搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题

《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题

《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题
《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题

《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔

记和考研真题

第1章早期和中世纪的英国文学

1.1 复习笔记

早期英国文学

Early English Literature

Ⅰ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England(背景知识——英国的形成)

1.The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服(公元前55年—公元410年)

A. Brief Introduction(简介)

Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.

In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.

罗马征服之前,在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人(Britons),不列颠人是凯尔特(Celt)部落的一支。

公元前55年,该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒(Julius Caesar)侵略。直到公元78年,不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国,但是在5世纪初,罗马帝国开始没落。公元410年,所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。

B. Influence(影响)

①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.

②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This is a profound religious effect up to today).

③Roman road was built for military purposes.

④Along the Roman roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center.

①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国,而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。

②罗马人带来了基督教,基督教得以广泛传播。

③出于军事目的,罗马人修建罗马大路。

④沿着罗马大路,许多城镇得以发展,伦敦就是其中之一,并在那时成为重要的商业城市。

2.The English Conquest(盎格鲁-撒克逊征服)

A. Brief Introduction(简介)

While the Romans retreated, the Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Before the conquest, they still lived in the tribal society.

By the 7th century, a untied kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles was established.

当罗马人撤离不列颠的同时,大群海盗入侵岛内。他们是来自北欧的三支部落:盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特。征服之前,他们仍旧过着部落生活。

到7世纪,一个统一的王国—英国成立了,也被称作盎格鲁人之国。

B. Influence(影响)

①The three tribes had developed into a whole people called English. And the three dialects had grown into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.

②The Britons experienced a transition from tribal society to feudalism because of the English Conquest.

③The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe. Later, The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the

7th century.

①这三支部落发展成一个统一的民族称为英国人。三种方言逐渐成为一种单一的语言,称为盎格鲁-撒克逊语言,即古英语。

②不列颠人经历了从原始部落社会向封建社会过渡的时期。

③盎格鲁-撒克逊人是无神论民族,相信古老的北欧神话,但后来在7世纪被基督教化了。

Ⅱ. Literary Features of Early English Literature(早期英国文学的特征)

The settlement of Anglo-Saxons in England marked the beginning of English literature. The early English literature mainly consisted of the

Anglo-Saxon poetry, which was sung by the minstrels to the chiefs and warriors in praising of the old heroes’deeds in the feasting hall. The Old English regularly used alliterations and rhymes, at the same time, metaphors and understatements were also put into the poetry. Beowulf is the most widely spread early poem.

英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人在英国定居时期。古英国文学中所保留的作品多为诗歌或者盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人所唱的歌曲,这些游吟诗人在宴会大厅里为那些首领和勇士歌唱古时的英雄事迹。古英语中有规律地运用了头韵和韵律,同时也用到了比喻和轻描淡写手法。流传最广的早期英语诗歌是《贝奥武甫》。

Ⅲ.Literary Terms(文学术语)

1.Anglo-Saxon poetry(盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌)

Poems or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting hall. The typical work of Anglo-Saxon is Beowulf.

是由盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人吟唱的古代英雄事迹的诗歌或者歌曲。这些诗歌或者歌曲主要是在宴会厅唱给首领或者武士们。代表诗作是《贝奥武甫》。2.Alliteration(头韵)

It means the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration. There is an obvious use of alliteration in Beowulf.

就是诗歌里开头辅音字母的重复。一行诗歌里一般有4个音节,三个音节能够显示出头韵的效果。在《贝奥武甫》里对头韵有明显的运用。

Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works(英国早期主要作家及作品)

◆Beowulf《贝奥武甫》

English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poetry and the national epic of the English people.

英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人的定居。《贝奥武甫》是一首盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌,同时也是一首英国人民的国家史诗。

1.The Story of Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》主要情节)

Beowulf tells a story of Beowulf fighting against monsters Grendel and his mother, winning the battle and protecting his people.

该书讲述了贝奥武甫这位英勇的武士与怪物格兰戴和他母亲斗争取得胜利并保护了他的人民的故事。

2.Analysis of Its Content(《贝奥武甫》内容评析)

Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. Its main stories are folk legends of primitive Northern tribes.

Beowulf is a brave hero whose spirit and deeds reflect the life of tribal society on the continent. The historical significance of Beowulf lies in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.

《贝奥武甫》是一部民间传说,由盎格鲁-撒克逊人从他们本土带到英格兰。它的主要故事情节来源于原始北欧部落的民间传说。

贝奥武甫是一个英雄,他的精神和行为都反映了当时的部落生活。它的历史意义在于反映了古代部落社会的特征。

3.Artistic Features of Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》的文学特征)

a. The most striking feature is the use of alliteration.

b. Other features of this work are the use of metaphors and of understatements.

a. 多用头韵。

b. 多用暗喻和轻描淡写手法。

中世纪英国文学

Medieval English Literature

Ⅰ.Background Knowledge(背景知识)

1.The Danish Invasion(丹麦人入侵)

About 787, the English began to be troubled by bands of Danish Vikings. Before 1031, King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. He was the one who also laid emphasis on education and literature. In 1031, the Danes occupied the country and held it for 30 years.

约787年,英国开始为成群的丹麦海盗所困。1031年之前,阿尔弗雷德大帝(King Alfred the Great)成功击退了丹麦人。1031年,丹麦人占领了英国并盘踞30年。2.The Norman Conquest(诺曼征服)

A. Brief Introduction(简介)

In 1066, the French-speaking Normans came under Duke William and defeated the English at Hastings. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England. The chief feature of the feudal

society was distinct division into class, mainly two classes: landlords and peasants.

在1066年,说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵(Duke William)的带领下入侵,并在赫斯汀打败了英国人。诺曼征服标志着封建制度在英国的建立。封建国家的主要特征是明显的等级划分,主要是地主和农民两个阶级。

B. Influence(影响)

a. The establishment of feudalism in England.

b. The Old English was influenced by French words.

a. 在英国建立了封建制度。

b. 古英语受法语单词影响。

3.The Rising of 1381(1381年农民起义)

In 1381, the famous Peasants Rising broke out in England. Its leaders were Wat Tyler and John Ball.

