附录Ⅰ中英文翻译
液压系统安装、调试、保养和泄露
安装：
液压系统的安装是液压系统能否正常运行的一个重要环节。
一、安装人员
液压传动系统虽然与机械传动系统有大量相似之处，但是液压传动系统确实有它的特性。经过专业培训，并有一定安装经验的人员才能从事液压系统的安装。
二、审查液压系统
主要是审查该项设计能否达到预期的工作目标，能否实现机器的动作和达到各项性能指标。安装工艺有无实现的可能。全面了解设计总体各部分的组成，深入地了解各部分所起的作用。审查的主要内容包含以下几点：
1、审查液压系统的设计。
2、鉴定液压系统原理图的合理性。
3、评价系统的制造工艺水平。
4、检查并确认液压系统的净化程度。
5、液压系统零部件的确认。
三、安装前的技术准备工作
液压系统在安装前，应按照有关技术资料做好各项准备工作。
1、技术资料的准备与熟悉
液压系统原理图、电气原理图、管道布置图、液压元件、辅件、管件清单和有关元件样本等，这些资料都应准备齐全，以便工程技术人员对具体内容和技术要求逐项熟悉和研究。
2、物资准备
按照液压系统图和液压件清单，核对液压件的数量，确认所有液压元件的质量状况。尤其要严格检查压力表的质量，查明压力表交验日期，对检验时间过长的压力表要重新进行校验，确保准确可靠。
3、质量检查
液压元件在运输或库存过程中极易被污染和锈蚀，库存时间过长会使液压元件中的密封件老化而丧失密封性，有些液压元件由于加工及装配质量不良使性能不可靠，所以必须对元件进行严格的质量检查。
A) 液压元件质量检查
1、各类液压元件型号必须与元件清单一致。
2、要查明液压元件保管时间是否过长，或保管环境不合要求，应注意液压元件内部密封件老化程度，必要时要进行拆洗、更换、并进行性能测试。
3、每个液压元件上的调整螺钉、调节手轮、锁紧螺母等都要完整无损。
4、液压元件所附带的密封件表面质量应符合要求、否则应予更换。
5、板式连接元件连接平面不准有缺陷。安装密封件的沟槽尺寸加工精度要符合有关标准。
6、管式连接元件的连接螺纹口不准有破损和活扣现象。
7、板式阀安装底板的连接平面不准有凹凸不平缺陷，连接螺纹不准有破损和活扣现象。
8、将通油口堵塞取下，检查元件内部是否清洁。
9、检查电磁阀中的电磁铁芯及外表质量，若有异常不准使用。
10、各液压元件上的附件必须齐全。
B) 液压辅件质量检查
1、油箱要达到规定的质量要求。油箱上附件必须齐全。箱内部不准有锈蚀，装油前油箱内部一定要清洗干净。
2、所领用的滤油器型号规格与设计要求必须一致，确认滤芯精度等级，滤芯不得有缺陷，连接螺口不准有破损，所带附件必须齐全。
3、各种密封件外观质量要符合要求，并查明所领密封件保管期限。有异常或保管期限过长的密封件不准使用。
4、蓄能器质量要符合要求，所带附件要齐全。查明保管期限，对存放过长的蓄能器要严格检查质量，不符合技术指标和使用要求的蓄能器不准使用。
5、空气滤清器用于过滤空气中的粉尘，通气阻力不能太大，保证箱内压力为大气压。所以空气滤清器要有足够大的通过空气的能力。
C) 管子和接头质量检查
a) 管子的材料、通径、壁厚和接头的型号规格及加工质量都要符合设计要求。
b) 所用管子不准有缺陷。有下列异常，不准使用：
1、管子内、外壁表面已腐蚀或有显著变色。
2、管子表面伤口裂痕深度为管子壁厚的10%以上。
3、管子壁内有小孔。
4、管子表面凹入程度达到管子直径的10%以上。
c) 使用弯曲的管子时，有下列异常不准使用：
1、管子弯曲部位内、外壁表面曲线不规则或有锯齿形。
