大学考博翻译课程讲义(全)

2011年通用考博英语翻译讲义

考博翻译的重要性

1、考博英语difficult。

2、考博翻译最难做。

（1）翻译是主观题。

（2）做翻译需要单词基础，语法基础，阅读基础和强大的汉语功底。

例：本次旅行有北京、上海等地。

This trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.

（3）各所学校的命题非常不稳定。

英译汉

考博翻译的概述

翻译你做过吗？

做翻译不是看翻译

Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视或许以前从来没有像在最近欧洲事件中其如此大的作用。

在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视像在最近欧洲事件中起的作用之大前所未见。

怎么做英译汉

One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.

The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis on the human values.

It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man. The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's nature.

翻译的步骤：

一、画竖线

目的：初步断开句子结构，化繁为简

原则：

1、拆出主句，分清从句；

2、拆出主干，分清修饰；

最佳方式：找断句点

（1）连词；（2）引导词；（3）介词；（4）分词；（5）to；（6）标点符号；

（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.

二、写汉字：以每一小节作为单位来写汉字

目的：初步了解每一个小结构的意思；

（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.

三、连汉字

目的：把每一小节连接成为通顺的句子；需要适当地调整顺序，或者把一些不通顺的词语替换掉。

调整顺序的本源是英语的结构和修饰关系。

替换汉语词语的本源是依据英语的基本词义和上下文的意译。

（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.

因此，我们接受和欢迎环境的巨大不平等；生意、工业和商业集中在少数人手中和少数人之间的竞争法则，这作为我们自己必须适应的条件，因为这不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。

因此，我们接受和欢迎环境的巨大不平等；工商贸集中在少数人手中以及少数人之间的竞争法则，这作为我们自己必须适应的条件，因为这不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。（最终）3．There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind. but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.

我们的大脑很容易记住许多特定历史时期的事实，但是选择和鉴别重大事实却是更为艰难的事情并且取决于我们自己的观点。

英汉翻译技巧

一、词意选择，适当引申

二、（1）分析词根和词缀来翻译

三、（2）分析词性来翻译

四、（3）分析上下文来翻译

五、（4）结合汉语习惯和固定搭配来翻译

六、适当增加

七、翻译成汉语后，在不改变英语意思的前提下，适当增加词语，使句子更通顺。

八、适当减少

九、适当重复

可以适当重复出原文省略的部分，或者把并列结构中的相同部分重复出来。

We don't retreat , we never have and never will.

我们不会退却，我们从来没有后退过，今后也决不会退却。

十、词性转换

十一、把英语的词性变换成汉语的其他词性来翻译。

十二、四字成语

练习

Passage 3

71．The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No．1 health problem in the U．S．today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness.

在医学院担任十二年教师，我所得到的主要印象是：当今美国的首要健康问题甚至比艾滋和癌症更为严重的是美国人不知该怎样对待健康和疾病。

考博翻译的标准

1、准确

2、通顺

准确是前提，其次求通顺，另外检查译文的方式是多读译文。

定语从句前置的翻译

1、定语从句前置

即把定语从句翻译到它修饰的先行词的前面，并习惯用“的”来连接。

Passage 3

72．We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.

我们害怕最糟糕的事情发生，期望最糟糕的事情发生，从而招致了最糟糕的事情发生，其结果是我们美国正逐渐成为一个弱者和疑病症患者的民族，一个自我诊断的社会，而不能对轻微的日常症状和那些需要专业护理的症状加以区分。

Passage 10

1．Genuine love is more likely to involve a process of “growing”in love rather than “falling”in love. This may sound terribly unromantic to some who are used to hearing talk about “falling in

love”or being “head over heels in love.”

真爱更可能是一个萌生爱意的过程，而并非是坠入爱河。对于那些听惯了一见钟情，爱得神魂颠倒的人来说，这或许太不浪漫了。

Passage 14

2. In reality, the way one experiences old age is contingent upon circumstances of late-life events （in what order they occur, how they occur, when they occur）and the social supports one receives: adequate finances, shelter, medical care, social roles, religious support, recreation.

事实上，一个人老年的经历如何，取决于晚年事件发生的环境和一个人所获得的社会支持：前者包括这些事件发生的先后顺序，怎样发生的，和何时发生的，后者包括足够的财力、住宿条件、医疗保障、社会地位、宗教支持、娱乐活动。

Passage 15

2. It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior in any culture; and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use.

正常术语主要是用来指在任何文化中，社会所解释的那部分人类行为，而变态术语主要是用来指特定文化所不能接受的那部分人类行为。

代词指代

1、直接对应

2、指代明确

3、用“这”等替代

Passage 15

3. Its variability among different people is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior patterns that different societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior.

