (FWF) or sub-surface water-flow (SSF). In the former the effluent flows freely above the sand/gravel bed in which the reeds etc. are planted; in the latter effluent passes through the sand/gravel bed. In FWF-type wetlands, effluent is treated by plant stems, leaves and rhizomes. Such FWF wetlands are densely planted and typically have water-depths of less than 0.4m. However, dense planting can limit oxygen diffusion into the water. These systems work particularly well for low strength effluents or effluents that have undergone some form of pretreatment and play an invaluable role in tertiary treatment and the polishing of effluents. The horizontal reed flow system uses a long reed bed, where the liquid slowly flows horizontally through. The length of the reed bed is about 100 meters. The downside of<4hc horizontal reed beds is that they use up lots of land space and they do take quite a long time to produce clean water.
VERTICAL FLOW REED BED SYSTEMS
E. A vertical flow reed bed is a sealed, gravel filled trench with reeds growing in it (see the picture below). The common reed oxygenates the water, which helps to create the right environment for colonies of bacteria to break down unwanted organic matter and pollutants. The reeds also make the bed attractive to wildlife.
How a vertical flow reed bed works?\
F. In vertical flow (downflow) reed beds, the wastewater is applied on top of the reed bed, flows down through a rhizome zone with sludge as substrate, then the root zone with sand as substrate and followed by a layer of gravel for drainage, and is collected in an under drainage system of large stones. The effluent flows onto the surface of the bed and percolates slowly through the different layers into an outlet pipe, which leads to a horizontal flow bed and is cleaned by millions of bacteria, algae, fungi, and microorganisms that digest the waste, including sewage. There is no standing water so there should be no unpleasant smells.
G. Vertical flow reed bed systems are much more effective than horizontal flow reed-beds not only in reducing biochemical oxygen demanded (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) levels but also in reducing ammonia levels and eliminating smells. Usually considerably smaller than horizontal flow beds, but they are capable
of handling much stronger effluents which contain heavily polluted matters and have a longer lifetime value. A vertical Reed bed system works more efficiently than a horizontal reed bed system, but it requires more management, and its reed beds are often operated for a few days then rested, so several beds and a distribution system arc needed.
H. There are several advantages of Reed Bed Systems over traditional forms of water treatment: first, they have low construction and running costs; second, they are easy management; third, they have an excellent reduction of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids; last, they have a potential for efficient removal of a wide range of pollutants.
I. Reed beds are natural habitats found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions and estuaries. The natural bed systems are a biologically proved, an environmentally friendly and visually unobtrusive way of treating wastewater, and have the extra virtue of frequently been better than mechanical wastewater treatment systems. In the medium to long term reed bed systems are, in most cases, more cost effective in installment than any other wastewater treatment. They arc robust and require little maintenance. They are naturally environmentally sound protecting groundwater, dams, crocks, rivers and estuaries.
一种reed bed的水净化系统的工作原理。有两种，一种是horizontal, 一种是vertical, 后者比前者有效率，净化效果好，不仅能减少对氧气
的需求，还能消除味道，并且体积比较小，但能处理更多的污水。但
是它需要更好的管理和监控，它的reed beds在工作一段时间后，需
要休息，所以需要几个替换体系。
部分考题14-16TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN:
14. The reed bed system is a conventional method for water treatment in urban area. FALSE
15. In the reed roots, there is a series of process that help break down the pollutants. TRUE
16. Escherichia coli is the most difficult bacteria to be dismissed. NOT GIVEN
17-19 Diagram 填图题(No more than three words):
17. Sludge
18. Sand
19. Gravel
20-21多选题：
What are the two benefits of natural bed systems when compared to
the conventional systems? 选：A&B
A. Operation does not require electricity or fuel supply.
B. They're visually good and environmental friendly.
C. No mechanical systems are involved.
D. They're to be set up and used in less cost.
E. They do not break down.
22-26Summary with tables:
22. 选：E
23. 选：C
24. 选：G
25. 选：B
26. 选：D
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Reading Passage 3
Title 广告（商业类）
Question types TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题Summary with tables 4题Multiple choice 5题
文章内容回顾1. 介绍从事广告时间
2. 做广告的四种阶段
3. 介绍这个人的广告理念：文字叙述 language description, image picture
4. 列举case red meat
5. 自己的理念：basic concepts, creativity, customs response
6. 尽管如此，他的有些东西过时了
题型技巧分析单选题：答案是文中出现的信息，同义替换即可，不要画蛇添足，不要加入自己的主观想象。
Summary with tables: 注意文中找到答案后要在所给选项中找出同义词，即答案的同义替换。
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考试趋势分析和备考指导：
本场考试较简单，考的话题也是比较常见的。考到了是非无判断题，考生应该比较熟悉这类题型，且本场考试中没有搭配题，极大地降低了考试的难度。但从2015年初的几场考试的趋势判断，考生们不能忽视搭配题，同时要注意summary with tables的做法。