2、管子弯曲部位其椭圆度大于10%以上。
3、扁平弯曲部位的最小外径为原管子外径的70%以下。
d) 所用接头不准有缺陷。若有下列异常，不准使用：
1、接头体或螺母的螺纹有伤痕、毛刺或断扣等现象。
2、接头体各结合面加工精度未达到技术要求。
3、接头体与螺母配合不良，有松动或卡涩现象。
4、安装密封圈的沟槽尺寸和加工精度未达到规定的技术要求。
e) 软管和接头有下列缺陷的不准使用：
1、软管表面有伤皮或老化现象。
2、接头体有锈蚀现象。
3、螺纹有伤痕、毛刺、断扣和配合有松动、卡涩现象。
f) 法兰件有下列缺陷不准使用：
1、法兰密封面有气孔、裂缝、毛刺、径向沟槽。
2、法兰密封沟槽尺寸、加工精度不符合设计要求。
3、法兰上的密封金属垫片不准有各种缺陷。材料硬度应低于法兰硬度。
四、液压管道的安装要求
液压管道安装是液压设备安装的一项主要工程。管道安装质量的好坏是关系到液压系统工作性能是否正常的关键之一。
1、布管设计和配管时都应先根据液压原理图，对所需连接的组件、液压元件、管接头、法兰作一个通盘的考虑。
2、管道的敷设排列和走向应整齐一致，层次分明。尽量采用水平或垂直布管，水平管道的不平行度应≤2/1000；垂直管道的不垂直度应≤2/400。用水平仪检测。
3、平行或交接的管系之间，应有10mm以上的空隙。
4、管道的配置必须使管道、液压阀和其它元件装卸、维修方便。系统中任何一段管道或元件应尽量能自由拆装而不影响其它元件。
5、配管时必须使管道有一定的刚性和抗振动能力。应适当配置管道支架和管夹。弯曲的管子应在起弯点附近设支架或管夹。管道不得与支架或管夹直接焊接。
6、管道的重量不应由阀、泵及其它液压元件和辅件承受；也不应由管道支承较重的元件重量。
7、较长的管道必须考虑有效措施以防止温度变化使管子伸缩而引起的应力。
8、使用的管道材质必须有明确的原始依据材料，对于材质不明的管子不允许使用。
9、液压系统管子直径在50mm以下的可用砂轮切割机切割。直径50mm以上的管子一般应采用机械加工方法切割。如用气割，则必须用机械加工方法车去因气割形成的组织变化部分，同时可车出焊接坡口。除回油管外，压力由管道不允许用滚轮式挤压切割器切割。管子切割表面必须平整，去除毛刺、氧化皮、熔渣等。切口表面与管子轴线应垂直。
泄露
一、前言
泄漏是目前液压机械普遍存在的故障现象，尤其是在工程机械液压系统中更为严重，主要是由于液体在液压元件和管路中流动时产生压力差及各元件存在间隙等引起泄漏。另外，恶劣工况条件也会对工程机械的密封产生一定的影响。液压系统一旦发生泄漏，将会引起系统压力。
二、泄漏的分类：
工程机械液压系统的泄漏主要有两种，固定密封处泄漏和运动密封处泄漏，固定密封处泄漏的部位主要包括缸底、各管接头的连接处等，运动密封处主要包括油缸活塞杆部位、多路阀阀杆等部位。从油液的泄漏上也可分为外泄漏和内泄漏，外泄漏主要是指液压油从系统泄漏到环境中，内泄漏是指由于高低压侧的压力差的存在以及密封件失效等原因，使液压油在系统内部由高压侧流向低压侧。
三、影响泄漏的原因：
（一）设计因素：
（１）密封件的选择
液压系统的可行性，在很大程度上取决于液压系统密封的设计和密封件的选择，由于设计中密封结构选用不合理，密封件的选用不合乎规范，在设计中没有考虑到液压油与密封材料的相容型式、负载情况、极限压力、工作速度大小、环境温度的变化等。这些都在不同程度上直接或间接造成液压系统泄漏。另外，由于工程机械的使用环境中具有尘埃和杂质，所以在设计中要选用合适的防尘密封，避免尘埃等污物进入系统破坏密封、污染油液，从而产生泄漏。