1381年爆发农民起义。领导者为瓦特·泰勒(Wat Tyler)和约翰·鲍尔(John Ball)。Ⅱ. Literary Features of Middle English Literature(中世纪英国文学特征)1.Values of Christianity began to influence English literature.

2.The Middle Ages constantly emphasized the spirit of chivalry, which was showed in the prevailing literary genre—romance, of that period. Romances of Middle Ages are written by and for the court.

3.The popular folk literary form—ballad is the oral literature. The typical ballads of Middle Ages are the ballads about Robin Hood.

4.The writer and work that should be especially emphasized is Chaucer and his Canterbury Tales.

1.基督教的世界观渗透到中世纪英语时期的文学中。

2.中世纪文学不断强调骑士精神,这种精神通常反映在封建英国最流行的文学形式——传奇文学中,它们取材于贵族,为贵族而创作。

3.与之对应的是民间的口头文学——歌谣,这一时期歌谣的典型代表是罗宾汉系列歌谣。

4.尤其需要注意的文学者和作品是乔叟和他的《坎特伯雷故事集》。

Ⅲ.Literary Terms(文学术语)

1.The Romance(传奇文学)

(1) The Content of the Romance(传奇定义)

Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry.

Typical representative work is Le Morte D’Arthur, a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.

传奇文学是封建英国最为盛行的文学体裁。它一般是长篇作品,主要描述高尚的英雄的生平和冒险。传奇的中心人物是武士,武士出身高贵并且善使武器。武士以其侠气著称。

传奇典型代表作是由托马斯·马洛里由法语翻译成的《亚瑟王之死》,是关于亚瑟王生平故事的选集。

(2) The Romance Cycles(传奇分类)

The romances are divided into such groups or cycles as the “matters of Britain”, “matters of France”and “matters of Rome”. The “matters of Britain”are about adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. The “matters of France”are of Emperor Charlemagne and his peers. The “matters of Rome”are about Alexander the Great and so forth.

传奇可分为“英国类”,“法国类”和“罗马类”。“英国类”传奇是关于亚瑟王和他的圆桌武士的冒险。“法国类”是关于查理曼大帝和他的贵族们。“罗马类”是关于亚历山大大帝。

(3) The Class Nature of the Romance(传奇的阶级本质)

The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality. The romances had nothing to do with the common people. They were composed for the noble, of the noble.

对国王和主上的忠诚是传奇中反复强调的主题。传奇与平民无关,传奇是由贵族而作也是为贵族而写的。

2.Ballad(歌谣)

(1) Ballads are oral literature of the English people.

(2) A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.

(3) The subjects of ballads are various such as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, and the criticism of the civil war.

(4) “Robin Hood”is the most important ballad of that time.

(1) 歌谣是英国人民大众的口头文学。

(2) 歌谣是以歌的形式讲述的故事,通常由4行组成一节,其中第二和第四行押韵。

(3) 歌谣内容多样,有关于年轻爱侣反对封建家长的,有爱情和财富冲突的,有关于嫉妒残忍行动的,有批判国内战乱的。

(4) 其中,罗宾汉歌谣是最重要的。

Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works(中世纪主要作品作家)

1.the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》

It was written under the encouragement and supervision of King Alfred the Great and is a monument of Old English prose.

它是在罗阿尔弗雷德大帝(King Alfred the Grea t)的鼓励和监督下写成,是古英语散文史上的丰碑。

2.The “Robin Hood”Ballads(罗宾汉歌谣)

The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood. Robin Hood, a partly historical and partly legendary character, is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous in archery, living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor, fighting against bishops. The dominant key in his

character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden.

关于罗宾汉的歌谣被收集在《绿林英雄罗宾汉民谣》。罗宾汉是一个部分属实部分是传奇的人物。在歌谣中,他是一个勇敢的亡命之徒,以其箭术闻名,同他的伙伴们一起逍遥地生活在绿林中,劫富济贫,与教会作斗争。罗宾汉最明显的性格特征便是对压迫者的仇视和对受难者的热爱。

3.Malory(马洛里)

◆Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》

Translated by Malory from French, the legends of King Arthur are the foundation of Le Morte D’Arthur. Malory selected the most interesting parts, such as the adventures of the Knights of the Round Table, the quest of the Holy Grail, the death of Arthur, and the dissolution of the fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table. Malory treated the legends in the spirit of medieval knighthood and chivalry and used simple, idiomatic English prose and told the stories in a vivid manner.

经马洛里由法语译成,《亚瑟王之死》是基于亚瑟王的一生传奇。但是马洛里选择了其中最有趣的部分,例如圆桌武士的冒险,寻找圣杯,亚瑟之死,圆桌武士的志同道合的关系的消亡。马洛里用中世纪的骑士精神和侠气处理了传奇,并且是用简单,惯用的英语,讲述了栩栩如生的故事。

4.William Langland(威廉姆·朗兰德)

◆Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》

A. Social Significance of this Work(作品的社会影响)

①The poem sets forth a series of wonderful dreams, through which we can see a picture of feudal England.

②Piers is not the conservative of the most oppressed section of the peasantry and he has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, which speaks for the conservatism of his political attitude.

③In spite of this limitation, the poem remains a classic of popular literature. The exaltation of the oppressed kindled the peasants’sense of human dignity and equality. The poem played a part in arousing the oppressed people’s sentiment on the eve of the Rising of 1381.

①这首诗设置了一系列的梦境。通过梦境我们能够看到一幅描写中世纪英国的画卷。

②皮尔斯不是最底层的农民的代表,这说明了他政治态度上的保守主义。

③虽然作品存在这样的局限性,但是作品中描述的农民受压迫剥削的事件点燃了受苦人民的斗志。1381年的农民起义便受到了此作品的影响。

B. Artistic Features of Piers the Plowman(《农夫皮尔斯》的文学特征)

a. It is written in the old alliterative verse.

b. It is written in the form of a dream vision.

c. The poem is an allegory which uses symbolism to relate truth. But in the main, it is a realistic picture of medieval Englan

d.

d. Its artistic merit may be shown by its portraits of the Seven Deadly Sins.

a. 采用旧时的头韵诗体。

b. 以梦境手法来叙述。

c. 本身是个寓言,运用象征与现实联系起来,但主要是中世纪英国的现实主义的描写。

d. 主要艺术特色在于对七宗罪的描写。

5.Chaucer(1340-1400)(乔叟)

(1) Life(生平)

Geoffrey Chaucer, born about in 1340 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court.

Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon the variegated picture of the English society of his time.

He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’Corner”.

杰弗里·乔叟于1340年出生于伦敦,他是英语诗歌的创始者。他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。

乔叟知识渊博。他精通拉丁语,法语和意大利语。他结交广泛且易与人深交,无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。这尤其有益于他的作品中的英国社会的刻画。

他逝于1400年,被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂,“诗人角”开始出现。

(2) Chaucer’s Literary Career(文学生平)

Chaucer’s literary career can be divide d into three periods, which is closely related to his life experiences. The first period consists of works translated from French; the second consists of works adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.

乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段,这三个阶段与其个人生活经历有关。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要是从法语翻译过来的,第二阶段则改编于意大利,如《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》,这是纯英语创作阶段。(3) Chaucer’s Major Works(主要作品)

Troilus and Criseyde《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》

The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》

(4) Analysis of Major Works(主要作品分析)

◆Troilus and Criseyde《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》

①Troilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.

②It tells the love story between Troilus and Criseyde. Troilus is a son of the King of Troy. Criseyde is a beautiful daughter of Calchas, a priest. For three years the two young people are united in mutual love until the appearance of Diomede, a handsome Greek warrior. Criseyde gives her love to the warrior, while Troilus, left in despair, is at last killed in the war.

③In this poem Chaucer didn’t write a full and finished romance, but has endowed it with what medieval romance lacked-interest of character as well

as of incident. With Troilus and Criseyde Chaucer becomes mature in versification.

①该诗是乔叟的最长的诗歌,也是他最伟大的文学成就之一。

②它讲述了特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达的爱情故事。特洛伊罗斯是特洛伊国王的儿子。克瑞西达是一个牧师的女儿。两人相爱了三年直到一个英俊潇洒的希腊勇士狄俄墨得斯的出现。克瑞西达改变了自己的心意,特洛伊罗斯则深陷绝望,在战争中战死。

③乔叟并没有写一个圆满美好的浪漫故事,而是赋予了中世纪传奇故事所缺少的人物和事件的重要性。由于这部作品,乔叟在诗律方面已经很成熟了。

◆Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》

A. Main Plot of The Canterbury Tales(主要情节)

Twenty-nine travelers set off for Canterbury on a pilgrimage. When they met at the inn, they decided to tell stories one by one. This becomes the content of the story. In The Canterbury Tales, there are 24 tales written, covering all the major types of medieval literature. The stories which the pilgrims tell are well suited to their different characters, ranging from the knight, the monk, the pardoner etc.

29名朝圣者前往坎特伯雷去朝圣。当他们在酒馆相遇,他们决定每个人轮流讲故事。这些故事就构成了《坎特伯雷故事集》中的故事。共有24个故事被写进故事集,故事涵盖了中世纪文学的各个方面。每个故事都与讲述者的身份相符,讲述者包罗各种阶层的人,有武士,僧侣,赦罪僧等。

B. Important Parts of The Canterbury Tales(重要部分)

☆“The Prologue”《总序》

The Prologue provides a framework for the tales. All classes of the English feudal society, except the royalty and the poorest peasant, are represented by these pilgrims in the Prologue.

《总序》提供了故事的框架。《总序》的朝圣者中囊括了当时英国封建社会中除了皇族和最底层的农民以外的形形色色的人物。

☆“The Wife of Bath”《巴斯妇人》

Chaucer’s keen observation and his unsurpassed talent for characterization are especially showed in his famous “The Wife of Bath”. She is the owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, vulgar and talkative. She relates the whole story of her married life. She has married five husbands and she expects one or two more.

Through this Bath woman, we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colourful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s own day.

通过《巴斯妇人》,读者可以尽情感受乔叟的细致入微的无人可比的人物塑造天赋。这位妇人是布店的经营者,为人开朗乐观,有时略带粗俗,喜欢讲话。她所讲述的是她与五位丈夫的婚史。

通过这位巴斯妇人,我们能够了解当时中层阶级的妇女及家庭生活。

C. Social Significances of The Canterbury Tales(社会影响)

a. It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time.

b. Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church.

c. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.

d. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.

a. 展示乔叟时代的真实生活画面。

b. 站在发展中的小资产阶级的立场,乔叟肯定了人的力量,反对教会宣扬的禁欲主义。

c. 赞扬了人的力量,智慧和对生活的热爱。

d.展现并批判了时代的罪恶,批判了贵族和教会的堕落。

(5) Chaucer’s Language(乔叟的语言)

a. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures. His verse is among the smoothest in English.

b. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the heroic couplet to English poetry.

c. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.

d. Chaucer is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high styl

e. This is what other poets cannot reach.