不同人之间正常行为的可变性主要是由不同社会为其自己所设立的行为模式的可变性所决定的，并且绝对不能完全脱离了文化的制度化的行为模式来加以考虑。

如果定语从句结构简单，信息负载量不大，翻译时前置。

定语从句后置的翻译

如果定语从句太复杂或里面包含的内容太多时，需要后置。

1．Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents.

地区之间甚至是整个大陆之间人们通过电子技术交流而构成电子社区，这种概念在现代技术报告中比比皆是

2．For example, electronic communication filters out and alters much of the subtlety, warmth, contextuality, and so on that seem important to fully human, morally engaged interaction.

例如，电子交流过滤并且改变了大多数的细微的心理差别，情绪的热烈程度，周围的环境等等，而这些似乎对于那些完全人性化涉及道德的交流来说显得非常重要

Born to Win

Each human being is born as something new, something that never existed before. Each is born with the capacity to win at life. Each person has a unique way of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and thinking. Each has his or her own unique potentials---capabilities and limitations. Each can be a significant, thinking, aware, and creative being---a productive person, a winner.

每个人生来就是一个先前从未存在过的崭新个体，他在人生中成功立业的能力与生俱来。每个人都以其独特的方式观察，轻轻触摸，体味和思索大千世界。每个人都可以凭自己的努力成为一个有价值，有头脑，有感悟和有创造性的人即成功者。(5分)

人皆生而为新为前所未有则存在。人皆生而为赢。人皆有其特例独行之方式去审视，聆听，触摸，品味及思考因而都具备独特的潜质能力和局限。人皆能举足轻重，思虑明达，洞察秋毫，富有创意，成就功业（8分）

人人皆生而为新，生于世而亘古未见。人人皆生而为赢，富于思而受用终生。人人皆特例独行所见，所闻，所感，所说，所品，所思异彩纷呈。人人皆卓尔不凡，知其所能，查其所限。人人皆是举足轻重，思虑明达，洞察秋毫，富有创意，人人皆是卓越的天才，人人兼具王者的风范。（10分）

72．For individual sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the status of a privileged substance to which, in those early days, only a minority had full access. Mechanized speed made men, and a few women, into heroes, and it remains a commodity to which males, in particular, are attracted.

对于个体的运动员，飞行员和驾驶员来说，速度具有一种特权的财富地位，在早期只有少数人才完全有办法获得这种地位。机械化的速度使得男性以及少数女性成为了英雄，速度俨然成为了一种商品，尤其是男性对此趋之若鹜。

1 I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.

我曾经碰到这样的一些人，并且发现在谈话过程中可能出现的所有话题他们都能够提供事实和数据来加以支持，但是他们的观点相当令人惊愕。

否定结构的翻译

（一）部分否定：

代词或者副词，all/both/every.../many/entirely/altogether/absolutely/wholly

completely+not 并非所有...；并不是都...

例：All that glitters not gold.

Both the windows are not open.

Everybody does not believe the rumour.

（二）全部否定：

never/no/not/none/nobody/nothing/nowhere/neither/nor/not at all

He is no professor.

None of my friends smoke.

Our great motherland has never before being so prosperous as it is today.

（三）双重否定：是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词，即否定之否定

not...not

No spaceship can't be loaded with man.

（四）注意具有否定意义的词

The specification lacks detail.

The error in calculation escape the accountant.

far from

The newspaper...are far from ...

beyond

He is anything but scholar.

The machine is working none the worse.

might as well

小结：

如果定语从句结构复杂，信息负载量比较大，翻译到先行词前面不通顺的话需要后置。这时可以和主句脱离单独成句，但常常需要重复先行词或者用代词重复。

状语从句的翻译

状语从句的翻译方法

英语中的状语从句可以直接翻译，但一般要把时间、条件、让步和原因状语从句翻译到主句之前。

3．Infatuation often entails feelings of insecurity whenever the "lovers" are separated; feelings of doubt, fickleness, uncertainty, and fear of loss often accompany infatuation.

一旦相爱的双方分开，痴情经常伴随而来的是不安全的感觉；怀疑，朝三暮四，犹豫不决，患得患失经常伴随痴情而来。

4．Infatuation tends to be more manipulative than love because a lasting feeling of relationship probably has not developed, so that the individuals are still concerned mainly about their own needs and satisfactions.

痴情之所以比爱情更具有操控性，是因为一种长久的感情关系或许还没有建立，这样一来相爱的双方个人都仍然主要关注的是他们各自的需要和满足感。

2．If man's mind cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can it function properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will.