（２）其他设计原因
设计中考虑到运动表面的几何精度和粗糙度不够全面以及在设计中没有进行连接部位的强度校核等，这些都会在机械的工作中引起泄漏。
（二）制造和装配因素
（１）制造因素：
所有的液压元件及密封部件都有严格的尺寸公差、表面处理、表面光洁度及形位公差等要求。如果在制造过程中超差，例如：油缸的活塞半径、密封槽深度或宽度、装密封圈的孔尺寸超差或因加工问题而造成失圆、本身有毛刺或有洼点、镀铬脱落等，密封件就会有变形、划伤、压死或压不实等现象发生使其失去密封功能。将使零件本身具有先天性的渗漏点，在装配后或使用过程中发生渗漏。
（２）装配因素：
液压元件在装配中应杜绝野蛮操作，如果过度用力将使零件产生变形，特别是用铜棒等敲打缸体、密封法兰等；装配前应对零件进行仔细检查，装配时应将零件蘸少许液压油，轻轻压入，清洗时应用柴油，特别是密封圈、防尘圈、Ｏ形圈等橡胶元件，如果用汽油则使其易老化失去原有弹性，从而失去密封机能。
（三）油液污染及零部件的损伤
（１）气体污染
在大气压下，液压油中可溶解１０％左右的空气，在液压系统的高压下，在油液中会溶解更多的空气或气体。空气在油液中形成气泡，如果液压支架在工作过程中在极短的时间内，压力在高低压之间迅速变换就会使气泡在高压侧产生高温在低压侧发生爆裂，如果液压系统的元件表面有凹点和损伤时，液压油就会高速冲向元件表面加速表面的磨损，引起泄漏。
（２）颗粒污染
液压油缸作为一些工程机械液压系统的主要执行元件，由于工作过程中活塞杆裸露在外直接和环境相接触，虽然在导向套上装有防尘圈及密封件等，但也难免将尘埃、污物带入液压系统，加速密封件和活塞杆等的划伤和磨损，从而引起泄漏，颗粒污染为液压元件损坏最快的因素之一。
（３）水污染
由于工作环境潮湿等因素的影响，可能会使水进入液压系统，水会与液压油反应，形成酸性物质和油泥，降低液压油的润滑性能，加速部件的磨损，水还会造成控制阀的阀杆发生粘结，使控制阀操纵困难划伤密封件，造成泄漏。
（４）零件损伤
密封件是由耐油橡胶等材料制成，由于长时间的使用发生老化、龟裂、损伤等都会引起系统泄漏。如果零件在工作过程中受碰撞而损伤，会划伤密封元件，从而造成
泄漏。
四、泄漏主要防治对策
造成工程机械液压系统的泄漏的因素是多方面综合影响的结果，以现有的技术和材料，要想从根本上消除液压系统的泄漏是很难做到的。只有从以上影响液压系统泄漏因素出发，采取合理的措施尽量减少液压系统泄漏。在设计和加工环节中要充分考虑影响泄漏的重要因素密封沟槽的设计和加工。另外，密封件的选择也是非常重要的，如果不在最初全面考虑泄漏的影响因素，将会给以后的生产中带来无法估量的损失。选择正确的装配和修理方法，借鉴以往的经验。如，在密封圈的装配中尽量采用专用工具、并且在密封圈上涂一些润滑脂。在液压油的污染控制上，要从污染的源头入手，加强污染源的控制，还要采取有效的过滤措施和定期的油液质量检查。为有效的切断外界因素（水、尘埃、颗粒等）对液压油缸的污染，可加一些防护措施等。总之，泄漏的防治要全面入手，综合考虑才能做到行之有效。
Hydraulic system installment, debugging, maintenance & revelation
Installment: Whether is the hydraulic system installment a hydraulic system normal operation important link.