a. 乔叟的语言属于中英语,非常形象准确。他是用语言构建图画的大师。他的诗歌位列最顺畅的英语中。

b. 乔叟对英语诗歌的贡献主要在于他将法国的韵脚重复的诗节(尤其是英雄双韵体)介绍到英国。

c. 乔叟在使伦敦方言成为现代英语的标准中发挥了重要作用。

d. 乔叟善于使用三行体,这种诗体使他的语言很高雅。这是其他诗人无法匹敌的。

北京师范大学中国古代文学史串讲笔记

一、知识点: 1、我国古代没有专门的神话集,神话材料散见于古书当中。保存材料较多的有《山海经》、《楚辞》、《淮南子》等。P.21 2、《诗经》由风、雅、颂三部分组成。风、雅、颂在本质上是一种音乐上的分类。P.27 3、从内容方面对《诗经》进行分类,可分成祭祀诗(《维天之命》、《载芟》)、颂赞诗(《生民》、《公刘》、《帛系》、《皇矣》、《大明》)、怨刺诗,揭露时艰、讽谕朝政的诗歌(《民劳》、《节南山》、《小弁》)、婚恋诗(《关雎》、《蒹葭》、《月出》、《采葛》)、征役诗,反映战争问题和军旅生活的诗(《采薇》、《无衣》)。P.34-P.49 4、《尚书》以记言为主。P.58 5、《战国策》的散文艺术具有很高的成就,前人称赞它“辩丽横肆”。P.77 6、《战国策》有很多寓言故事,如“画蛇添足”、“鹬蚌相争”、“狐假虎威”、“骥服盐车”、“南辕北辙”等。P.79 7、诸子百家包括儒家、墨家、道家、阴阳家、法家、名家、纵横家、农家、杂家、小说家等众多的学派。P.85 8、孔子之后,与儒家学派相抗衡,在当时并称为“显学”的,是墨翟创立的墨家学派。P.91 9、《墨子》的中心思想是兼爱、非攻。《墨子》显露出由语录体向成熟的论说文过渡的痕迹。墨家还提出以“三表”做为立言的标准,“三表”又称“三法”。P.92 10、《老子》一书共八十一章。P.94 11、孟子是孔子之后儒家学派的代表人物。他晚年和弟子万章等人编撰了《孟子》一书,全书包括《梁惠王》、《公孙丑》、《滕文公》、《离娄》、《万章》、《告子》、《尽心》等七篇。孟子的仁政学说是建立在性善论的前提下。P.98P.99 12、《庄子》原有五十二篇,现存三十三篇,包括内篇七篇、外篇十五篇、杂篇十一篇。庄子是老子之后道家学派的代表。P.105 13、《荀子》共有三十二篇,系汉代刘向编定。荀子主张“法后王,统礼义,一制度”。P.117 14、荀子有《成相》和《赋篇》两篇韵文。清代卢文弓召(chāo)称《成相》为“后世弹词之祖”。P.120 15、韩非的主张是“世异则事异”,“事异则备变”,“圣人不期修古,不法常可,论世之事,因为之备”。韩非的寓言有“守株待兔”、“郑人买履”。P.121P.124 16、《吕氏春秋》以道家黄老学派的观点为主流。P.125

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

中国古代文学史(大三上)考试复习资料

中国古代文学史(大三上) 一、填空题。 1、王安石晚年曾隐居在南京城东钟山,又称紫金山,这座山向西距南京城7里,向东距钟山山顶也是约7里,因此称半山,这期间他的诗以七绝形式描写自然风光,注重炼字炼意,如“春风又绿江南岸,明月何时照我还?”。受到历代诗论家的赞赏,世称半山体。又称“王荆公体”、半山绝句、半山诗。 2、《春江花月夜》,中国唐代诗人张若虚(与贺知章、张旭、包融并称“吴中四士”)仅存的一首名诗,描绘春天夜晚江畔的景色,词句优美,被称为是“孤篇盖全唐”的杰作,闻一多称之为:“这是诗中的诗,顶峰上的顶峰。” 3、北宋处士林逋(和靖先生),隐居杭州孤山,不娶无子,而植梅放鹤,以梅为妻,以鹤为子,称“梅妻鹤子”,被传为千古佳话。他的《山园小梅》诗中名句:“疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏。”是梅花的传神写照,脍炙人口,被誉为千古绝唱。 4、扬州慢,词牌名,是南宋词人、音乐家姜夔的自度曲,“千岩老人以为有《黍离》之悲(即故国之悲)也”而以此调创作的词中最著名的就是姜夔的《扬州慢·淮左名都》。 5、文章四友指崔融、李峤、苏味道、杜审言。 6、柳永,北宋婉约派词最具代表性的人物之一,代表作《雨霖铃》。原名三变,字景庄。后改名永,字耆卿。排行第七,又称柳七。宋仁宗朝进士,官至屯田员外郎,故世称柳屯田。他自称“奉旨填词柳三变”,以毕生精力作词,并以“白衣卿相”自许。 二、选择题。 1、初唐四杰指:王勃、卢照邻、杨炯、骆宾王。唐P185 2、通俗诗派,又称“元白诗派”,是中唐时期,以元稹(《织妇词》、《田家词》)、白居易(组诗《秦中吟》 10首、《新乐府》50首,感伤诗《长恨歌》、《琵琶行》)为代表的一个诗派,诗歌多用写实手法,多用“新乐府”诗,语言通俗易懂和浅显,重要作家还有张籍(《节妇吟》“还君明珠双泪垂,恨不相逢未嫁时”)、王建(《田家行》)、李坤等。唐P277 3、苏门四学士:黄庭坚、秦观、晁补之、张耒。 苏门六君子:黄庭坚、秦观、晁补之、张耒、陈师道、李廌。 4、陈子昂论诗提倡汉魏风骨,主张诗要有兴寄,强调文学的社会意义,反对齐、梁以来的形式主义文风。 他自己的创作,如《登幽州台歌》、《感遇》等共三十八首诗,风格朴质而明朗,格调苍凉激越,标志

刘晓艳考研英语笔记教案资料

刘晓艳英语阅读课堂笔记:1、原句重复出现,200%错。正确的都是有改动的,即同意替换。 2、文章是按顺序出题的。你要觉得不是,就是你做错了。 3、选项中意思完全相反的2个选项,其中之一是对的(要有这个意识)。 4、就一般而言,some people ,表作者不认同的观点。few people ,表作者的观点。 5、用文章里举例的句子来作为选项,直接排除。200%错。(要有能辨别这个选项是不是文章中例子的能力)。 6、某某人说的话,或者是带引号的,一定要高度重视。尤其是在段落的后半部分。很有可能就是某个问题的同意替换。即题眼。 7、有的时候,一句话可以设2 个问题。不过这种情况很少出现了,非常少。 8、文章基本以5 段为主(也有6 段、7 段的),要把握每段之间的关系。一般来说,一段一个题,只是一般来说喔。 9、一篇文章总会有5、6+个长难句,且总会在这里设问题。所以,长难句必须要拿下! 10、每段的第一句很重要。尤其总分结构的段。有的时候第一句话就是题眼。考研英语,总分结构或者总分总的段落很多。 11、若文章首段以why 为开头的,这里若设题的话,选项里有because 的,往往就是正确选项。不过这种类型的题,很少见了。 12、有时候每段的第一句话,仅仅是一个表述。而在第2 或3 句以后,会出现对比或者转折。一般来说,转折后面的是作者的态度。你要注意的是,作者对什么进行了转折。那个关键词你要找出来。 13、在应该出现答案的地方,没有答案,接着往下读。答案可能会在下一段的开头部分。因为文章都是接着说的。要有连贯性。这和7选5的技巧有些相似。不过这种情况并不多见。 14、一个长句看不懂,接着往下看,下一句可能是这个长句的解释说明。是