如果人类的思维不能成为一台逻辑机器的话，那么它也不能成为一块巨大的感情海绵可以任意的挤压。

Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's own personality and one's life.（1）

死亡是戏剧般的，一次性的危机，然而衰老则是一天天一年年的与内外强大力量抗争的过程，一个苦乐参半的过程，逐渐适应自己的性格和自己的生活。

特殊句型的翻译——被动结构

1. 首先可以主宾颠倒

2. 其次可以用让，给，叫，受到，得到，加以，得以，为...所，由...来，是...的等代

替，但必要的时候增加人们或者有人等泛指的主语，少用被字。

The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young.（3）

人们把变老的过程以及最后的死亡最终认为是生命周期的自然进化，老年人完成了他们的寿数给年轻人让路

特殊句型的翻译——形式主语

It is.....

形式主语可以当作词组翻译到句子最开头，用据.../有人.../...的是

It is reported that...

It is taken that...

It is noticed that...

It is important that...

It can not be denied that...

It can be said whitout exaggeration that...

可以先翻译后面部分这是...的

It is difficult to do translation.

It is important that...

5．For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year, revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year.

例如，据报道英国的企业每年遭受大约30起重大的灾难。其中包含损失高达数百万英镑。这些是由机械故障和人为的过失所引起的并不包括以欺诈和破坏等形式所引起的人为的滥用。仅仅在英国国内生产的软件中其损失的代价，据保守的估计就多达每年9亿美元。

特殊句型的翻译——there be 句型

先翻译英语的状语再加有

There is a temple on the hill. 在山上有一座庙。

There is cup on the table. 桌上有一杯子。

There are two monks in the temple. 庙里有两个和尚。

增加人们，大家，我们等汉语的泛指主语

There is no agreement.

直接翻译为汉语的无主句

3．There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection ofsignificant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.

在特定的历史时期有很多事实能够轻易的被灌入到我们的大脑。但在鉴别和选择重要事实方面却是更加重要的事情，并且取决于每个人的观点或态度。

练习的角度：

拿到句子之后，5分钟左右模拟考试写下汉字

十分钟以上查阅词典，分析英语，修改汉语

5分钟以上对照译文巩固成果

阅读文章的翻译：

15-20分钟模考

翻译英语文章

再做一遍题

对答案

巩固成果

汉译英

常见错误分析

多数事情是不能没有朋友而独自享受的，但是阅读却是可以的。

Few things can be enjoyed without friends，but reading is an exception.

中美贸易之所以能迅速发展，根本原因在于…

19世纪的精神生活比任何时代的精神生活都要复杂，这是由以下几个原因：

第一，有关地区比以前大了，美国和俄罗斯作出了重大贡献；

第二，一项新兴的事物的主要源泉的科学取得的新的胜利，特别是在生物学、有

机化学、地质学等方面。

The spiritual life is more complex than …

大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等，所以人们对大自然全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来，人们一直以不变的方式生活着：种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜；在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌……往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说。风俗也就延传了下来。All people are blessed by nature，rich and poor alike.That account for their deep rooted attachment to her，especially in the countryside where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.They grow crops and grapes，brew the wine that they drink，raise cows for milk，and weed their garden for cultivation of flowers.On weekends they go to church，and on holidays they go to play music，while singing and dancing in open squares.Thus their olden homeland remain as sweet as ever each with a unique folk law from which its custom have derived.

容易犯的错误：

1. 词汇错误

词的理解偏差

词的上下搭配

各学校考博题目的来源，这对我当老师非常有用，但对你们学生没有多大作用

已经整理好的学校有：北航，北师大，财科所，首师大，政法，党校，中科院，人大，社科院，美院，民大，但对学生没有多大作用

你们学生需要的是句子分析，怎么去做翻译

考博的题并不比考研的题难，所以也可以做考研的题目来练习

2. 词语顺序的错误

3. 语篇错误

逐字翻译，画蛇添足

重复不当，不合习惯

断句不当，割裂语篇

汉译英翻译的三步策略

汉译英翻译的错误：

词汇：词的理解偏差，词的上下搭配错，词语顺序上的错，割裂语篇

汉译英翻译的三步策略：

1、什么是句子？

A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.

一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。

结论1

英语的句子中，大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译，只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。

除了主语和谓语之外，当然还有修饰语。

所以，定主语、找谓语、加修饰就成了汉英翻译的最简单，最有效，最不容易犯错误的方法。

汉英翻译三步策略

1.定主语

2.找谓语

3.加修饰

你知道我们图书馆所订购书籍的数量吗？

定主语：你you

找谓语：知道数量吗？know the number?

加修饰：知道书籍的数量，知道图书馆所订购书籍的数量

Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library?

汉译英翻译——定主语

大多数英语句子都有主语和谓语

most sentences contain subject and verb

英语本身语法非常严谨，逻辑非常严密的特点，所以，在汉英翻译中，主语的确定就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。

1.确定原文的主语为译文主语

Passage 12，2（社科院04年）

当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。

At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.

Passage 12，2（社科院04年）

和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。

Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world. Passage 1，5（社科院02年）

我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费，比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。

We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.