First, installs the person.
Hydraulic actuation system although has massively with the mechanical drive system similarity, but the hydraulic actuation system truly has its characteristic. After specialized training, and has the personnel which certainly installs the experience to be able to be engaged in the hydraulic system to install.
Second, whether the examination hydraulic pressure is green
Mainly is examines this item to design achieved the anticipated work goal, whether does realize the machine movement and achieves each performance index. Installs possibility which whether there is the craft realizes. Comprehensive understanding design overall each part of compositions, thoroughly understood each part plays role. The examination main content contains following several points:
1st, Examination hydraulic system design.
2nd, Appraisal hydraulic system schematic diagram rationality.
3rd, Appraisal system manufacture technological level.
4th, Inspection and confirmation hydraulic system purification degree.
5th, Hydraulic system spare part confirmation.
Third, before the installment technology preparatory work hydraulic system before the installment, should defer to the related technical data to complete each preparatory work.
1st, Technical data preparation and familiar hydraulic system schematic diagram, electrical schematic diagram, piping diagram, hydraulic pressure part, auxiliary, fitting detailed list and related part sample and so on, these materials all should prepare completely, in order to the engineers and technicians are item by item familiar to the concrete content and the specification and the research.
2nd, Commodity preparation according to hydraulic scheme and
hydraulic pressure detailed list, checkup hydraulic pressure quantity, confirmation all hydraulic pressure part quality condition. Especially must strictly inspect the pressure gauge the quality, verifies the pressure gauge to furnish for examination the date, must recarry on the verification to the proving time excessively long pressure gauge, guarantees accurately is reliable.
3rd, The quality testing hydraulic pressure part Center is easily polluted in the transportation or the stock process and the rust eclipses, the stock time excessively is long can cause in the hydraulic pressure part the seal aging to lose the leak-proof quality, some hydraulic pressure part because the processing and the assembly quality not good cause the performance not to be unreliable, therefore must carry on the strict quality testing to the part.
Hydraulic pressure part quality testing:
1st, Each kind of hydraulic pressure part model must be consistent with the part detailed list.
2nd, Must verify the hydraulic pressure part storage life excessively is whether long, or the storage environment does not gather the request, should pay attention to the hydraulic pressure part interior seal aging degree, when the necessity must carry on takes apart and washes, the replacement, and carries on the performance test.
3rd, On each hydraulic pressure part adjusting screw, adjusts the handwheel, the locking nut and so on all wants the integrity not to damage.
4th, The hydraulic pressure part supplements the seal surface quality should conform to the requirement, otherwise should give the replacement.
5th, The board style connection part connection plane does not permit to have the flaw. The installment seal trench size processing precision must conform to the related standard.
6th, The tubular connection part connection thread mouth does not permit to have damages with active button the phenomenon.
7th, The board style valve installs the ledger wall the connection plane not to permit to have the uneven flaw, the connection thread does not permit
to have damages with active button the phenomenon.
8th, Will pass the oil mouth to stop up takes down, inspects the part interior will be whether clean.
9th, Inspects in the solenoid valve the electromagnetism ferrite core and the apparent mass, if has exceptionally does not permit the use. 10th, on various hydraulic pressure part appendix must be complete.
The hydraulic pressure auxiliary quality testing
1st, The fuel tank must achieve the stipulation the quality requirement. In the fuel tank the appendix must be complete. The box interior does not permit to have the rust to eclipse, installs in front of the oil the fuel tank interior certainly to have to clean cleanly.
2nd, Leads with the oil filter model specification must be consistent with the design request, confirmed the filter element precision class, the filter element must not have the flaw, the connection bolt mouth does not permit to have damages, brings the appendix to have to be complete.