英国文学史笔记(刘炳善著 河南人民出版社)part7-8

Part 7 prose-writers and poets of the mid and late 19th century Chapter 1 Thomas Carlyle He was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University He is a literary critic Sartor Resartus The French Revolution Heroes and Hero-Worship Past and Present Chapter 2 Ruskin and some other prose-writers 1 John Ruskin He is a critic. Art criticism and social criticism He is a social thinker and a master of English. His prescription for the contemporary social problems was faulty, but he sincerely sympathized with the people and exposed with holy wrath the evils Modern Painters 2 Matthew Arnold 3 Macaulay Chapter 3 Alfred Tennyson1809~1892 (维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人) Poet Laureate (桂冠诗人) ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break, Break, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击 ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 Chapter 4 Robert Browning罗伯特?白朗宁1812~1889 A follower of Shelley ①< My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ②< Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思 ③Pippa Passes Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ①葡萄牙十四行诗 He introduced to English poetry a new form ,the dramatic monologue He has been praised as a "a genius in courageous and high- hearted figure", well-known for buoyant optimism. Chapter 5 the Rossettis and Swinburne 1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti Poem: The Blessed Damozel 2 Christina Georgina Rossetti Poem: Goblin Market

中国古代文学考研魏晋南北朝文学_笔记

魏晋南北朝文学 第一章建安文学 一、基本知识 1、三曹:汉魏间曹操、曹丕、曹植三父子的并称。她们以显赫的政治地位与杰出的文学才能著称于世。她们在诗歌中抒写自己的政治抱负与乱离的社会场景,悲歌慷慨,就是汉魏风骨的代表诗人,在五言诗歌发展史上处于承先启后的重要地位。曹植被誉为“建安之杰”。 2、建安七子:指东汉建安年间孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐干、阮瑀、应瑒、刘桢等七位文学家的并称。她们均以诗文显赫当世,就是曹魏文学集团核心成员,与三曹同为建安时代的重要作家。其中以王粲、刘桢成就最高。 3、建安风骨:就是对建安文学风格的形象概括。建安就是汉献帝的年号。当时有不少作品反映了乱离的社会现实,表达了统一天下的愿望与对理想生活的追求。其诗歌情调慷慨悲凉,语言刚健爽朗。后人把建安诗歌的成就称为“建安风骨”。 4、《悲愤诗》:诗歌篇名。汉魏间著名女诗人蔡琰的代表作品,相传有骚体与五言体二首。其中五言体较可信。全诗五百四十字,自述在汉末动乱中的不幸遭遇,反映了整个汉末动乱时期广大人民,特别就是妇女的共同命运,具有典型意义。全诗叙事波澜曲折,抒情如泣如诉,有强烈的感染力。 二、思考与练习 1、建安时期有哪些著名的诗人?她们的诗歌创作有何共同特征? 建安时期著名的诗人有“三曹”(曹操、曹丕与曹植)、“七子”(孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐干、阮瑀、应瑒、刘桢)与女诗人蔡琰。其诗歌创作的共同特征就是:都致力于五言诗的创作,表现了乱离的社会现实,表现了统一天下的愿望与积极进取的理想精神,情调慷慨激昂,语言刚健爽朗,“并志深而笔长,故梗概而多气”,形成所谓“建安风骨”。 2、试析“三曹”诗歌风格的差异? 曹操的诗歌富有抒情化、个性化特色,充满积极进取的精神,语言古朴苍劲,风格悲凉慷慨、雄健沉郁。曹丕的诗多写游子思妇题材,兼有年命之悲与行乐之情,充满乱离时代的哀怨之音,诗风清丽哀婉。曹植就是第一个大力写作五言诗的作家,其诗歌加强了抒情化色彩;描写细致,善用比喻,增强了形象性与生动性;词藻丰富华美,讲究对偶、炼字,语言绮丽而自然,韵律、色调与谐;讲究谋篇布局。风格“骨气奇高,词采华茂”。 3、简述曹植诗歌创作前后期的变化及其原因? 曹植早期诗歌充满了昂扬奋发的精神,后期诗歌慷慨悲凉。诗风变化的原因就是由于其政治地位的变化导致题材与艺术手法的变化。曹植早期才华横溢,颇受宠爱,故诗歌多歌唱建功立业的理想抱负,也有感时伤乱、述写宴饮游乐的作品,洋溢着浪漫乐观的情调。后期备受猜忌,故主要抒写自己遭谴被弃的悲愤与不平,或述写朋友与自己遭受迫害的愤懑,或借传统闺怨题材表明自己的心志,或自抒胸臆,或借游仙以排遣内心的苦闷。大量地运用了比喻与象征手法表现诗人反抗迫害的精神。 第二章正始文学 一、基本知识 1、正始文学:魏曹芳正始年间的文学。当时统治阶级内部斗争激烈,老庄哲学风行,文学创作受到严重影响。宣扬消极思想,滋长了脱离现实的倾向。只有阮籍、嵇康的作品还能以隐蔽的手法表现彷徨苦闷的心情,流露出不满现实的情绪,成就较大。 2、竹林七贤:指魏晋间嵇康、阮籍、山涛、向秀、阮咸、王戎、刘伶。七位文士“相与友善,游于竹林”,故号“竹林七贤”。 3、《与山巨源绝交书》:文章篇名,曹魏正始间嵇康写给山涛的一封信。这就是一篇与司马氏集团决裂的宣言书。文章申明自己不愿当官就是为了远祸全身。提出做官“必有不堪者七,甚不可者二”,提出“非汤武而薄周孔”。 二、思考与练习 1、阮籍《咏怀诗》的主要思想内容与艺术特色就是什么? 其内容一就是抒写孤苦寂寞与忧生惧祸之情;二就是讽刺时政,揭露社会丑恶腐败;三就是表现饮酒、求仙生活。艺术特色一就是长于抒情,二就是工于比兴;三就是精于用典;四就是善于曲笔。具体手法一就是将象征手法与寓意的不确定性结合起来,再加上典故的多义性,使诗作寓意深邃难明;二就是用多种比兴构成完整的意境,使寓意藏而不露。风格深隐含蓄,所谓“阮旨遥深”、“厥旨渊放,归趣难求”。 第三章两晋文学 一、基本知识 1、太康体:晋武帝太康时期的诗体。以潘岳、陆机、张载、张协、陆云等为代表。其诗讲究雕章琢句,追求词藻,流于轻靡,诗风繁缛华丽,代表着当时诗坛的主流。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解-盎格鲁-诺曼底时期【圣才出品】