如今我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。（武汉大学04年）

Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.

若原文主语为动词，需要变为动名词或者不定式

Passage 2，4（社科院03年）

帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。

Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.

Passage 2，5（社科院03年）

推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。

To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.

2.重新确定主语

A.确定原文的宾语为译文的主语

伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。（中国科学院02年3月考博英语翻译试题）

Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.

Passage 1，1 （社科院02年）

为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。

The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.

Passage 1，3 （社科院02年）

目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。（同上）

At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.

中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）

Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.

B. 增加主语——增加泛指的主语：we, one, you

Passage 8（人民大学02年）

然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来的。

But examinations are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.

凡事应该适度，适度是最安全的。（天津大学01年）

One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.

C.增加主语——增加it（多用it）：在英语中，代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富，它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三点了（It's 3 o'clock now）等，当然，它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。学好翻译是很困难的It is difficult to learn translation well.

自从理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。（武汉大学03年）

It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.

汉译英翻译——找谓语

找谓语的方法：

1、汉语的动词没有人称、时态、数和语态的变化；英语的动词有人称、时态、数和语态的变化；多关注主谓一致原则，多注意英语句子的语法结构。

2、汉语是明显的动作性语言，多数句子都有明显的谓语动词；英语中只有动词才能充当谓语。

3、汉语中有名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语充当谓语，有是字句；英语中用系表结构来翻译。

4、汉语有连动式；英语没有两个动作直接叠加的情况。

（1）用and连接并列谓语的动作；

（2）用非谓语动词连接；

（3）用介词短语代替动作。

5、汉语的谓语有兼语式；英文中用主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语来翻译。

句型：请某人做某事；让某人做某事；叫某人做某事

6、汉语中少用被字句；

汉语中有：把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来、是...的，等时，英语多用被动句翻译。

7、汉语有存现句；

英语多用There be 句型翻译。

例：过去的五十年不是发明创新的黄金时期。

The past fifty years was not the gold age for invention and innovation.

Passage 2

1．实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。

Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.

Passage 8

迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法，着实有点离奇。

So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education, which seems kind of queer.

我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。

I believe that, after China's entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investment activities in China and lager space for their own development.

投资规模偏大。

The investment scale is too large.

很多道路太窄。

Many roads are too narrow.

Passage 13

此外，对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们，他们目前的生活状况必须改善。

Furthermore, the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.

Passage 5

“学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。

Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.

美国的经济体制主要是围绕私人企业和市场为导向建立起来的。

The economy system of USA is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.

Passage 13

他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变。

Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.

Passage 12

各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决，世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。

Each country's human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people, while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.

Passage 4

我们花很少的钱就能够买到一份日报。

The fact that we spend very little money to buy a piece of daily .

市政府去年启动了一项净空工程，关闭了大气污染严重的企业。

The municipal government started an air decontamination project at the end of last year closing the enterprises that course heavy pollution.

从社会总体、长远的利益出发，政府可以运用税收、转移支付等方式适当调节收入分配差距，扶助弱势群体，维护整个社会的和谐、稳定

From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives, the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.

汉译英翻译——加修饰

定语修饰语和状语修饰语，主要有三种：单个单词、短语、从句。

1、加单词：单词作定语一般在中心词前；而作状语可在最开头，可在动词前，还可在句末。例：一个春天的傍晚，父母在园中设宴。

On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden.

2、加短语：介词短语、分词短语和不定式短语作定语总是在名词后面，作状语的位置十分灵活，介词短语作定语最适合修饰名词，动词修饰名词时，一般用不定式短语作定语，介乎期间的用分词；作状语时，介词短语一般表时间和地点，分词短语一般表伴随和原因，不定式短语表目的。

3、加从句：

例：因此，我们的苦闷基本上比西方人微小微少，因为苦闷的强弱是随着欲望和野心的大小而转移的。

Therefore we suffer less depression than the westerns because the degree of our suffering varing with that of our desire and ambition.

Passage 8

各学科的发展日新月异，令人称奇，但衡量知识、能力的方法却依然如故，非常原始。Contrast to the rapid and astonishing development in various subjects, the way of measuring knowledge and ability remains as before, rather primitive.

Passage 8

尽管有不少人认定，考试能衡量出一个人的知识水平，但实际情况恰恰相反，这是有目共睹的。

Though some people believe that exams could weigh one's knowledge level, the truth is just the opposite, as is obvious to all.

Passage 8

要想考察一个人死记硬背的本事和在极大压力下快速答题的技巧，考试或许是个不错的办法。Exams may be a not-so-bad solution to test the ability to remember something by rote or to answer questions quickly yet under great pressure.