3rd, Each kind of seal outward appearance quality must conform to the requirement, and verifies leads the seal storage deadline. Has exceptionally or the storage deadline excessively long seal does not permit the use.
4th, The accumulator quality must conform to the requirement, brings the appendix to have to be complete. Verifies the storage deadline, to deposits the long accumulator to have strictly to control quality, does not conform to the technical specification and the operation requirements accumulator does not permit the use.
5th, The air filter uses in to filter in the air the dust, ventilates the resistance not to be able too to be big, guaranteed the box internal pressure is an atmospheric pressure. Therefore the air filter must have enough in a big way passes the air the ability.
The pipe and attachment quality testing
The pipe material, passes the diameter, wall thickness and the attachment model specification and the processing quality all must conform to the design requirement.
Uses the pipe not to permit to have the flaw. Has following exceptionally, does not permit the use:
1st, In the pipe, the outer wall surface corroded or has remarkably changes color.
2nd,The tube wound fissure depth is above pipe wall thickness 10%.
3rd, In the pipe wall has the eyelet. 4th, the tube indents the degree to achieve the pipe diameter above 10%.
When uses the curving pipe, has following exceptionally does not permit the use:
1st, In the pipe curving spot, the outer wall surface curve not rule or has the zigzag.
2nd, The pipe curving spot its elipse is bigger than above 10%.
3rd, The flat curving spot minimum outer diameter is below original pipe outer diameter 70%.
Uses the attachment not to permit to have the flaw. If has following exceptionally, does not permit the use:
1st, The attachment body or the nut thread has the scar, the burr or breaks buckles and so on the phenomenon.
2nd,The attachment body various junction planes processing precision has not achieved the specification.
3rd,The attachment body and the nut coordination is not good, has becomes less crowded or the card astringent phenomenon.
4th, Installs the seal packing collar the trench size and the processing precision has not achieved the stipulation the specification.
The hose and the attachment has the following flaw not to permit the use:
1st, The hose surface has the wound skin or the aged phenomenon.
2nd, The attachment body has the rust to eclipse the phenomenon.
3rd, The thread has the scar, the burr, breaks buckles has with the coordination becomes less crowded, the card astringent phenomenon.
The flange has the following flaw not to permit the use:
1st, The flange packing surface has the blowhole, the crack, the burr, the radial direction trench. 2nd, the flange seal trench size, the processing precision do not conform to the design requirement.
3rd, On the flange seal metal filling piece does not permit to have each kind of flaw. Material degree of hardness should be lower than the flange degree of hardness.
Fourth, The hydraulic pressure pipeline installs the request
Hydraulic pressure pipelining is a main project which the hydraulic equipment installs. Whether the pipelining quality quality relates one of hydraulic system operating performance normal keys.
1st, The cloth tube design and matches when the tube all should first act according to the hydraulic pressure schematic diagram, to the module, the hydraulic pressure part, the pipe connection, the flange which must connect make an all-around consideration.
2nd,The pipeline lays the arrangement and the trend should neat be consistent, each level clearly demarcated. Uses horizontal or the vertical cloth tube as far as possible, the horizontal pipeline No Parallelism should <= 2/1,000; The vertical pipeline the verticality should not <= 2/,400. Examines with the horizon.
3rd, Parallel or connects with tube series between, should have above 10mm the crevice.
4th, The pipeline disposition must cause the pipeline, the hydraulic valve and other part loading and unloading, the service is convenient. In the system any section of pipelines or the part should be able freely to disassemble and assemble as far as possible but does not affect other parts.
5th, Matches when the tube must enable the pipeline to have the certain rigidity and the vibration-proof dynamic energy. Should suitably dispose the pipe support and the tube clamps. The curving pipe should in get up nearby the curved spot to suppose the support or the tube clamps. The pipeline does not have clamps the direct welding with the support or the tube.