第2章盎格鲁-诺曼底时期 2.1复习笔记 I.Background Knowledge(1066-1350)(背景知识) 1.The Norman Conquest(诺曼征服) A.Brief Introduction(简介) The French-speaking Normans began their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William, Duke of Normandy,with the battle of Hastings in1066. 说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵的带领下,在1066年的黑斯廷斯战役中打败了英国人,开始了对英国的统治。 B.Chief Influences(主要影响) (1)The bringing of Roman civilization to England; (2)The growth of nationality,i.e.a strong centralized government,instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes; (3)The birth of new English language and literature due to the integration with French vocabulary. (1)将罗曼文化带到英格兰; (2)促进了国家的发展,强大的中央集权政府代替了散乱的撒克逊部落联盟;(3)和法国语言的融合产生了新的英语语言和文学。 II.Features of the New Literature(新文学特征) (1)The new literature is a combination of French and Anglo-Saxon elements. (2)There are three classes of new literature: ①Matter of France(tales about Charlemagne and his peers); ②Matter of Greece and Rome(tales about Alexander and the fall of Troy); ③Matter of Britain(tales about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table).

中国古代文学史3考试重点

1、杨维帧:牛鬼蛇神。鉄崖体,诗文标新立异,义象大,用语奇,题材有所开拓。风格秾丽瑰奇,纵横豪气而又沉沦妖治之气。《题苏武牧羊图》“牦尽风霜节,心悬日月光。” 2、《琵琶记》艺术成就:形象塑造以情动人;情节双线;文辞有神韵、语言个性化、心理描写;格律独创吻合剧情;扶植人伦,注重教化作用。 3、《窦娥冤》:悲剧审美;戏剧结构单纯明快;人物形象生动,窦娥性格发展;语言自然本色。 《西厢记》:体制创新,五本二十一折适应复杂剧情;结构起伏,悬念;人物刻画;语言本色中又见典雅富丽,点染名句,诗化,叠字排比等修辞。 4、关汉卿豪放派,叠字衬字,情感细腻,玩世态度,倔强性格。马致远清丽派,寓情于景,意境深幽。句式灵活多变伸缩自如;以俗为尚,口语化散文化;审美取向明快显豁,自然酣畅。 5、茶陵派李东阳,追求典雅流丽,师法先秦古文,诗宗杜甫。前七子李梦阳何景明,文必秦汉诗必盛唐。唐宋派文擅韩欧,唐宋古文。归有光,感情真挚动人者深;讲究剪裁布局,其文简明扼要。后七子王世贞李攀龙,文自西京,诗自天宝而下,具无足观。文学结派斗争,拟古恶流。 6、公安派袁宏道,反对贵古贱今剽窃,主张通变;独抒性灵(作家个性,发展观点反抄袭);推崇民歌小说通俗文学。局限,琐事,缺深厚社会内容;过于率直浅俗。竟陵派钟惺谭元春,通变标新立异;深幽孤峭的诗歌风格。 7、沈汤之争吴江派,合律依腔;语言本色通俗质朴。沈璟吕天成王骥德。临川派,至情论;意趣说;不妨折拗了天下人的嗓子。 8、《三国》主题:拥刘反曹(对比名义;执政思想;内部关系。正统观,底层人民愿望。)忠义,诸葛亮关羽。艺术:七实三虚(移花接木、添枝加叶、凭空造影)人物塑造(对比,夸张渲染,类型)结构(纵式,主线,横面设计,重要场面人物)语言通俗,人物刻画简略 9、《西游》成书:三藏取经;民间流传与创作(历史与传统融合;宗教色彩淡化,神话世俗色彩加重;个人集大成)。思想内容:隐喻现实(三国度);三教观念;人性多重组合;悟空反抗;思想矛盾。艺术:奇人事境,人物神物人性;幽默讽刺手法;线性结构,小故事,主线 10、《金瓶梅》西门庆:金钱权势色欲。典型意义:真实立体的人性,时代人物(官商霸,好货食利的市民社会,纵欲主义的时代潮流)艺术:文人创作长篇小说;现实主义小说(新题材,开两大流派);网状结构,辐射;类型化向典型化。 11、“三言”主旨:爱情,统治黑暗,友谊,市民生活。艺术:市民文学与文人文学的融合。情节奇;语言口语化;情节发展中塑造人物;人情世态描绘,心理

考研英语笔记

首先,这个文档不同于别的参考书,它是以一句话为单元,给您讲解单词,语法, 译文,适合基础薄弱的同学。 第二,请同学先用这个文档把里面的单词,语法和句子都弄明白了,再听这个视 频。这个视频只是讲解绿色标注的部分内容,还有详细讲解后面的选项。 黄伟英语原创 Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points) Text 1 第一段 Come on –Everybody’s doing it. [译文] 赶快加入吧——大家都在这样做。 That whispered message, (half invitation and half forcing), is what most of us think of(when we hear the words peer pressure. )

whisper v. 小声说 whispered message 耳语 think of 想起 forcing adj. 强迫的,施加压力的;n. 强制 peer pressure 同辈压力 黄伟英语原创 同辈压力(peer pressure)是指同辈人互相比较中产生的心理压力,一个 同辈人团体对个人施加影响,会促使个人改变其态度、价值观戒行为使其遵守团 体准则。 【语法】 主干:That whispered message….. is what most of us think of….. 从句1:what most of us think of 由what 引导的做is 的表语从句揑入语:half invitation and half forcing 地点状语从句:when we hear the words peer pressure. 【译文】 这一半是邀请一半是强迫的耳语是我们大多数人在听到“同辈压力”这个词 时会想到的 It usually lead s to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.