然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来的。

but they are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币（一大笔钱）请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝，显然画家不喜欢这种绘画，因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然，这场贪图财利的婚姻，将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一（至少在绘画上如此），即：男人善于思考推理，女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新，也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上，拇指放于嘴中，瞪着眼睛若所所思，但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族，他不懂他们的语言，他又必须依赖他们的善良生存，而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美，因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”，而不是女性的，浴中人体艺术，正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk（‘total work of art’）.康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天，贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品，这一举动，拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

历年大学英语四级翻译真试题及范文答案、、、、

历年大学英语四级翻译真试题及范文答案、、、、

12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目 许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不但被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，因此中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skil l but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-look ing. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different place s of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to se ek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不论怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Info rmation Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not n ecessary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of p eople think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until th e 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of th e most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China b ut also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人创造的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换

复旦大学翻译系

翻译系 为顺应国家和社会对翻译人才的需求，复旦大学外文学院在时任院长陆谷孙教授的倡议下，于2004年成立了翻译系，由何刚强教授担任系主 任，2005年秋季招收“英汉双语翻译方向”的本科生。2006年复旦大学 被教育部批为全国首批试点院校之一，正式招收翻译专业本科生。历经 几年的发展之后，如今的翻译系朝气蓬勃，不但学科建设逐渐走向成熟，而且教师队伍结构也渐趋合理，在教学科研和翻译实践领域都取得了骄 人的成绩。 复旦大学外文学院是翻译家的摇篮，历史上有许多著名翻译家是该院的毕业生或曾在该院任教，如梁实秋（译有《莎士比亚全集》），洪琛 （译有王尔德的戏剧），孙大雨（译有莎士比亚戏剧）、伍蠡甫（主编 《英汉对照西洋文学名著译丛》）、顾仲彝（译有英国作家哈代、高尔 斯华绥的作品）、杨必（译有萨克雷《名利场》）、董问樵（译有歌德 《浮士德》）等。 翻译系在继承优秀翻译传统的基础上，依托复旦大学深厚的综合人文底蕴，发挥外文学院在语言学研究、文学研究、外语教学研究和翻译实 践等领域多年积累的优势，致力为国家培养“学者型、善思辨、口笔译 技艺俱佳”的复旦品牌翻译人才。 在翻译专业本科生培养方面，翻译系根据二十一世纪对翻译人才的要求，提出并实践了“译才不器”的新思维，即：优秀的翻译人才应当是 双语功底扎实、国学基础略备、杂学知识广博、思辨能力灵锐，能派得 上用场的翻译通才。在培养方案、师资配备及教材编写方面，都紧紧围 绕并服务于这样一种思维。在课程设置方面，翻译系在全国首创了一系 列新颖课程，如“古汉语选读”、“翻译与思辨”、“英语读译”、“听 说与译述”、“多文体阅读”等。几年来的教学实践探索是成功的，于 2009年获得“上海市高校教学成果二等奖”，何刚强教授领衔的“翻译 理论与策略”被评为“上海市精品课程”。另外，翻译系还面向全校本 科生开设“英汉双语翻译”第二专业，意在培养更多的“翻译匠”，以 满足不同专业学生对学习翻译的需求。 在翻译硕士（MTI，Master of Translation and Interpreting）专业学位教育方面，翻译系在各级领导的支持下，于2007年申报试点成功，复旦大 学成为全国首批获准招生的15所院校之一。外语教育领域实行专业学位 培养，这在国内尚属首次。所以从课程设置、教材编写、师资配备、教 学管理等各个方面都得另起炉灶。翻译系教师通力合作，在兄弟系的支 持下，完成了从培养方案的制定到教材的选配，在不断的探索中稳定与 提高教学质量，还结合MTI学生的特点，开创了“拓展翻译思维”系列 讲座，邀请学界、译界和业界的学有专长人士来复旦讲课。近三年来， 翻译系组织主持了30余次不同类型、不同层次的讲座，深受学生欢迎。 目前已招收了65名单证周末班翻译硕士，并全部完成其课程教学，已有 20余人顺利毕业。2009年起，翻译硕士开始招收双证全日制学生，由外 文学院统一管理，翻译系教师负责主要的骨干课程教学。

山东师范大学英美文学考研资料外国语学院终审稿)