6th, The pipeline weight should not by the valve, pump and other
hydraulic pressure parts and auxiliary withstanding; Also should not by the pipeline supporting heavier part weight.
7th, A longer pipeline must consider the effective action prevented the temperature change causes the stress which the pipe expands and contracts causes.
8th, The use pipeline material quality must have the explicit primitive basis material, does not permit the use regarding the material quality unclear pipe.
9th, The hydraulic system pipe diameter may use the grinding wheel cutter below 50mm to cut. Above the diameter 50mm pipe generally should use the machine-finishing method to cut. If uses gas cutting, then must use the machine-finishing method vehicle to go to the organization change part which because gas cutting forms, simultaneously may turn out the welding scarf. Besides the oil return pipe, the pressure does not allow by the pipeline with to roll the wheeled extrusion cutter bar to cut. The pipe cuts the surface to have to level, removes the burr, the oxide skin, the slag and so on. The margin surface and the pipe spool thread should be vertical.
Revelation
First, the foreword divulges is the present hydraulic pressure machinery universal existence breakdown phenomenon, is in particular more serious in the project mechanical hydraulic system, mainly is because the liquid flows in the hydraulic pressure part and the pipeline time has the pressure difference and various parts existence gap and so on causes divulges. Moreover, the bad operating mode condition also can have the certain influence to the project machinery seal. The hydraulic system once occurs will divulge, will be able to cause the system pressure.
Second, divulges classification: The project mechanical hydraulic system divulges mainly has two kinds, the fixed seal place divulges with the movement seal place divulges, the fixed seal place divulges the spot mainly includes the cylinder bottom, various pipe connections connection place and so on, the movement seal place mainly includes cylinder spot and so on
connecting rod spot, multichannel valve valve lever. Divulges outside from the fat liquor on also may divide into divulges divulges with in, outside divulges mainly is refers hydraulic pressure oil divulges in the environment from the system, in divulges is refers as a result of high and low pressure side reason and so on pressure difference existence as well as seal expiration, causes hydraulic pressure oil to flow to the low pressure side in the system interior by the high-tension side.
Third, the influence divulges reason:
sign factor:
The seal choice :
Hydraulic system feasibility, is decided in the very great degree by the hydraulic system seal design and the seal choice, because designs seals the structure to select not reasonably, the seal selects does not conform with the standard, has not considered hydraulic pressure oil and the packing material accommodating pattern, the load situation, the ep, the working speed size, the ambient temperature change in the design and so on. These are all direct in the varying degree or indirectly creates the hydraulic system to divulge. Moreover, because in the project machinery use environment has the dust and the impurity, therefore must select the appropriate dustproof seal in the design, avoids contamination and so on dust enters the system destruction seal, the pollution fat liquor, thus produces divulges.
In other design reason:
Designs considered the movement surface the geometry precision and roughness insufficiently are comprehensive as well as has not carried on the connection spot in the design the intensity examination and so on, these can cause in the machinery work divulges.
Manufacture and the assembly factor :
Make the factor:
All hydraulic pressure part and the seal part all have the strict size common difference, the surface treatment, Surface fineness and the shape position male inferior request. If in manufacture process ultra difference, for
example: The cylinder piston radius, the seal trough depth or the width, the attire seal packing collar hole size ultra difference or creates because of the processing question loses the circle, itself has the burr or has the depression spot, the chrome-plating falls off and so on, the seal can have the distortion, scratch, the pressure dies or presses phenomenon and so on reality does not occur causes it to lose the seal function. Enable components itself to have congenitally will infiltrate the leaking point, will have the leakage in the assembly or the use process
Assembles the factor:
The hydraulic pressure part should cease the barbaric operation in the assembly, if overstrain will cause the components to have the distortion, specially will use the bar copper and so on to strike the cylinder body, the seal flange and so on; Before the assembly should carries on the careful inspection to the components, when the assembly be supposed to dip little the components hydraulic pressure oil, gently presses in, when clean applies the diesel oil, specially seal packing collar, dust ring, rubber part and so on O shape circle, if causes it with the gasoline to be easy to get older loses the original elasticity, thus loses the seal function.