英国文学史

英国文学 Part1.Old and medieval Beowulf贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people)stricking feature:alliteration, metaphors and understatements. William Langland 威廉。兰格伦 Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯 Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400长诗:The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德 小说:Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作(他是最早有人文主义思想的作家,现实主义文学的奠基人) his contribution to English poetry:introduced from france the rhymed couplet of5accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet),is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. Part2.The English renaissance Thomas More托马 斯。莫尔 Utopia乌托帮 Philip Sidney菲力 普。锡德尼 Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩 Edmond Spenser埃 德蒙。斯宾塞 The Faerie Queene仙后The Shepherds’s Calender牧羊人日历 Francis Bacon培根1561-1626Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集(Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self) The founder of English materialist philosophy Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫。马洛Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝Dr.Faustus浮士德的悲剧The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧羊人致情人 William Shakespeare 莎士比亚1564-1616The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世(上、下);The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世(上、中、下);The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世;Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶;Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒;The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello 奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗 The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night Night’’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜; The Great Tragedies:The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;Othell Othello o 奥塞罗King Lear李尔王;The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白; The Later Comedies(romances):Pericles波里克利斯;Cymbeline辛白林; The Winter Winter’’s Tale冬天的故事;The Tempest暴风风雨; P art3.The English Bourgeois revolution period John Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608-1674L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica 论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩;Paradise Lost失乐园;Paradise Regained复乐园;Samson Agonistes力士参孙 John Bunyan班扬1628-1688The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程; The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生 John Donne约翰。多恩Songs and Sonnets Devotions upon emergent Occasions (The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry) John Dryden All for Love Antony and Cleopatra An Essay of Dramatic Poesy Part4.The eighteenth Century Joseph Addison艾迪生诗:The Campaign远征;剧本:Cato加图名文;Adventure of A shilling一先令的历险 Richard Steele理查德·斯梯尔1672-1729The Christian Hero基督教徒的英雄 名文:The Spectator Club旁观者俱乐部 Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书 Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记(A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of 1

2021武汉大学中国古代文学考研真题经验参考书

2019考研已经过去了一段时间,我在被录取之后,还是很激动的,因为自己的复习较晚,在这里要特别感谢身边研友的陪伴。就从考研备考来说,我将把自己的一些经验总结总结,分享给大家。 首先,我想跟大家说,一定要提前想好要不要考研。在暑假之前,我是没有打算复习考研的,内心想着文科生还是能找到工作的,并准备暑假去实习。实习了半个月,实在干不下去了。我就在想,大学毕业说不定也就是实习的样子,待遇也好不到哪去。经过自己内心的灵魂拷问,我决定:辞去工作,考研。那么问题来了,考哪呢?又是一番挣扎,因为那个时候很多人都已经复习了一段时间了,我还没有怎么关注过考研信息。我就找了我的室友,问了下考研的流程,最后选择了武汉大学中国古代文学。原因是学校离家近,专业也在大学期间学过一些,也方便以后找工作。因为选择的晚,前期复习起来总是手忙脚乱的。但是我告诉自己,不能乱,选择了复习就是了,拼上一把。中国古代文学有三个方向:魏晋南北朝隋唐五代文学、宋元文学、明清文学,都是全日制,招收二十多个人。当然,很多文科专业都是类似的,甚至招的人更少。竞争还是有的,所以有意考研的一定要做好充分的准备。 中国古代文学考试范围:政治、英语一、业务课一是文学理论与中国现当代文学、业务课二是中国古代文学与外国文学。接下来我将分公共课和专业课两块来谈谈我的一些经历。 政治英语几乎是所有考研人都要考的,如果英语特别不好的话,可以选择别的语言。因为自己开始复习的晚,自己的英语水平又不高,但其他语言也没有基础,所以我报了一个英语辅导班。背了《一本单词》,辅导班虽然是大班授课,但是我仍然是学到了不少,尤其是用词根词缀记忆单词。此外,我在上课以外的时间也会和班上别的同学交流,加上老师的鼓励,使我对英语复习越来越有信心了。就这样一天天的跟着学习,我的英语词汇语法越来越好了。后来就是集中的练题,做了《木糖英语真题手译》,但是真题没有一套套做,是按照老师整理好的分类进行练习的。政治,暑假我是都没想复习,因为听说政治复习早晚最后的分数差别不大。所以,我就想晚点开始,先把别的复习复习。在国庆之后,我才开始复习政治。我是直接看的《李凡政治新时器》,做做看看答案,解析也是认真的看,因为没有时间看别的资料了。李凡配套题既是我的练习册又是我的参考

英国文学史笔记

Index The Sixteenth Century

The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations. Works First period: Romeo and Juliet Second Period: 1. Hamlet, Prince of Demark 2. Othello, the Moor of Venice 3. King Lear 4. The Tragedy of Macbeth The Seventeenth Century Puritan Age Burrton?s Anatomy of Melancholy. The spiritual gloom sooner or later fastens upon all the writers of this age. This so called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisites workmanship, and one of great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people---John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression. Restoration Age As a critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration age. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim as to entertain the licentious aristocrats. John Donne 1. Poetry Form

中国古代文学史期末考试试题

一、名词解释 神魔(怪)小说:出现于明代后期的白话章回小说。它以神魔怪异为主要题材,参照现实生活中政治、伦理、宗教等方面的矛盾和斗争,比附性的编织了神怪形象系列,将一些零散片段的故事系统化、完整化。风格上尚“奇”贵“幻”。它是在“三教合一”思想主导下,接受了古代神话、六朝志怪、唐传奇、宋元话本的影响和道教仙话、佛教故事和民间传说的养料产生的。代表作品有《西游记》《封神演义》等。 历史演义:所谓历史演义就是用通俗的语言,将战争兴废、朝代更替等为基干的历史题材,组织、敷演成完整的故事,并以此表明一定的政治思想、道德观念和美学理想。这种独特的文字样式受到了素重历史传统的中国人民的喜爱,所以明代“罗贯中氏《三国志》一书,以国史演为通俗演义,汪洋百馀回,为世所尚,嗣是效颦日众,因而有《夏书》《商书》《列国》《两汉》《唐书》《残唐》《南北宋》诸刻,其浩瀚几与正史分签并架”形成了一个创作历史演义的传统。而《三国志演义》是我国历史小说的开山之作。 前七子:也叫弘正七子。它是明代弘治、正德年间以李梦阳、何景明为首的一个复古主义文学流派,其成员有徐祯卿、边贡、康海、王九思、王廷相。借助复古手段而欲达到变革的目的,这是前七子文学复古的实质所在。