山东师范大学英美文学考研资料外国语学院 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-

007 外国语学院更新时间：2010-9-8

复式科目英语语言文学 《英美概况(导读)》来安方编写大象出版社

这本书在网上似乎很难找到但是是考试必备的! 很多山师往年的试题都能在书中找到原题的答案! 但是遗憾的是都是中文的,考试的时候需要你自己把这些答案翻译成英文 也许是导师们想考考我们的理解水平和汉译英翻译能力吧 我当时备考的时候在书中把往年考过的题都做了标记而且把每一个自己认为可能考到的条目都翻译成了英语做成笔记，等快考试的时候就看自己的笔记就比较省力了下面是在书中出现的三道往年考题了 Yours is not why but how. 记得是07年的一个问答题考对这句话的理解 15分呢! (那本黄皮的指定参考书里是没有答案的,自己看那本黄皮概况的话,是绝对想象不到这也是考点的!) the tertiary industry ,the service industry 第三产业 ,某年的专有名词翻译题 1分 British Disease 英国病某年的简答题 5分 《英美概况》来安方等编写大象出版社是旧版的小本的厚厚的大象出版社来安方等编写的我记得我的这本是2004年印刷的，有自由女神像黄皮的《外国文学史》朱维之等编写我用的是第三版的当然你用最新版的也行里面的内容区别不大的 特别注意每一章前面的那段类似导读的话很重要大题目往往从里面出大家可以自己对对看历年的题目，这本书没有辅导书要看个人的功力了其实看这本书也没什么窍门一个字“勤”,勤动笔、勤动脑 ,要善于总结 ,思考 《现代汉语》下册就看下册就可以了我用的是最新版的你要用旧版的也可以没什么区别，课后习题多做做这本书考的还是比较简单的 《现代汉语教学说明和自学参考》

历年大学英语四级翻译题汇总

1. You would not have failed if you had followed my instructions/orders.(按照我的指令去做) 2. Despite the hardship he encountered Mark never gave up the pursuit of knowledge.( gave up pursueing knowledge(放弃对知识的追求) 3. Scientists agree that it will be a long time before we find the cure for cancer.(我们找到治愈癌症的方法) 4. Production has to be increased considerably to keep pace with the consumers’ growing demands.(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步) 5. The more exercise you take ,the less likely you catch a cold.(你越不 大可能得感冒) 6. Soon after he transferred to the new school ,Ali found that he had much difficulty (in) catching up with his classmates.(很难跟上班里的同学) 7. If she had returned an hour earlier ,Mary would not have been caught in the heavy rain.(就不会被大雨淋了) 8. It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are more likely to put on weight.(更有可能增加体重) 9. The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is closely related to the lack of (physical) exercise .(与缺乏锻炼密切相关) 10. What many people didn’t realize is that Simon is a lover of sports ,and football in particular.(很多人没有意识到的) 11. Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems that they haven’t found answers today.(他们至今还没有找到答案) 12. What most parents are concerned about is providing the best education possible for their children.(大多数父母所关心的) 13. You’d better take a sweater which you in case it turns cold.(in case of temperature drop以防天气变冷) 14. Throught the project,many people have received training and decided to start their own business(决定自己创业) 15. The anti-virus agent was not known until it was accidentally found by a doctor.(直到一名医生偶然发现了它) 16. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research could be applied to the development of the new technology.(能应用于新技术的开发)

复旦大学名师翻译讲义汇总13

复旦大学名师翻译讲义之13 Unit 13 I、上次课外练习参考译文： 空壳婚姻的配偶双方之间没有很强的依恋感。婚姻的维系依靠种种外界压力，包括事务原因、资产原因以及面子问题。此外，夫妻双方可能认为终止婚姻会殃及孩子，或者认为离婚就是道德败坏。 空壳婚姻有三种类型。一种是死气沉沉的婚姻：在这种婚姻关系中夫妻俩对于配偶或婚姻缺乏激情，或者缺乏真正的兴趣。厌倦冷漠是这种婚姻的特点，但很少有激烈的争吵。第二种是争吵成习的婚姻：在这种婚姻关系中夫妻之间私下里经常争吵，在公开场合也会争吵，或者也会表面上装得和睦相处。这种婚姻关系的特点是冲突不断、关系紧张、怨恨不已。第三种是消极契合的婚姻：这种婚姻关系的双方都不幸福，但生活上满足，通常感到差强人意。双方可能有一些共同兴趣，但这种兴趣一般微不足道。这种婚姻关系通常很少发生公开的冲突。 有多少婚姻是空壳婚姻不得而知，也许同美满婚姻一样多。空壳婚姻的家庭气氛没有什么欢声笑语。家庭成员之间对各自的问题或经历不闻不问，相互交流极少。在这样的家庭中孩子通常缺乏爱，也不愿意请朋友到家里来，因为让朋友看到父母抬杠是非常难堪的。这种婚姻的夫妻很少一起做事情，两人相伴并无乐趣。家庭成员对彼此的弱点和痛处非常清楚，而且还经常千方百计把这些东西挂在嘴边伤害对方。 II、英汉翻译基本原理第五讲：有哪些常用的翻译技巧？（续） （二）合句法： 【例124】Towards evening, the attack of the French slackened in its fury. They had other foes besides the British to engage, or were preparing for a final onset. 【译文】将近傍晚，法军的攻势逐渐松懈，或许因为它们除了英国人之外还有别的交战敌人，或许正在准备发动最后的一次总攻击。 【例125】The remembrance rankles still in the bosoms of millions of the countrymen. They pant for an opportunity of revenging that humiliation. 【译文】千百万同胞们至今回想起此事依然觉得懊丧，恨不得有机会赶快报仇雪耻。 【例126】The coup d'etat of Thermidor was staged on July 27, 1704. Robespierre and his supporters were overthrown and the Committee of Public Safety was ended. 【译文】1794年7月27日的热月政变推翻了罗伯斯庇尔及其支持者，公安委员会也随之倒台。

山东师范大学英美文学考研资料外国语学院

山东师范大学英美文学考研资料外国语学院 The following text is amended on 12 November 2020.