Fat liquor pollution and the spare part damage:
The gas pollution:
Under the atmospheric pressure, hydraulic pressure oil center the insoluble 10% about air, in under the hydraulic system high pressure, can dissolve more air or the gas in the fat liquor. Air in fat liquor bubble formation, if the hydraulic pressure support in the work process in the extremely short time, the pressure the rapid transformation can cause the air bubble between the high and low pressure to have the high temperature in the high-tension side to occur in the low pressure side ruptures, if the hydraulic system part surface has time the concave spot and the damage, hydraulic pressure oil can high speed rush to the part surface acceleration surface attrition, causes divulges.
The pellet pollution :
Hydraulic ram takes some project mechanical hydraulic systems the main functional element, because in the work process the connecting rod exposes in outside is direct and the environment contacts, although puts on in the guidance is loaded with the dust ring and the seal and so on, but also unavoidably the dust, the contamination leads the hydraulic system, the acceleration seal and the connecting rod and so on scratching with the attrition, thus causes divulges, the pellet pollution damages one of quickest factors for the hydraulic pressure part.
Water pollution :
Because the working conditions are moist and so on the factor influence, possibly can cause the water to enter the hydraulic system, the volunteer fire brigade with hydraulic pressure oil the response, forms the acidic matter and the greasy dirt, reduces hydraulic pressure oil the lubricity, accelerates the part attrition, the water also can create the control valve the valve lever to have the caking, causes the control valve operation difficultly to scratch the seal, creates divulges.
The components damage:
Seal is by material and so on oil resistant rubber is made, because the long time use has the aging, the chap, the damage and so on can cause the system to divulge. If the components collide in the work process damage, can scratch seals the part, thus creates divulges
Fourth, divulges the main preventing and controlling countermeasure to create the factor which the project mechanical hydraulic system divulges is the various synthesis influence result, by the existing technology and the material, must want fundamentally to eliminate the hydraulic system divulging is very difficult to achieve. Only has from above affects the hydraulic system to divulge the factor to embark, takes the reasonable measure to reduce the hydraulic system to divulge as far as possible. In the design and the processing link must fully consider the influence divulges important attribute seal trench design and processing. Moreover, the seal choice also is must often important, if does not divulge in at first the
comprehensive consideration the influence factor, will be able to give the loss which later in the production will bring is unable to estimate. Chooses the correct assembly and the repair method, profits from the former experience. Like, uses the special-purpose tool as far as possible in the seal packing collar assembly, and spreads on the seal packing collar some lubrication oil. In hydraulic pressure oil the contamination control, must obtain from the pollution source, strengthens the source of pollution the control, but also must adopt effective filters the measure and the regular fat liquor quality testing. For effective shuts off the outside factor (water, dust, pellet and so on) to the hydraulic ram pollution, the coca some protective measures and so on. In brief, divulges preventing and controlling must comprehensively obtain, the synthesis considered can achieve effectively.
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英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b36996221.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
室内设计中英文翻译
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design Interior Design Susan Yelavich Interior design embraces not only the decoration and furnishing of space, but also considerations of space planning, lighting, and programmatic issues pertaining to user behaviors, ranging from specific issues of accessibility to the nature of the activities to be conducted in the space. The hallmark of interior design today is a new elasticity in typologies, seen most dramatically in the domestication of commercial and public spaces. Interior design encompasses both the programmatic planning and physical treatment of interior space: the projection of its use and the nature of its furnishings and surfaces, that is, walls, floors, and ceilings. Interior design is distinguished from interior decoration in the scope of its purview. Decorators are primarily concerned with the selection of furnishings, while
中英文翻译与文献
Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;
英文翻译工具
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译【你想要的工具都在这里】 五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b36996221.html,/node/2151 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b36996221.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b36996221.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接