临川派:以临川剧作家汤显祖为首的戏曲流派,又叫“玉茗堂派”。此派创作主才情,不拘音律,常以男女至情反对封建礼教,以奇幻情节承载浪漫风格,以绮词丽语体体现优美文采。成员有吴炳、阮大铖、孟称舜等人。 清初古文三大家:侯方域、魏禧、汪琬三人。魏禧以观点卓越、析理透辟见长,汪琬写人状物笔墨生动,侯方域的影响最大,继承韩、欧传统,融入小说笔法,流畅恣肆,委屈详尽。 “四声猿”:“四声猿”语出郦道元《水经注》:“猿鸣三声泪沾裳”,是一组杂剧,包括《狂鼓史渔阳三弄》(1折)《玉禅师翠乡一梦》(2折)《雌木兰替父从军》(2折)《女状元辞凰得凤》(5折)四本短戏。创作活泼畅快、汪洋恣肆,在一定意义上反映出价值的世俗观念和相对进步的市民精神,带有甚为浓厚的民间文学色彩。徐渭欲借此剧,呼喊久积于胸的牢骚,张扬狂放不羁的个性,表现愤世嫉俗的精神。 公安派:中国明代文学流派。代表人物为袁宗道、袁宏道、袁中道三兄弟,因其籍贯为湖广公安(今属湖北),故世称公安派。其重要成员还有江盈科、陶望龄、黄辉、雷思霈等人。文学主张主要有以下3点:①反对剿袭,主张通变。他们猛烈抨击前后七子的句拟字摹、食古不化的倾向,主张文学应随时代而发展变化,应冲破一切束缚文学创作的藩篱。②独抒性灵,不拘格套。所谓“性灵”就是作家的个性表现和真情发露。他们认为“出自性灵

考研英语作文超全笔记

英语作文(英一&&英二)超全笔记 题型及注意事项 一、题型(40min) (一)大作文:图画、图表作文25min 150-200 (二)小作文 15min 100 1.Letter (1)公务书信(不熟的人) (2)私人书信(熟悉的人) 2.告示 notice 二、评分原则与方法 (一)书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰 (二)?注意: 1.单词、语法第一位:正确、准确、多变 2.结构第二位 三段论 句子之间多用逻辑关系词 多用代词代替已经出现过的名词 3.内容不重要,用来凑字数(积极向上) 三、考研写作常见问题 (一)语域问题:语言的正式性与非正式性 1.缩写词不正式 2.泛指的不定代词 you 不正式,正式文体常用 one 代替 eg:One(You) never know what measures the president will take. 3.正式文体的引导词 that 不可以省略 4.插入语使句子更正式 状语; 同位语 (二)语法常见问题 1.名词单复数:可数名词不可单独使用,要?冠词或者变复数,分不清就? the 2.主谓一致 3. 时态

以一般现在时为主 描述图画经常用现在进行时 描述图标经常用一般过去时 举例子经常用一般过去时 4.词性误用 5.中文思维 四、注意 图中有文字一定要仔细看 高分亮点 一、高分词句 随着人们生活水平的提高 With people's living standards improving, ….. 随着全球化的深入 With deepening globalization, ….. 提升解决问题的能力 improve their problem-solving skills 提高外语水平 improve their foreign language proficiency 经常锻炼 regularly take exercises / exercise on a regular basis 养成阅读的习惯 develop the habit of reading 勇敢面对并战胜困难 bravely face and conquer their di?iculties 保护环境/提高环保意识 protect the environment /improve their awareness of environmental protection 节约能源 save energy 更好地了解外国文化 have a better understanding of foreign cultures 为自己的传统文化感到骄傲 be proud of/celebrate/embrace traditional culture 对父母孝顺 be filial to their parents 随着经济的繁荣

英国文学史及选读教学内容

英国文学史及选读教学内容 Introduction Unit 1 The Anglo-Saxon Period (2学时) 1. Background 2. Epic & Beowulf Unit 2 The Anglo-Norman Period(2学时) 1. Background 2. Romance & Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Unit 3 Geoffrey Chaucer(2学时) 1. The Canterbury Tales 2. Popular Ballads Unit 4 The Renaissance(8学时)(重点) 1. Background 2. William Shakespeare: Hamlet: “To be or not to be” soliloquy(重点) Sonnet & Sonnet 18 Unit 5 The Period of Revolution and Restoration (4学时) 1. Background 2. John Milton: Paradise Lost 3. John Donne: Song Unit 6 The Age of Enlightenment(3学时) 1. Background 2. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 3. Robert Burns: A Red, Red Rose (重点) Unit 7 The Romantic Period(6学时)

1. Background 2. William Wordsworth: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud (重点) 3. Byron: She Walks in Beauty 4. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice(重点) Unit 8 The Victoria Period(4学时) 1. Background 2. Charles Dickens 3. Bronte Sisters: Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights Unit 9 Twentieth Century Literature(5学时) 1. Background 2. Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urberville s(重点) 3. D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers 参考书目 1.《英国文学史(1-4册)》,陈嘉著,商务印书馆,1999年。2.《英国文学新编》,郭群英著,外语教学与研究出版社,2001年。 3.《英国文学通史》,侯维瑞著,上海外语教育出版社,1999年。4.《英国文学简史》,刘炳善著,河南人民出版社,1993年。5.《英国文学漫话》,刘炳善著,河南大学出版社,1999年。6.《英国文学选读》,王守仁著,高等教育出版社,2001年。7.Drabble, Margaret. The Oxford Companion to English

相关主题