007 外国语学院更新时间：2010-9-8 复式科目英语语言文学

这本书在网上似乎很难找到但是是考试必备的! 很多山师往年的试题都能在书中找到原题的答案! 但是遗憾的是都是中文的,考试的时候需要你自己把这些答案翻译成英文 也许是导师们想考考我们的理解水平和汉译英翻译能力吧 我当时备考的时候在书中把往年考过的题都做了标记而且把每一个自己认为可能考到的条目都翻译成了英语做成笔记，等快考试的时候就看自己的笔记就比较省力了 下面是在书中出现的三道往年考题了 Yours is not why but how. 记得是07年的一个问答题考对这句话的理解 15分呢! (那本黄皮的指定参考书里是没有答案的,自己看那本黄皮概况的话,是绝对想象不到这也是考点的!) the tertiary industry ,the service industry 第三产业 ,某年的专有名词翻译题 1分 British Disease 英国病某年的简答题 5分 《英美概况》来安方等编写大象出版社是旧版的小本的厚厚的大象出版社来安方等编写的我记得我的这本是2004年印刷的，有自由女神像黄皮的《外国文学史》朱维之等编写我用的是第三版的当然你用最新版的也行里面的内容区别不大的 特别注意每一章前面的那段类似导读的话很重要大题目往往从里面出大家可以自己对对看历年的题目，这本书没有辅导书要看个人的功力了其实看这本书也没什么窍门一个字“勤”,勤动笔、勤动脑 ,要善于总结 ,思考 《现代汉语》下册就看下册就可以了我用的是最新版的你要用旧版的也可以没什么区别，课后习题多做做这本书考的还是比较简单的 《现代汉语教学说明和自学参考》 我当初还买了这一本辅导书是为了知道课后习题的准确答案的这个辅导书你单独备考的时候很管用 招考信息发布权威书目： ①《英美概况》（新版）莱安方编，大象出版社；

历年英语四级翻译真题及答案

历年英语四级翻译真题 及答案 集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

历年英语四级翻译真题及答案2012年6月翻译真题 87. Those flowers looked as if they __ ___________________________(好长时间没有浇水了). 88. Fred bought a car last week. It is __________________________(比我的车便宜一千英镑). 89. This TV program is quite boring. We might ______________________(不妨听听音乐). 90. He left his office in a hurry, with___________________________(灯亮着门开着). 91. The famous novel is said to _____________________(已经被翻译成多种语言). 2011年12月翻译真题 87. Charity groups organized various activities to ___________________________________(为地震幸存者筹款). 88. Linda __________________________________(不可能收到我的电子邮件) otherwise, she would have replied. 89. It’s my mother _____________________________(一直在鼓励我不要灰心)when I have difficulties in my studies.

复旦大学名师翻译课件之1

复旦大学名师翻译讲义之1 Unit 1 I. 英汉翻译原理第一讲：什么是翻译？【例1】 Unit 1 I. 英汉翻译原理第一讲：什么是翻译？ 【例1】The history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story. （“×”号表示译文有问题，下同） ×树的历史开始于森林中，直到生产为木板后被使用为止，成为一个有趣且有许多事例的激动人心的故事。 上面这句话的原文实际上主要说了两点内容： 1、树的历史的起迄时间 2、树的历史是怎样一回事 【译文】一棵树，从它在森林中生长起直到被制成木板使用为止，这段历史会构成一个饶有趣味的故事，在很多情况下这个故事十分激动人心。 【例2】There are two regulatory systems which interact. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone. ×有两个调节系统相互作用。一个定时系统来自于我们的感官和胃的证明，就是当我们生活在一个特定的时区所经历的周期性。 【译文】人体有两个相互作用的时间调节系统。一个时间调节系统依据感官和胃发出的信息，依据我们生活在某个时区所体验的周期性规律。 寻找对等词语和结构然后将其串接成句的翻译方法，常表现如下： 1、简单语句的译文虽然生硬，但基本可读。如： 【例3】I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion. ×我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲家，他们中每一个人以某种不同的方式创作音乐。 【译文】我发现音乐史上有三类作曲家，他们各自的音乐创作方式有所不同。 2、较复杂语句的译文似通非通，甚至不知所云。如： 【例4】The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern. ×传统主义型作曲家始于某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理的主题概念。 【译文】传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创作的。帕莱斯特里

2017年大学英语四级翻译练习题--唐装

2017年大学英语四级翻译练习题--唐装 请将下面这段话翻译成英文： 唐朝是中国古代最繁荣、兴旺、灿烂、光荣的时期。因此，中国人穿的传统服装就被称为“唐装(Tang suit)”。实际上，“唐装”并不是唐朝的服装。它的起源可以追溯到清朝，由马褂(Chinese jacket)演变而来。唐装的颜色多种多样，最常见的是红色、深蓝色、金色和黑色。唐装上一种常见的设计是使用汉字来表达好运和祝福。今天，仍然有很多人会在传统的节日里穿唐装。 参考翻译: The Tang Dynasty was the most thriving, prosperous, splendid and glorious period in ancient China.As a result, the traditional clothing worn by the Chinese is called “Tang suit”.Actually, "Tang suit”is not the clothing of the Tang Dynasty.Its origin can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty, evolving from Chinese jacket.Tang suit is made in different colors, the most common are red, dark blue, gold and black.One common design is the usage of Chinese characters to convey good luck and wishes.Today,there are still many people who would wear Tang suit during traditional festivals. 1.唐朝是中国古代最繁荣、兴旺、灿烂、光荣的时期:该句的翻译重点是几个形容词的翻译，因此，考生应注意平时形容词的积累。这几个形容词可翻译为thriving, prosperous,splendid and glorious。 2.因此，中国人穿的传统服装就被称为“唐装”:“因此”可译为

山东师范大学2013

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大学汉英翻译教程-Note

Chapter one 2012-3-27 ?翻译可分为口译interpretation和笔译translation。 ?Interpretation can be divided into two types: one is consecutive interpretation, another is simultaneous interpretation. ?翻译三原则（George Washington Campbell，Alexander Fraser Tytler） 1.原作的意义、意思 2.原作的思想、精神 3.流畅、通顺 ?翻译方法1.直译literal translation 2.意译free translation 3.音译transliteration ?山雨欲来风满楼The coming events cast their shadows before. 才学最差，叫喊最多The worst wheel of a cart creaks most. 与……狼狈为奸hand in glove with… 乱七八糟at sixes and sevens 千载难逢once in a blue moon 路必有弯，势必有转机It is a long lane that has no turning. 家丑不可外扬It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. ?The main principles of TRANSLITERA TION 1.准确读音 2.正确拼写姓名拼写中姓与名要空一格首字母要大写eg. Pu Songling 地名拼写中首字母大写不空格eg. Fujian Guangdong Xi’an 一般来说除地名人名之外其他专有名词英译时首字母要大写如汉Han; 一般名词要小写 3.弄清词源有些词需要追溯到最初发音以利于音译eg.菩萨Bodhisattva 4.约定俗成eg. 孙中山Sun Y at-sen 宋庆龄Soong Ching Ling 陈嘉庚Tan Kah Kee 5.准确回译eg. 纽约New Y ork 6.缩略语复原eg. 闽Fujian 武大Wuhan University Chapter two 2012-3-28 ?The classification of CULTURE 1.物质文化material culture 2.制度文化institutional culture 3.心理文化mental culture ?中英思维方式对比 1.中国人注重伦理，英美人注重认知 2.中国人注重整体、偏重综合性思维；英美人注重个体、偏重分析性思维 3.中国人重直觉，英美人重实证 4.中国人重形象思维，英美人重逻辑思维 Chapter three 2012-3-31 ?词语的指称意义与蕴含意义的对比 1.指称意义是词语在交际过程中所表达的字面的最基本的意义，相当于一种约定俗 成的认知 2.蕴含意义的理解与表达eg:His wife was unfaithful to him, and he became a cuckold. 他老婆红杏出墙，给他戴了顶绿帽子。此处注意红和绿。?词语英译与语言语境 1.根据语言语境确定原文词义：“醉心于……”be engrossed in褒be infatuated with 贬 2.根据语言环境选择译文用词：①Mum gave a book as my birthday present .

(完整版)历年大学英语四级翻译真题

历年四级段落型翻译真题 Roger Li 2014 年6 月大学英语四级翻译 试卷一：中餐许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition) 。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 译文： Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is viewed as not only a skill but also a form of art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredients vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 试卷二：信息技术 信息技术(Information Technology) ，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。译文： As Chinese citizens are attaching increasing importance to the rapidly developing Information Technology, some colleges even set it as a compulsory course. In regard to this, people hold different opinions. Some people view it as unnecessary move, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Other thinks it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology arouses public concern. 试卷三：茶文化 " 你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties) 期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18 世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。译文： "Would you like tea or coffee?" That 's a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners would choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 试卷四：中国结 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里